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Periodical Publishing by Russian Radical Emigres in the Second Half PERIODICAL PUBLISHING BY RUSSIAN RADICAL ÉMIGRÉS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY T hesis subm itted for t h e d eg r ee of M P h il by H elen Sa ra h W illiam s School of S lavonic and E ast E uro pean Studies U niversity o f L ondon 1 9 9 7 ProQuest Number: 10017477 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017477 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This study is a comprehensive survey of the periodical titles which were published abroad between 1855 and 1900 under the control of members of the Russian political emigration. Various aspects of the émigré press are considered: first, émigré journalism is related to Russian journalism of the period, both legal and clandestine within the Empire. The perceived importance of printed organs for radical activists is considered, together with the type of material which was regarded as of sufficient importance to be published in emigration. The links between the émigré press and oppositional activists in Russia are examined. Next, the place of the press in the life of the émigré community is examined. Biographical material for a number of publicists is used, and connections with European radical movements are considered. The most prominent and influential émigré publishing house was the Free Russian Press (FRP) established by Aleksandr Gertsen in 1853, and continued by him with the collaboration of his cousin Nikolai Ogarev until his death. Therefore the contribution of the FRP is discussed in relation to émigré publishing by contemporaries, and its influence on later publicists is also examined. Geographically, the study covers Western Europe and North America. Politically, a broad range of oppositional opinions is represented; ’pseudo-revolutionary’ titles are also included. The analysis concentrates on the journals published between 1855 and 1895. Among the questions considered are: what relevance the press had to the oppositional movement; whether events in Russia had an influence on the activities of the émigré publicists; what were reasons for the clear change in the pattern of publishing in the last years of the century. The titles studied are listed in a ’catalogue raisotmée’, which includes full bibliographic details and description of the contents. CONTENTS P a ge A cknowledgements 1 N o te o n conventions 2 1 Introduction 3 NOTES 13 2 R a d i c a l JOURNALISM 15 Jo u r n a l TYPES 15 E d it o r ia l AIMS 18 O t h e r c o n t e n t s 2 0 C e n so r sh ip a n d f r e e d o m o f e x p r e s s io n 2 4 O t h e r p o l it ic a l d e m a n d s 2 7 C ir c u l a t io n a n d distribution 29 L in k s w it h R u s s ia 33 T h e in f l u e n c e o f r a d ic a l p r o p a g a n d a 3 5 P u b l ic o p in io n 3 9 C o n c l u sio n 4 2 N o tes 44 3 The life o f émigré publicists 50 R e a so n s fo r e m ig r a t io n 50 C o u n t r ie s o f se t t l e m e n t 52 Institutions 5 6 M a k in g a l iv in g 5 8 L o c a l connections 6 2 R e t u r n in g t o t h e E m p ir e 6 4 A ffiliations 6 6 F e u d s 6 9 C o n c l u sio n 71 N o tes 72 4 T h e F r e e R u ssia n P r e ss 7 7 G er t se n : R a d ic a l is m b e f o r e 1853 7 7 T he F r ee R u s s ia n P r e s s : establishment 8 0 T h e periodicals 84 O g a r e v ’s contribution 88 D istribution 9 0 T h e F ree R u s s ia n P r ess a n d t h e r a d ic a l m o v e m e n t 9 2 T h e o f h c ia l r e sp o n se 9 4 D e c l in e 9 6 C ontemporaries a n d su c c e sso r s 9 9 E v a l u a t io n 101 N o tes 1 0 4 5 C o n c l u sio n 1 1 2 N o tes 1 1 7 T a b l e s a n d c h a r t s 118 1 T itles IN progress 119 2 N ew t it l e s g r o u p e d in fiv e - y e a r p e r io d s 121 3 L ength OF PUBLICATION 122 A p p e n d ix 1 D esc r ipt iv e c a t a l o g u e o f é m ig r é periodicals in R u s s ia n , PUBLISHED 1855-1900 123 B ibliographic SOURCES 125 É m igré periodicals 126 Dubia 183 Appendix 2 Titles listed by year of FiRST publication 186 Appendix 3 Selective list of titles in languages other than Russian 189 B ibliography 193 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In memoriam ITP I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the assistance which I have received in the completion of this study. I would like to thank all those who have spared time to discuss my research with me: Professor Edward Acton; Dr Robin Aizlewood; Dr Maureen Penie; Dr Christopher Read; Dr John Slatter. All offered me encouragement, constructive comment and support. I would also like to thank the librarians at SSEES for their help. A grant of £500 from the Central Research Fund of the University of London made possible a trip to theBibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine at Nanterre, and the purchase of two microfilms. I have been particular^ fortunate in the patience, support and encouragement of my supervisor. Dr Roger Bartlett, through what must have seemed like an endless project. Special thanks are also due to all the baby-sitters, child-minders, family and friends who have distracted my daughters: Ruth and Eleanor themselves deserve thanks for their patience (sometimes!). Thanks are due above all to Ian, who has supported me throughout, and continued to be encouraging through all the difficult times. NOTE ON CONVENTIONS The transliteration scheme followed is that of the Library of Congress, with one exception: in names, the suffix -ii’ has been changed to '-y' throughout. The titles of periodicals and radical groups have been left in the transliterated Russian form throughout: translations of the titles are given in Appendix 1. In the text, foreign words are signalled by the use of italic, and titles of books and periodicals by the use of bold: for example the groupZemlia i volia and the periodical title Kolokol. Where spelling in the titles of Russian-language periodicals differs Jfrom the modem usage, the form used in the periodical itself is followed, although hard signs at the end of words have been dropped in all cases. 'Letuchii listok' has been rendered Tlying newsletter’: there is no completefy satisfactoiy translation for the range of periodicals which appear under this and similar titles, so a literal approach has been taken. Each appearance of an émigré periodical title is followed by the years in which it began and ceased publication, as in Vestnik Narodnoi voli (1883-1886). For some titles which are used more than once this is necessary to distinguish the separate publications, and it is often useful for any title. The dates have been added on each appearance in the interests of consistency, even when the same title appears more than once on the same page. Dates are given as found in the source, usually a periodical title. Such titles are usually not specific about whether they are dated according to the Julian or the Gregorian calendar. Some titles give both dates, but most do not: many give no more than month and year, some only the year. The majority of titles were published irregularly and publication was not ’time-critical’: news was old by the time it had appeared in an émigré title. References to bibliographic sources are given by item number or year, depending on which is the most appropriate way to trace the information.
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