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Vladimir Burtsev and the Russian Revolutionary Emigration: Surveillance of Foreign Political Refugees in London, 1891-1905

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Vladimir Burtsev and the Russian Revolutionary Emigration: Surveillance of Foreign Political Refugees in London, 1891-1905 Vladimir Burtsev and the Russian revolutionary emigration: surveillance of foreign political refugees in London, 1891-1905. Henderson, Robert The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without the prior written consent of the author For additional information about this publication click this link. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/jspui/handle/123456789/1461 Information about this research object was correct at the time of download; we occasionally make corrections to records, please therefore check the published record when citing. For more information contact [email protected] Vladimir Burtsev and the Russian Revolutionary Emigration: Surveillance of Foreign Political Refugees in London, 1891-1905. Robert Henderson Queen Mary, University of London PhD Thesis September 2008 I Declaration I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Signed: ýý` Date: .. .... ............ (Robert Henderson) 2 Abstract The thesis describes the early life in emigration of the Russian revolutionary, historian journalist (17/29 and radical Vladimir L'vovich Burtsev November 1862 - 21 August 1942). Particular emphasis is placed on the nature and extent of the police surveillance of Burtsev and the emigre community in Europe during the period. The relationship between the Criminal Investigation Department of London's Metropolitan Police and their Russian counterparts in Europe - the Zagranichnaia in detail. agentura, ('Foreign Agency') - is examined Burtsev's biography has great contemporary relevance, unfolding, as it does, in an atmosphere of increasing anxiety in Britain (both governmental and non-official) about growing numbers of foreign anarchists, terrorists, and `aliens' in general (which would lead, in due course, to the passing of the 1905 Aliens Act) and the increasingly interventionist police methods of the era. The thesis describes Burtsev's relationship with the emigre community and its British supporters, examines his (at times extreme) political views and reviews the radical journalism which led to his trial and imprisonment in 1898. This, the `Burtsev affair', signalled a major shift in British government policy towards political refugees on the one hand and to international counter-terrorist co-operation on the other and it is one of the aims of this thesis to detail the reasons for these changes. 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 5 Introduction 6 Historiography 18 Chapter One 1862-1891: From piety to protest 44 Chapter Two 1891-1893: A trip to the continent 87 Chapter Three 1891-1894: The London trials of `Monsieur Richter' 125 Chapter Four 1895-1898: An `ephemeral terrorist'? 163 Chapter Five 1898-1905: A man with few enemies 204 Conclusion 247 Appendix 260 Bibliography 263 4 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge with gratitude the encouragement, suggestions and other aid provided by the following scholars: Professor John Gonzalez of the Rozhkov Historical Research Centre, NSW; Dr. Liudmila Novikova of Moscow State University; Ronald M. Bulatoff, archival specialist at the Hoover Institution, Stanford, California; Stephanie Clarke, Gary Thorn and Chris Date of the British Museum Archives and the staff (too numerous to mention individually) of the British Library at St Pancras and Colindale, London. I would also like to give special thanks to Julian Putkowski, freelance historian and researcher, for his early interest, enthusiasm and help. Above all, I am indebted to Dr. Jonathan Smele of Queen Mary, University of London, supervisor of this work, for his endless support and encouragement. I could not have asked for a more productive relationship with a supervisor and I consider it a privilege to have worked under his tutelage. I am thankful also to acknowledge grants in support of my research from the Royal Historical Society, the British Association of Slavonic and East European Studies, the University of London's Central Research Fund and the Department of History, Queen Mary, University of London. Naturally, I alone bear responsibility for this work in its final incarnation. 5 Introduction What I saw was the portrait of a man, still young, frail in appearance, pigeon-chested and narrow-shouldered. His face made a great impression on me: it was haggard, by his sickly and ascetic, though illumined, or rather transfigured, eyes - eyes so full of fire and tenderness as to be quite fascinating. I at once understood the man's ascendancy, his genius for suggestion and temptation, the strange magnetism which fires imagination and stirs to action and makes him such a formidable apostle of the revolutionary gospel. ' Such was the reaction in April 1904 of Maurice Paleologue, then Director of the Russian Department of the French Foreign Office, on seeing a photograph of Vladimir L'vovich Burtsev for the first time. The photograph formed part of the latter's police dossier, which had been passed to Paleologue on the instructions of the Russian ambassador in Paris, together with a request for the immediate deportation of this most dangerous individual. Ambassador Nelidovz was anxious to convince the French that the terrorist Burtsev posed as much of a threat to them as he did to the tsarist autocracy, warning of his `amazing gift for rousing the evil instincts of young ' revolutionaries and rapidly turning them into fanatics capable of frightful crimes'. A measure of how serious and continuous a threat Burtsev was deemed to be is shown by the fact that at one time, of the twenty-three undercover agents employed by the Foreign Agency of the Russian Department of Police to report back on the activities of all opposition parties abroad, two were assigned exclusively to watch over him. ' According to the historian lain Lauchlan, a further indication of the importance accorded to Burtsev by the Russian police can be gained from the sheer ' Paleologue, G. M. The Turning Point. Three critical years, 1904-1906. Translated by F. Appleby Holt. London: Hutchinson and Co., 1935 (hereafter The Turning Point), p. 61. ` Aleksandr Ivanovich Nelidov (1835-1910). Russian Ambassador to France, 1903-1910. 3 Paleologue, The Turning Point, p. 60. 4 1913 Report on the Foreign Agency by M. E. Broetskii, cited in Peregudova, Z. I. Politicheskii sysk Rossii 1880-1917. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000 (hereafter Politicheskii sysk), p. 154. 6 size of his fond at the State Archive of the Russian Federation. ' The collection referred to contains no fewer than 2,447 documents, the majority of which relate to Burtsev's activities during the decade prior to 1917, when he came to international fame following his successes in the denunciation and exposure of various police spies and agents-provocateurs (notably Evno__Az) who had infiltrated the ranks of the / Russian revolutionary movement abroad.' This collection of documents certainly contains much of interest concerning the pursuit and harassment of this `Sherlock Holmes of the Revolution' by the Russian Department of Police. ' However, Lauchlan is wrong to refer to it as Burtsev's Department of Police fond. The collection in question is, in fact, part of Burtsev's personal archive, the provenance of which will be described later in this Introduction. His police fond, on the other hand, is far less widely known. Indeed, there is reason to believe that the earliest files, covering the period of Burtsev's life here under discussion, have, so far, escaped the attentions of Western researchers. From these documents, which will be described in detail later, it is clear that, even from his earliest years, Burtsev occupied a place near the top of the Okhrana's `most-wanted' list. Moreover, it was not only the Russian authorities who regarded Burtsev with concern. Other police forces in Europe were anxious that any unofficial or secret links that they maintained with their counterparts in their headquarters in the basement of the Russian Embassy in Paris should remain that way, for fear of incurring the displeasure of their own governments (or, indeed, citizens). After all, at this time the Russian secret police had an `almost universal reputation as an agency of tsarist tyranny'. ' The worry that Burtsev would expose these links ensured that, for decades, he was kept in a state of almost constant harassment by police forces throughout the continent and became, as one commentator pointed out, `clearly the most-hunted emigre in Europe, being arrested, expelled, or imprisoned in all four of the 5 See Lauchlan, I. Russian Hide-and-Seek: The Tsarist Secret Police in St. Petersburg, 1906-1914. Helsinki: SKS-FLS, 2002 (hereafter Russian Hide-and-Seek), p. 225, (note 332). 6 GARF f. 5802, Burtsev Vladimir L'vovich, op. 1-2. 7 Zenzinov, V. M. `V. L. Burtsev', in Novyi zhurnal, no. 4 (1943) (hereafter, `V. L. Burtsev'), p. 361. 8 Porter, B. The Origins of the Vigilant State. The London Metropolitan Police Special Branch before the First World War. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1987 (hereafter Origins), p. 143. 7 democracies (England, France, Switzerland and Belgium) as well as Germany and Denmark'. ' Moreover, this was no new development: from the moment of his escape from Siberian exile in July 1888 Burtsev was pursued relentlessly and, even at that early stage of his revolutionary career, succeeded in attracting the personal attention of Emperor Alexander III himself, who, on a number of occasions, showed a keen interest in his early recapture and his displeasure when these attempts failed. " Considering the importance attached to this `formidable apostle of the revolutionary gospel', it is surprising that comparatively little has been published on Burtsev either in the West or in Russia. It is the aim of this study to begin to fill that gap by examining Burtsev's early life in emigration, his academic and political activities, and the journalism which led ultimately to his trial and imprisonment in an English jail. This trial demands to be re-examined in light of the new relevance which it has assumed in twenty-first century Britain in relation to the ongoing debate on terrorism and state security.
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