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Geological Alterations and Chemical Treatment of a Polluted Limestone Foundation

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Geological Alterations and Chemical Treatment of a Polluted Limestone Foundation Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine International Conference on Case Histories in (2008) - Sixth International Conference on Case Geotechnical Engineering Histories in Geotechnical Engineering 14 Aug 2008, 2:15pm - 4:00pm Geological Alterations and Chemical Treatment of a Polluted Limestone Foundation B. M. Al-Khailany Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq R. R. Al-Omari Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq W. F. Sagman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Al-Khailany, B. M.; Al-Omari, R. R.; and Sagman, W. F., "Geological Alterations and Chemical Treatment of a Polluted Limestone Foundation" (2008). International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. 23. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/6icchge/session07/23 This Article - Conference proceedings is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GEOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS AND CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF A POLLUTED LIMESTONE FOUNDATION Al-Khailany, B. M. Al-Omari, R. R. Sagman, W. F. Ministry of Higher Education and Al-Nahrain University Formerly Postgraduate Student Scientific Research Baghdad, Iraq Baghdad, Iraq ABSTRACT A large factory for the production of concentrated sulphuric acid is constructed in 1977 and located in the west of Iraq near Al-Kaim city. The footings carrying the installations rest on calcareous rocks which extend deep into the ground. For many years, about 1.5 tons per day of acid seeped and percolated into the ground apart from frequent accidents when larger amounts took their path down into the ground. A record of the footings movement revealed that the footings experienced significant heave and settlement indicating a cyclic movement which depends on the frequency of seepage. The results of the past geotechnical and geochemical investigations have been carefully studied in order to trace the geological alterations occurring in the ground due to the percolation of sulphuric acid over years. It appeared that at certain depths the limestone rock has been almost converted to dough and that a significant amount of dolomitization has taken place in the factory ground. Contaminated samples have been obtained from boreholes executed in the factory site. Many chemical materials have been chosen to treat the contaminated samples. Among these materials are sodium silicate, sodium carbonate, sodium silicate plus calcium chloride, barium sulfate, aluminum oxide, ferric oxide and bentonite. Unconfined compression, ultrasonic wave, physical, wet chemical and XRD tests were performed on intact, contaminated and treated specimens. The results proved that sodium silicate is the best alternative to be used for chemical grouting of the ground. The use of calcium chloride with sodium silicate did not show an additional advantage. Samples contaminated to the degree of having the form of dough have almost regained their original solid state strength when treated with sodium silicate. INTRODUCTION A Phosphate Fertilizer Complex is located in Al-Kaim city 380 km west of Baghdad, close to the border line with Syria, as shown in the map of Iraq presented in Fig. 1. The elevation of this area is about 250 meter above sea level. A large sulphuric acid unit is located within this complex which involves processing towers, economizers, heat exchangers, filters, stacks and storage tanks; they are all supported by isolated footings and spreading over an area of about 7000 m2. The rocks underlying the foundations are of Euphrates formation composed mainly of chalky limestone, sandy limestone, dolomite and dolomitic limestone (Buday, 1980 and Sybetra, 1977). Due to the lack of maintenance and the occurrence of several accidents, the acid was seeping from many installations, connections and pipes. This continued for more than ten years and the acid percolated into the ground with different rates which amounted some times to 1.5 ton/day. As a result, the Fig. 1. A general map of Iraq showing Al-Kaim city. footings experienced continuous significant movement. This situation caused many operational problems. Paper No. 7.14a 1 Such problems can not be solved using the conventional because the deposition had anything to do with the river concepts of soil and rock mechanics as it involves chemical Euphrates. It is that the limestone crops out along the river. reactions between the effluent and the different minerals that make up the soil or rock. Limestone is a sedimentary rock consisting mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) primarily in the form of the mineral Lukas and Gnaedinger (1972) documented foundation failures calcite, and with or without magnesium carbonate. Common in three industrial buildings due to dissolution of subsoil minor constituents include silica, feldspar, clays, pyrite and materials in the chemical contaminants. Sridharan et al. (1981) siderite. Calcium carbonate occurs as two minerals, Aragonite reported distress to floors, pavements and foundations in a and Calcite. Aragonite crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal fertilizer plant due to contamination by phosphoric acid. system, while calcite is rhombohedral. Dolomite is calcium Kumapley and Ishola (1985) studied the effect of caustic soda magnesium carbonate Ca.Mg(CO3)2. A comprehensive review contamination on the strength of clay. Slewa (1997) on limestone and dolomites is available in Pettijohn (1957). investigated the effect of sulphuric acid solutions on some The chemistry and properties of limestones are given in properties of limestone using the ultrasonic technique. Boynton (1980). Mohammed (1998) studied the effect of sulphuric acid on the deformation and strength of undisturbed limestone specimens. Many parameters are often used to classify carbonate rocks; these include chemical composition, grain size, particle type, The State Company for Phosphate sought for a solution to this degree of crystallinity and quantity of mud. From an problem. There are two phases for the solution; the first is to engineering point of view and according to Staplendon (1968) treat the polluted limestone where as the second is to the rocks may be classified according to the value of the structurally enhance the foundation like the use of unconfined compressive strength. Another classification is underpinning techniques. based on the modulus ratio which is the ratio of elasticity modulus to the uniaxial compressive strength (Roberts, 1977). In reference to the second phase of the solution, Al-Marsoomi (2006) conducted a finite element analysis of a proposed Boynton (1980) reported some data on the physical properties rehabilitated foundation subjected to a chemical attack. This of limestone. The hardness of pure calcite is standardized on proposed foundation is based on surrounding the existing Moh’s scale at 3 whereas aragonite is harder, ranging between footing by piles and the employment of a floating steel pile 3.5 and 4.0. The unconfined compressive strength of cap. limestones varies widely, the values of the modulus of elasticity ranged between 19×106 and 41.2×106 kN/m2 while The first phase of the solution is investigated in the present Poisson’s ratio ranged between 0.07 and 0.35. work. A laboratory investigation is carried out using many chemical materials in order to find out the most suitable material to be used in a proposed chemical grouting of the site. CHEMICAL REACTIONS Also, the results of the recent subsurface investigations are compared with the original rock condition in order to draw a The limestone group is among the most basic alkalies with pH picture of the geological alterations occurring in the site of the values of 8-9; sulphur is the most basic acid. High calcium sulphuric acid unit. limestone dissolves and effervesces readily in most strong acids. It even effervesces freely in cold, very dilute hydrochloric acid but dolomitic limestone will not effervesces SITE GEOLOGY unless the weak HCl is heated, since it is not nearly as reactive as high calcium limestone. The site ground is part of the Euphrates formation. A review of the stratigraphy and lithology of this formation is available When an amount of dibasic acid, like sulphuric acid, reaches in Buday (1980) and Al-Ghreri (1985). The type locality of the limestone, the reaction result will be calcium sulfate and o Euphrates formation is located near Wadi Fuhaimi at Lat. 34 water accompanied by the liberation of CO2 gas. After a 15′ 58″ N, Long. 42o 08′ 09″ E. period of time, the calcium sulfate will gain two molecules of water to form the gypsum as in the following equations: This formation is composed of shelly, chalky, well bedded recrystallized and dolomitized limestone, and brecciated part that consists of limestone and dolomitic limestone with lenses CaCO 3 + H 2SO 4 → CaSO 4 + H 2 O + CO 2 ↑ (1) of green marl, and undulated limestone that consists of thinly well bedded, light brown and grey, recrystallized, very hard, slightly fossiliferous limestone. CaSO + 2H O → CaSO .2H O (2) 4 2 4 2 The Euphrates formation is of a lagoonal facies. The age of the formation has been determined as early Lower Miocene to The mineral framework of gypsum crystals and the molecular early Middle Miocene. The term “Euphrates limestone” is not volume are larger than the original limestone therefore; the Paper No. 7.14a 2 reaction will be accompanied by increasing in volume and decreasing in the hardness of the reactive limestone. Dolomitic GEOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS limestone reacts to some extent with the acids, forming magnesium salts; its rate of reactivity is slower. The purpose of this section is to demonstrate the geological alterations which had taken place in the ground of the sulphuric acid unit since 1977, the date of construction of the FIELD AND LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS complex.
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