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Use of Environmental Isotope Tracer and Gis Techniques to Estimate Basin Recharge Abdulganiu A.A

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Use of Environmental Isotope Tracer and Gis Techniques to Estimate Basin Recharge Abdulganiu A.A University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2012-01-01 Use Of Environmental Isotope Tracer And Gis Techniques To Estimate Basin Recharge Abdulganiu A.a. Odunmbaku University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Environmental Engineering Commons, Hydrology Commons, and the Remote Sensing Commons Recommended Citation Odunmbaku, Abdulganiu A.a., "Use Of Environmental Isotope Tracer And Gis Techniques To Estimate Basin Recharge" (2012). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 2156. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/2156 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE TRACER AND GIS TECHNIQUES TO ESTIMATE BASIN RECHARGE ABDULGANIU A.A. ODUNMBAKU Environmental Science and Engineering Program APPROVED: Barry A. Benedict, Ph.D. Chair Raed Aldouri, Ph.D. Co-Chair John Walton, PhD Thomas E. Gill, Ph.D. Horacio Gonzalez, Ph.D. Benjamin C. Flores, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Abdulganiu A.A. Odunmbaku 2012 Dedication I dedicated this research to my dad (SAO), for all his struggle and dedication toward educating all his children, I pray Allah give him al-janna firdaus (paradise), also to my mum. O my Lord increase me in knowledge. USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE TRACER AND GIS TECHNIQUES TO ESTIMATE BASIN RECHARGE by ABDULGANIU A.A. ODUNMBAKU, B.ENG, M.S. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Environmental Science and Engineering Program THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO December 2012 Acknowledgements “Who so ever is not grateful to people would not be grateful to Allah (SWA)” ……………....Abu Dawod and Trimizi) I give all glory to Allah for making me complete my PhD amidst all difficulties. Special thanks to my committee chair Dr. B. Benedict, my co-chair Dr. R. Aldouri, Dr. J. Walton the technical adviser for this research, Dr. T. Gill and Dr. H. Gonzalez. Thank you all for volunteering and support in making this dissertation a reality. I would like to extend my appreciation to the staff of former Center for Environmental Resource Management (CERM) for their support in the first two years of my PhD, all the professors and staff of the Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. program and the staff of the Regional Centre for Geospatial study. Furthermore, I would like to thank my fellow students of the Environmental Science and Engineering Ph.D. program. Finally, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to my back bone, my family without them I am nobody. My wife for her unending support, my mum and my numerous brothers and sisters. I pray Allah help and support you all. v Abstract The extensive use of ground water only began with the advances in pumping technology at the early portion of 20th Century. Groundwater provides the majority of fresh water supply for municipal, agricultural and industrial uses, primarily because of little to no treatment it requires. Estimating the volume of groundwater available in a basin is a daunting task, and no accurate measurements can be made. Usually water budgets and simulation models are primarily used to estimate the volume of water in a basin. Precipitation, land surface cover and subsurface geology are factors that affect recharge; these factors affect percolation which invariably affects groundwater recharge. Depending on precipitation, soil chemistry, groundwater chemical composition, gradient and depth, the age and rate of recharge can be estimated. This present research proposes to estimate the recharge in Mimbres, Tularosa and Diablo Basin using the chloride environmental isotope; chloride mass- balance approach and GIS. It also proposes to determine the effect of elevation on recharge rate. Mimbres and Tularosa Basin are located in southern New Mexico State, and extend southward into Mexico. Diablo Basin is located in Texas in extends southward. This research utilizes the chloride mass balance approach to estimate the recharge rate through collection of groundwater data from wells, and precipitation. The data were analysed statistically to eliminate duplication, outliers, and incomplete data. Cluster analysis, piper diagram and statistical significance were performed on the parameters of the groundwater; the infiltration rate was determined using chloride mass balance technique. The data was then analysed spatially using ArcGIS10. Regions of active recharge were identified in Mimbres and Diablo Basin, but this could not be clearly identified in Tularosa Basin. CMB recharge for Tularosa Basin yields 0.04037mm/yr (0.0016in/yr), Diablo Basin was 0.047mm/yr (0.0016 in/yr), and 0.2153mm/yr (0.00848in/yr) for vi Mimbres Basin. The elevation where active recharge occurs was determined to be 1,500m for Mimbres and Tularosa Basin and 1,200m for Diablo Basin. The results obtained in this study were consistent with result obtained by other researchers working in basins with similar semiarid mountainous conditions, thereby validating the applicability of CMB in the three basins. Keywords: Recharge, chloride mass balance, elevation, Mimbres, Tularosa, Diablo, Basin, GIS, chloride, elevation. vii Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………. 1 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………… 2 Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………. 4 List of Figures………………………………………………………………………… 8 List of Table………………………………………………………………………….. 12 Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………… 14 1.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….. 14 1.2 Hydrogeological Concepts…………………………………………………... 15 1.2.1 Hydrology Circle…………………………………………………….. 15 1.2.2 Water Budget (Inflow/Outflow Relationships)……………………. 16 1.2.3 Water Table, Zones, Withdrawal and Cone of Depression………. 17 1.2.4 Groundwater Management and Sustainability…………………….. 20 1.3 Hypothesis…………………………………………………………………… 26 Chapter 2 2.1 Basin Hydrogeology…………………………………………………………. 27 2.1.1 Mimbres Basin Hydrogeology………………………………………. 27 2.1.2 Diablo Basin Hydrogeology………………………………………….. 31 2.1.3 Tularosa Basin Hydrogeology…………………………………………. 32 2.2 Climate and Precipitation in the Study Area………………………………... 34 2.2.1 Mimbres Basin Climate and Precipitation……………………………. 34 viii 2.2.2 Tularosa Basin Climate and Precipitation……………………………. 37 2.2.3 Diablo Basin Climate and Precipitation……………………………... 40 2.3 Chloride Application as an Environmental Isotope………………………. 42 2.4 GIS Application in Environmental Research………………………………. 44 2.5 Chemical Evolution of Ground Water……………………………………… 46 2.5.1Total Dissolved Solids………………………………………………… 48 2.5.2 pH……………………………………………………………………… 49 2.5.3 Alkalinity……………………………………………………………… 49 2.5.4 Chloride……………………………………………………………….. 50 2.5.5 Nitrate…………………………………………………………………. 50 2.5.6 Calcium………………………………………………………………... 51 2.5.7 Fluoride……………………………………………………………….. 51 2.5.8 Potassium……………………………………………………………... 51 2.5.9 Sulfur………………………………………………………………….. 52 2.5.10 Sodium………………………………………………………………. 52 2.6 Environmental Isotopes in Groundwater and Precipitation………………... 54 2.6.1 Environmental Isotopes in Groundwater …………………………….. 54 2.6.2 Environmental Isotopes Precipitation………………………………… 56 2.7 Statistics……………………………………………………………………... 58 2.7.1 Cluster Analysis………………………………………………………. 58 ix 2.7.2 Correlation Analysis………………………………………………….. 58 2.7.3 Piper Diagram…………………………………………………………. 59 Chapter 3 3.0 Methodology………………………………………………………………… 60 Data Compilation, Processing and Quality Assurance…………………….. 60 3.1 Data Compilation…………………………………………………………… 60 3.2 Data Processing……………………………………………………………... 62 3.2.1 Data Quality Assurance………………………………………………. 63 3.2.2 Outliers………………………………………………………………... 63 3.2.3 Missing Data…………………………………………………………... 63 3.3 Statistical Analysis………………………………………………………….. 64 3.4 Chloride Mass Balance Approach………………………….………………. 64 3.5 Spatial Analysis…………………………………………………………….. 66 Chapter 4 4.0 Result ……………………………………………………………………………. 67 4.1Precipitation Chemistry Data……………………………………………………. 67 4.2 Groundwater Chemistry Well Data……………………………………………. 69 4.2.1 Mimbres Basin Groundwater Chemistry Well Data………………….. 69 4.2.2 Diablo Basin Groundwater Chemistry Well Data……………………… 76 x 4.2.3 Tularosa Groundwater Chemistry Data………………………………… 83 4.3 Spatial and CMB Analysis of the Basins……………………………………... 90 4.3.1 Mimbres Basin Spatial and CMB Analysis…………………………….. 91 4.3.2 Tularosa Basin Spatial and CMB Analysis…………………………….. 97 4.3.3 Diablo Basin Spatial and CMB Analysis………………………………. 104 Chapter 5 5.1 Discussion………………………………………………………………………… 110 5.2 Conclusion and Further Work…………………………………………………….. 114 References……………………………………………………………………………... 115 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………. 128 Vita…………………………………………………………………………………….. 144 xi List of Figure s Page Chapter 1 Figure 1.0: Groundwater system in steady state (a) and not in steady state (b)….... ... 17 Figure 1.1: Cone of depression……………………………………………………….. 19 Figure 1.2: Well interference………………………………………………………….. 19 Figure 1.3: Induced recharge…………………………………………………………. 20 Figure 1.4: Fissures created by lowering of water table resulting into earth subsidence in south-central Arizona……………………………………… 23 Figure 1.5: Annual average concentration during last 60 years of some environmental tracers used
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