Limestone & Other Calcareous Materials
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Sediment Activity Answer Key
Sediment Activity Answer Key 1. Were your predictions close to where calcareous and siliceous oozes actually occur? Answers vary. 2. How does your map compare with the sediment distribution map? Answers vary. 3. Which type of ooze dominates the ocean sediments, calcareous or siliceous? Why? Calcareous sediments are formed from the remains of organisms like plankton with calcium-based skeletons1, such as foraminifera, while siliceous ooze is formed from the remains of organisms with silica-based skeletons like diatoms or radiolarians. Calcareous ooze dominates ocean sediments. Organisms with calcium-based shells such as foraminifera are abundant and widely distributed throughout the world’s ocean basins –more so than silica-based organisms. Silica-based phytoplankton such as diatoms are more limited in distribution by their (higher) nutrient requirements and temperature ranges. 4. What parts of the ocean do not have calcareous ooze? What might be some reasons for this? Remember that ooze forms when remains of organisms compose more than 30% of the sediment. The edges of ocean basins bordering land tend to have a greater abundance of lithogenous sediment –sediment that is brought into the ocean by water and wind. The proportion of lithogenous sediment decreases however as you move away from the continental shelf. In nutrient rich areas such as upwelling zones in the polar and equatorial regions, silica-based organisms such as diatoms or radiolarians will dominate, making the sediments more likely to be a siliceous-based ooze. Further, factors such as depth, temperature, and pressure can affect the ability of calcium carbonate to dissolve. Areas of the ocean that lie beneath the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), below which calcium carbonate dissolves, typically beneath 4-5 km, will be dominated by siliceous ooze because calcium-carbonate-based material would dissolve in these regions. -
Graveyard Geology
GRAVEYARD GEOLOGY A Guide to Rocks in Graveyards and Cemeteries Wendy Kirk Department of Earth Sciences, David Cook University College London & Aldersbrook Geological Society London Geodiversity Partnership Introduction Walk around graveyards and cemeteries (in this case, those of London and the southeast of England) and it becomes apparent that, prior to the latter part of the twentieth century, many memorials were made out of just a few different rock types. These were chosen for reasons of appearance, cost, workability and ease of transport to the cemetery, as well as for resistance to weathering and dependence on local regulations. In the last few decades, a range of different, interesting and beautiful stones have appeared, many brought in from abroad, enhancing the diversity of materials used. The intention of this guide is to help a non-specialist identify the main rock types, to recognize some of the varieties and to know where some of these might have come from. Graveyards are a wonderful resource for those with an interest in geology at any level, wildlife, plants, history or sculpture. We hope you gain as much pleasure as we have done. First things first A useful place to start is to be able to distinguish between igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks form from melted rock called magma. If this erupts at the surface, it is called lava. It cools and crystallizes quickly, so the grains are too small to see even with a hand lens (magnifying glass). If the lava erupt explosively to form a spray, the cooled fragments are known as volcanic ash. -
Calcareous Soils Are Alkaline
By Mongi Zekri, Tom Obreza and Kelly Morgan alcareous soils are alkaline (pH > 7) due to the pres- ence of excess calcium carbonate (CaCO3). These soils Ccan contain from 1 percent to more than 25 percent CaCO3 by weight, with pH in the range of 7.6 to 8.4. In Florida, soil pH is usually not higher than 8.4 regardless of CaCO3 concentration. Many Florida flatwoods soils contain one or more hori- zons (layers) that are calcareous. A typical characteristic is an alkaline, loamy horizon less than 40 inches deep that can be brought to the surface during land preparation for citrus Calcareous soil in Southwest Florida planting. Increased nutritional management intensity is re- quired to successfully grow citrus on calcareous soils. Some lution of fixed P. Applied P is available to replenish the soil grove soils (e.g. ditch banks) contain considerable amounts solution for only a relatively short time before it converts to of lime rock or shell. It may not be economically justifiable less soluble forms of P. To maintain P availability to citrus to plant these sites with certain rootstocks considering the on calcareous soils, water-soluble P fertilizer should be ap- management problems and costs involved. plied on a regular, but not necessarily frequent, basis. Since Citrus fertilizer management on calcareous soils differs P accumulates in the soil, it is at least partially available as from that on non-calcareous soils because the presence of it converts to less soluble compounds with time. CaCO3 directly or indirectly affects plant availability of N, Potassium (K) P, K, Calcium (Ca), Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu. -
Upper Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and Parts of the Adjacent Valley and Ridge, Tennessee
Upper Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and Parts of the Adjacent Valley and Ridge, Tennessee GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 996 Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Division of Geology Upper Ordovician and Silurian Stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and Parts of the Adjacent Valley and Ridge, Tennessee By ROBERT C. MILICI and HELMUTH WEDOW, JR. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 996 Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Division of Geology UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1977 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Milici, Robert C 1931- Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley and parts of the adjacent valley and ridge, Tennessee. (Geological Survey professional paper; 996) Bibliography: p. Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.16:996 1. Geology, Stratigraphic--Ordovician. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic--Silurian. 3. Geology--Tennessee--Sequatchie Valley. 4. Geology--Tennessee--Chattanooga region. I. Wedow, Helmuth, 1917- joint author. II: Title. Upper Ordovician and Silurian stratigraphy in Sequatchie Valley .... III. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Professional paper; 996. QE660.M54 551.7'310976877 76-608170 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock Number 024-001-03002·1 CONTENTS Page Abstract 1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -
Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition. -
Mid-Depth Calcareous Contourites in the Latest Cretaceous of Caravaca (Subbetic Zone, SE Spain)
Mid-depth calcareous contourites in the latest Cretaceous of Caravaca (Subbetic Zone, SE Spain). Origin and palaeohydrological significance Javier Martin-Chivelet*, Maria Antonia Fregenal-Martinez, Beatriz Chac6n Departamento de 8stratigrajia. institute de Geologia Economica (CSiC-UCM). Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas. Universidad Complutense. 28040 Madrid, Spain Abstract Deep marine carbonates of Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian age that crop out in the Subbetic Zone near Caravaca (SE Spain) contain a thick succession of dm-scale levels of calcareous contourites, alternating with fine-grained pelagitesl hemipelagites. These contourites, characterised by an abundance and variety of traction structures, internal erosive surfaces and inverse and nOlmal grading at various scales, were interpreted as having been deposited under the influence of relatively deep ocean CUlTents. Based on these contourites, a new facies model is proposed. The subsurface currents that generated the contourites of Caravaca were probably related to the broad circumglobal, equatorial current system, the strongest oceanic feature of Cretaceous times. These deposits were formed in the mid-depth (200-600 m), hemipelagic environments at the ancient southern margin of Iberia. This palaeogeographic setting was susceptible to the effects of these currents because of its position close to the narrowest oceanic passage, through which the broad equatorial cun'ent system flowed in the westemmost area of the Tethys Seaway. Regional uplift, related to the onset of convergence between Iberia and Africa, probably favoured the generation of the contourites during the Late Campanian to the Early Maastrichtian. Keyword\': Contourites; Palaeoceanography; Late Cretaceous; Caravaca; Betics; SE Spain 1. Introduction aI., 1996; Stow and Faugeres, 1993, 1998; Stow and Mayall, 2000a; Shanmugam, 2000). -
STRATEGIC STONE STUDY a Building Stone Atlas of NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE
STRATEGIC STONE STUDY A Building Stone Atlas of NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE Published May 2012 Derived from BGS digital geological mapping at 1:625,000 scale, British Geological Survey © NE Yorkshire Bedrock Geology NERC. All rights reserved Click on this link to visit NE Yorkshire’s geology and their contribution to known building stones, stone structures and building stone quarries (Opens in new window http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/buildingstone?County=North-EastYorkshire ) NE Yorkshire Strategic Stone Study 1 Stratigraphical column of the Permian (in part),Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks and Quaternary deposits in North-east Yorkshire showing the common buildings stones (bold) and alternative stone names. The oldest rocks are at the bottom of the table. Gp., Group; Fm., Formation; Mbr., Member. North East Yorkshire: Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous & Quaternary Building Stones PERIOD GROUP FORMATION MEMBER Common/alternative Stone Name Calcareous Tufa; Aquarium Stone Till (Boulder Clay) and Fluvio-glacial sand Quaternary and gravel; boulders Tertiary Cleveland Dyke Whinstone Flamborough Chalk Fm. Flamborough Chalk; White Chalk Burnham Chalk Fm. Burnham Chalk; White chalk Chalk Group Welton ChalkFm. Cretaceous Ferriby Chalk Fm. Grey chalk ungrouped Hunstanton Fm. Speeton Clay Kimmeridge Clay ungrouped Ampthill Clay North Grimston Upper Calcareous Grit Upper Calcareous Grit Cementstone North Grimston Cementstone Formation Coral Rag Member Coral Rag Malton Oolite Member Malton Oolite; Hildenley Limestone; Corallian Hildenley Stone Group Middle Calcareous Grit Middle Calcareous Grit Coralline Oolite Formation Member Birdsall Calcareous Grit Birdsall Calcareous Grit Member Hambleton Oolite Hambleton Oolite Member Yedmandale Member Passage Beds; Wallstone Lower Calcareous Grit Fm. Lower Calcareous Grit Oxford Clay Fm. -
Limestone Resources of Western Washington
State of Washington DANIEL J. EVANS, Governor Department of Conservation H. MA URI CE AHLQUIST, Director DIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGY MARSHALL T. HUNTTING, Supervisor Bulletin No. 52 LIMESTONE RESOURCES OF WESTERN WASHINGTON By WILBERT R. DANNER With a section on the UME MOUNTAIN DEPOSIT By GERALD W. THORSEN STATII PRINTING PLANT, OLYMPI A, WASH, 1966 For sale by Department of Conservation, Olympia, Washington. Price, $4,50 FOREWORD Since the early days of Washington's statehood, limestone has been recognized as one of the important mineral resources _of the State. The second annual report of the Washington Geological Survey, published in 1903, gave details on the State's limestone deposits, and in later years five other reports published by the Survey and its successor agencies hove given additional information on this resource. Still other reports by Federal and private agencies hove been published in response to demands for data on limestone here. Although some of the earlier reports included analyses to show the purity of the rocks, very few of the samples for analysis were taken systemati cally in a way that would fairly represent the deposits sampled. Prior to 1900 limestone was produced for use as building stone here, and another important use was for the production of burned Ii me . Portland cement plants soon became leading consumers of Ii mestone, and they con tinue as such to the present time . Limestone is used in large quantities in the pulp industry in the Northwest, and in 1966 there was one commercial lime-burning plant in the State. Recognizing the potential for industrial development in Washington based on more intensive use of our mineral resources, and recognizing the need to up-dote the State's knowledge of raw material resources in order to channel those resources into the State's growing economy, the Industrial Row Materials Advisory Committee of the Deportment of Commerce and Economic Development in 1958 recommended that a comprehensive survey be made of the limestone resources of Washington. -
This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached
(This is a sample cover image for this issue. The actual cover is not yet available at this time.) This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Chemical Geology 322–323 (2012) 121–144 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Chemical Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemgeo The end‐Permian mass extinction: A rapid volcanic CO2 and CH4‐climatic catastrophe Uwe Brand a,⁎, Renato Posenato b, Rosemarie Came c, Hagit Affek d, Lucia Angiolini e, Karem Azmy f, Enzo Farabegoli g a Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, L2S 3A1 b Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Ferrara, Polo Scientifico-tecnologico, Via Saragat 1, 44100 Ferrara Italy c Department of Earth Sciences, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA d Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520–8109 USA e Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via Mangiagalli 34, Università di Milano, 20133 Milan Italy f Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University, St. -
Trichome Biomineralization and Soil Chemistry in Brassicaceae from Mediterranean Ultramafic and Calcareous Soils
plants Article Trichome Biomineralization and Soil Chemistry in Brassicaceae from Mediterranean Ultramafic and Calcareous Soils Tyler Hopewell 1,*, Federico Selvi 2 , Hans-Jürgen Ensikat 1 and Maximilian Weigend 1 1 Nees-Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen, Meckenheimer Allee 170, D-53115 Bonn, Germany; [email protected] (H.-J.E.); [email protected] (M.W.) 2 Laboratori di Botanica, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, P.le Cascine 28, I-50144 Firenze, Italy; federico.selvi@unifi.it * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Trichome biomineralization is widespread in plants but detailed chemical patterns and a possible influence of soil chemistry are poorly known. We explored this issue by investigating tri- chome biomineralization in 36 species of Mediterranean Brassicaceae from ultramafic and calcareous soils. Our aims were to chemically characterize biomineralization of different taxa, including metallo- phytes, under natural conditions and to investigate whether divergent Ca, Mg, Si and P-levels in the soil are reflected in trichome biomineralization and whether the elevated heavy metal concentrations lead to their integration into the mineralized cell walls. Forty-two samples were collected in the wild while a total of 6 taxa were brought into cultivation and grown in ultramafic, calcareous and standard potting soils in order to investigate an effect of soil composition on biomineralization. The sampling included numerous known hyperaccumulators of Ni. EDX microanalysis showed CaCO3 to be the dominant biomineral, often associated with considerable proportions of Mg—independent of soil type and wild versus cultivated samples. Across 6 of the 9 genera studied, trichome tips were Citation: Hopewell, T.; Selvi, F.; mineralized with calcium phosphate, in Bornmuellera emarginata the P to Ca-ratio was close to that Ensikat, H.-J.; Weigend, M. -
Biomineralization and Evolutionary History Andrew H
1 111 Biomineralization and Evolutionary History Andrew H. Knoll Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138 U.S.A. INTRODUCTION The Dutch ethologist Niko Tinbergen famously distinguished between proximal and ultimate explanations in biology. Proximally, biologists seek a mechanistic understanding of how organisms function; most of this volume addresses the molecular and physiological bases of biomineralization. But while much of biology might be viewed as a particularly interesting form of chemistry, it is more than that. Biology is chemistry with a history, requiring that proximal explanations be grounded in ultimate, or evolutionary, understanding. The physiological pathways by which organisms precipitate skeletal minerals and the forms and functions of the skeletons they fashion have been shaped by natural selection through geologic time, and all have constrained continuing evolution in skeleton-forming clades. In this chapter, I outline some major patterns of skeletal evolution inferred from phylogeny and fossils (Figure 1), highlighting ways that our improving mechanistic knowledge of biomineralization can help us to understand this evolutionary record (see Leadbetter and Riding 1986; Lowenstam and Weiner 1989; Carter 1990; and Simkiss and Wilbur 1989 for earlier reviews). Figure 1. A geologic time scale for the past 1000 million years, showing the principal time divisions used in Earth science and the timing of major evolutionary events discussed in this chapter. Earlier intervals of time—the Mesoproterozoic (1600–1000 million years ago) and Paleoproterozoic (2500– 1600 million years ago) eras of the Proterozoic Eon and the Archean Eon (> 2500 million years ago)— are not shown. Time scale after Remane (2000). -
Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from The
R EPORTS date, the only complete Early and Middle Triassic carbon isotopic data set previously Large Perturbations of the compiled from a single stratigraphic section is in an unpublished dissertation (23). Carbon Cycle During Recovery We sampled the Great Bank of Guizhou (GBG), an isolated Late Permian to Late from the End-Permian Extinction Triassic carbonate platform in the Nanpan- jiang Basin of Guizhou Province, southern Jonathan L. Payne,1* Daniel J. Lehrmann,2 Jiayong Wei,3 China (Fig. 1A), to obtain high-resolution 4 1 1 ␦13 Michael J. Orchard, Daniel P. Schrag, Andrew H. Knoll profiles of Ccarb from the Late Permian through the Middle Triassic. The exposure of High-resolution carbon isotope measurements of multiple stratigraphic sections in sections in both platform interior and basin south China demonstrate that the pronounced carbon isotopic excursion at the margin settings further allows us to compare Permian-Triassic boundary was not an isolated event but the first in a series of large data across a range of depositional environ- fluctuations that continued throughout the Early Triassic before ending abruptly ments (Fig. 1B). A detailed stratigraphic early in the Middle Triassic.The unusual behavior of the carbon cycle coincides with framework for the platform has been developed the delayed recovery from end-Permian extinction recorded by fossils, suggesting from sequence stratigraphic (26), biostrati- a direct relationship between Earth system function and biological rediversification graphic, and geochronologic studies (27). in the aftermath of Earth’s most devastating mass extinction. Our results show that the P-Tr boundary carbon isotope excursion was not an isolated The most severe extinction since the advent Aside from the extinction itself, the stron- event.