CINEMA AS A POLITICAL PROPAGANDA DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR: ESPANA˜ 1936

Mag´ı Crusells Cinema Section of the Department of Contemporary History University of Barcelona DESEMBRE 2004

157 EBRE 38

A Republican soldier during an attack. All pictures of this article have been taken from the documentary film Espana˜ 1936. Courtesy by Filmoteca Espanola.˜

Resumen

El documental Espana˜ 1936 ha pasado a la historia tanto por sus valores cinematograficos´ —esta´ considerado uno de los pri- meros ejemplos de cine de montaje de guerra— como por el grado de participacion´ que Luis Bunuel,˜ uno de los mas´ famosos directores espanoles,˜ tuvo en el mismo; un trabajo que, incluso hoy en d´ıa, continua´ provocando varias hipotesis.´

Palabras clave: Bunuel,˜ Cine, Le Chanois, Propaganda, Filmoteca Espanola.˜

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Las os — ´ ´ ı? ebro h pns omns at,was Bu Party, of Communist friend Spanish a the of member strikes”. out or stamp rebellion, to as at so attempts individuals, any these to out me- be ted shall impri- punishments be exemplary shall and Movement soned, the unions support not and do societies that parties, the political they all or course, because leaders Of possible, well-organized. and as strong soon are as down bring enemy to order the action in the violent, extremely that political be remembered must for be need should “It the terror: of Emilio specifically General talked 1936 Mola the April In in severe. written civilian instructions particularly the be of repression should the population that decided was it coup the When Fascists. d’ the by murdered were e 94 n htaFec r a interested was firm Octo- French of a revolution that the and 1934, after ber Spain left Pique- had first, who the In Bu Party tells 1936. ras Communist July and 16 dated critic Antonio militant, cinema from a another Amo, and del 1935, November 13 rte isl nPrs oLi Bu Luis had to he Paris, one in letters; himself two confiscated written were papers men his Franco’s Among by July. and 28 arrested was on and shot began War jour- Civil a his the to when interrupt Ba due de to Venta blood had in vomit ney he to and Oviedo. began ulcer to he stomach France way from the train On by travelling was Mart Piqueras Juan critic cinema The August. poet 19 the Finally, on Madrid. murdered in as was off Granada better native be coun- his would the to he in return unrest shouldn’t social con- he the try, fratricidal to the owing of that, start flict, the before days few a Bu Mart Piqueras Juan critic cinema Garc Federico the poet the hap- to what pened remember would he sentence this ting fi en iln afo pi? rnoanswe- price”. Franco any at Spain?” repeat, of “I half red killing “Even means point the it Mar- pressed if from Allen price”. Spain any save at will xism “I failed, replied was General coup the the once long last how in- would asked violence Allen When the July. Jay 27 journalist on him US terviewed The the violence. justified of instinctively use also Franco Francisco ttaantteRpbi a en planned, being was Republic the against etat ´ ul nfc,avsdhsfin Garc friend his advised fact, in nuel, ˜ ulh a enlvn ihworkers with living been had he nuel ˜ uls nmdJl 96Piqueras 1936 mid-July In nuel’s. ˜ o Plni) ewsthere was He (Palencia). nos ˜ 3 ´ aLraadto and Lorca ıa ul dated nuel, ˜ ´ nz They ınez. 2 ´ aLorca ıa General ´ nz a ınez, ttebgnigo oebr13,Fac’ fia co- African Franco’s 1936, November of beginning the At brer e6 n 6, te Pol (AGGCE), manca l iursta nhaigo h atrsillness Bu latter’s telephoned the te- immediately of writer “I hearing the on Amo, that del Piqueras Antonio lls from letter the In films: three in Bu edm i a ic ol o ev o Ven- for leave not could Ba I de since ta car his me lend erhrPlcroS Policarpo searcher etred ihwr ead t l u friends our all “to comrades”. regards and warm with ends letter n kindness. esr . metrl tyu ipsto and Ba disposition de your Venta at to ne- travel entirely was will Ba it am not de I or Venta ... whether to cessary us go told to had you not before me advised becau- he received you se assume you I sent which He Ur- better. telegram, to were a written you had that you him telling that goiti me told He down. me ercomrade”. hear your dear I from regards as Warmest soon heart! 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Communist largely was bring and to Popular year Front the that supported of who April intellectuals in together up set been had tion ul o h eec fCulture. of Defence the Intellec- for Anti-Fascist tuals of Alliance the of manifesto edro h pns omns Party. Communist Spanish the of leader oe Revolucionarios tores rui nwas know arruri, ´ ul h a ugse subver- suggested had who nuel, ˜ aPasionaria La ulmd oatmtto attempt no made nuel TeLau fRevolutio- of League (The Bergam e ˜ ´ L’ g d’or Age ˆ a charismatic a was , 6 ulsge the signed nuel ´ n opsBar- Corpus ın, aru,sup- Malraux, e ˜ ´ hsorganiza- This iad Escri- de Liga n13,con- 1930, in ´ sJuly ıs nuel ˜ gis hsbcgon,Li Bu Luis background, this Against eDcmno,a h GC,FceoGnrlPol General cial. Fichero AGGCE, the at Documentos, Delegaci de the at staff by acln:Lmn .179. p. Lumen, Barcelona: h udmna eest o re n pea- and order for ce”. necessity fundamental the 4 1Mrh13) .1.SeteLi Bu Luis the See 10. p. 1938), March (1 343 em- Paris the as to bassy government republican the by Bu Luis Jos n vnodrdafimmnaet emade, remember”. be don’t to I montage which of film title a the Spain ordered in even I filmed and material cinematic with working Bu to according There, itro tt,dtd4Jl 97 GC,Pol AGGCE, 1937. July 2760. Caja 4 Madrid, dated State, of nister l ciiisrltdt cinema. of to charge related in activities placed all was he where Paris, in bassy h dtn ntewrigcp tg,i positive, in stage, copy which working supervised to the I film in frivolous! editing this so the of not editing “I’m the responded in he part took he if Bu Aranda, F. J. a eta cultural He as Araquistain. sent Luis ambas- was capital, new French the the of in and orders sador Paris the to under go himself to was him put Julio he advised State, who Vayo, 1936 of de September rez Minister of the by end summoned the at cause Bu different film. available including had media, communication and abroad, and both Spain propaganda in and adverti- information and publicity services, the sing all control Ministry its This under 1937. had of January in Propaganda Ministry of the created government republican The Finally, incident. by Bu notorius to killed thanks a Falangist in a gunmen of left-wing brother also and founder Jos Rivera Falange, the of Spanish cousin the first of the being for arrested osbyrfrigto referring possibly .BU 7. 6. .AAD,J .(1969.) F. J. ARANDA, 9. 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NUEL, ˜ uladJa-alL Chanois Le Jean-Paul and nuel ˜ ,n attach o ezd eei,Saihfilmmaker Spanish Heredia, de aenz ´ ulsitreto,h a freed. was he intervention, nuel’s ˜ 1Ags 96,p and 2 p. 1936), August (1 2 ulsfis igahr se him asked biographer, first nuel’s ˜ e ´ ndlEtd aal Recuperaci la para Estado del on ´ oteifrainservices. information the to Ibid Espa attach .150. p. , ulsonwrs Iwas “I words, own nuel’s ˜ usBu Luis a1936 na ˜ e ´ noi rm de Primo Antonio e ´ oteSaihEm- Spanish the to ul Biograf nuel. 8 ˜ h historian The . ulwssent was nuel ulfieproduced file nuel ˜ ˜ 9 rneRojo Frente Bu ´ tc Social, ıtico ulwas nuel ˜ ´ acr ıa ´ tc So- ıtico Alva- ´ ´ ıtica ,n on ´ o , oentitled so o i at h itra alsFern Carlos historian the part, his For pa- Madrid the in published per review the did Nor that states Aranda recording”. sound the in and namrberflcino ato u gtfor fight our soil”. of Spanish of part independence a the are of fields of reflection battle admirable terms the an in on “The- shot film said: scenes this the review to emotion; comparable The nothing Spain. is of re capital the in aymd fti war”. this of made tary oshv ugse htteojc fthe of object the that suggested have hors fAt-acs nelcul n1937, in Intellectuals Anti-Fascist of Guti oua film popular pi ne Bu under Spain u ae omnino h uhrsname. author’s the 1937” of June mention 8 no on makes Madrid but in Actualidades Cine unaepandta i h oyIswtena- the saw Bu I of copy me the “in that explained Cuenca ie ihmnyfo h rnhCommunist French the from Party. money with lised onBxe hnsthat thinks biographer Baxter The John documentaries. republican Kar- sequences, and Roman newsreel Makaseiev, Soviets Boris the and men by filmed images sour- ces: various from material cinematic from edited els ensono h cena in as screen the on shown such been of realism scenes unpara- have of before levels Never bravery. reaches lleled people the of the heroism of the soldiers them of all of In streets Somosierra. and Oeste the del Parque in Campo, de battles Casa Carabanchel, the and militiamen que eec fIr the of Paris, in defence Pasionaria La of speech the Nations, documents: of historical speech as the value their follo- to the due this of wing, made in be should scenes mention unique special film, the Bu “Among which example: in re- An is film it the that clear to is ferring it describes it scenes the from ntepeso httm.Freape h ma- the appear example, For not time. does that film gazine of the press of the director in the na- the of and evidence me any with back affirmation doesn’t this up Aranda anonymously. shown was 1936 Sol lSol El re atlaadpoue yteAlliance the by produced and Mantilla errez eiwwsi ataohrdcmnayal- documentary another fact in was review ´ h otatetcadraitcdocumen- realistic and authentic most the , 11 ud gr Mundo ulapae nlreltes u tap- it but letters, large in appeared nuel ˜ w asbfr h l a released was film the before days two Espa nadSnSebasti San and un Espa ´ lae e aoa h egeof League the at Vayo del Alvarez ´ ulsnm hl nFac it France in while name nuel’s a1936 na ˜ ˜ afico ´ a1936 na ˜ Espa 15 eot ht“h exciting “the that reports san 1936 Espagne a1936 na ietdb Fernando by directed , ˜ a ooe tthe at open to was ” 10 ulwsinvolved. was nuel ˜ Espa nb h Bas- the by an ´ a hw in shown was 14 13 a1936 na ˜ u judging but oeaut- Some a rea- was Espa andez ´ was na ˜ El 12 h pns nrhs militant anarchist Spanish The Es (1996): (Eds) ard C Madrid: .51. p. usBu Luis production”. supervi- of as Cha- chief appears and only Le sor Spaniard Jean-Paul the outstanding and by nois most made the was abroad contribution that be to peared 163. ayintttlyrlal fw eri idthat mind in bear we if reliable Fern totally isn’t tary htJa-alL hni i h dtn while editing the did Bu Chanois Le con- Jean-Paul that Leyda Jay Bu credits. Luis no tacted are there version— a cuaino rnei ol a I Unfor- II. in War tunately, World Wit- in Ger- France 1966. the of occupation during in moved man was Berlin copy in West this doubt, Leyda of hout Jay Archives historian Film by film the discovered and was researcher version the French complete credits. A these of proof documentary no i w ouni uy1936. July in column own his pa 1 ATR .(1994): J. BAXTER, 11. 12. 13. 0 RNA .F 18) L tp espa etapa “La (1984): F. J. ARANDA, 10. 6 FERN 16. IB of collaboration the with Del. A. AMO, 14. 15. aye cine el y na ˜ ulwstecifo rdcin supervisor, production, of chief the was nuel ˜ lSol El Sol El gr Mundo ne unahmefamt hth has he that admits himself Cuenca andez ´ nuel ˜ tdaFloeaEspa atedra/Filmoteca ´ NE UNA .(1972): C. CUENCA, ANDEZ ´ Mdi,6Jn 1937). June 6 (Madrid, 1937). June 6 (Madrid, eei:XIMsr nenzoaedlCinema, del Internazionale Mostra XLI Venecia: , ard dtr ainl .154. p. Nacional, Editora Madrid: , afico ´ Cat san 1936 Espagne ulwocnre ohmi 1967 in him to confirmed who nuel lg eea e ied aGer Civil Guerra la de cine del general alogo ˜ ´ ,n o 35(ard ue1937). June 2 (Madrid, 1335 Bu nuel ˜ unvnuaDurruti Buenaventura oa .427. p. nola, ˜ odn orhEtt,p. Estate, Fourth London: , tteo h French the of —title 16 u hscommen- this But ager eEs- de guerra La oa 1932-1937”, nola: ˜ A ´ E,M. NEZ, ˜ formed a L. . 161 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 162 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 hto w ifrn cain eakdLuis asked he occasions different Bu two on that eerdt ne ifrn ils o example, For been titles. has Fern different film Carlos under the to when greater referred even con- is the fusion Furthermore, of hypotheses. any existing certify the could which exists that currently of period evidence documentary no Unfortunately, Rom historian the Similarly, commentary. the of co-writer and ireUi ato,wt usBu Luis 1938 in with that —author, out Unik points Aranda F. Pierre J. part, his For images. se omnayof commentary on nfvu fteBne-nkteam. Bunuel-Unik courts the The of favour documentary. in later found the monopolise of to credits attempt the latter’s the over courts ris ihadFec esoswstesm,this same, the Fern Spa- Carlos of was the opinion the versions of contradict would editing French the and that nish states Leyda Jay If ie ftecmetr of commentary the of riter Bu with worked ready oebosrcr h l sbigmn,but mine, being case”. as the film not that’s the record supervised. and books received a Some I charge edited that in material Chanois put with Le film was propaganda. I cinematic embassy ot- of the “Among in was: things, Embassy her Spanish the in his work about questions their to response filmmaker’s tefim a eneie yJa-alL Cha- Le Jean-Paul by edited nois”. “categorically been that had film] responded [the always latter the enfudacmlt pns oyof copy Spanish hasn’t complete it Today, a same. found the been was French ver- both content the in the and found sions one Spanish he the had also but only version not that mented Jos okr’mrht eadtebidn fa of building the demand to dam”. with march intercut workers’ harvest for threatened a Virgin the the save whi- to to rain sequence the pleading “peasants a to showed was according ch there example, bet- historian, For differences Spanish two. of the plenty ween recalls who Cuenca etr ewe 95ad17,wieworking — biography while 1977, their and on 1975 between rector, 1936 pan 1936 ulaotteatosi of authorship the about nuel ˜ el oiaitriwdteAaoeedi- Aragonese the interviewed Colina la de e ´ udJa-alL hni ntePa- the in Chanois Le Jean-Paul sued — . 20 18 or ieie hnTom when Likewise, h rnhvrincnan oeo the- of none contains version French The Espa ne unarfr oi as it to refers Cuenca andez ´ ala narmas en leal na ˜ Espa 21 ula rtradscreenw- and writer as nuel ˜ a1936 na ˜ Bu ulprBu por nuel ˜ a udsTer sin Hurdes/Tierra Las nGbr onsout points Gubern an ´ sP as ´ Espa n h a al- had who and ept h fact the despite , rzTretand Turrent erez ´ 17 a1936 na ˜ ul fthe of nuel, ed com- Leyda ˜ nuel ˜ 19 Espa Madrid the — andez ´ and na ˜ htwe twsfis hw tthe at shown first was it when that ieai ardi ue13 twsudrthe under was it 1937 June title in Madrid in cinema eunn otedocumentary the to Returning Espa attend peuple Un stemi hm.Teohrfim were films other War The Civil theme. Spanish main the the had as which worked he ch utcniin nterfgecmsi Argel in of camps editing refugee The diffi- the really in in conditions lived cult who republicans Spanish led enPu eCaosi otie in contained by is filmed Chanois material the Le of Internatio- Jean-Paul part the One of Brigades. members nal former by Chanois, ob bet i h a;and war; the Spain win republican to opi- able for public be needed to was international help on that impress nion to tried ch rnhfimae ttsta h documentary the the which that in states Torreiro filmmaker Mirito French Es- and to Riambau Chanois Le teve Jean-Paul by given interview eia ueuparticipated. Bureau Medical ob hw nteUie tts—entitled States United intended the was in shown which be remains to copy a des- but was troyed, negative the and authorities French the apprenticeship’; aewsJa-alDefs a in was Dreyfus) Jean-Paul was true co- (whose name real Chanois the Le Jean-Paul whatever of of llaboration regardless rate, any At olwn nlssi ae nteFec ver- French the on based sion, is analysis following n13.Ise18o h pns journal Spanish the of 138 Issue 1939. in le n13,adcmnayeie yIrving by edited which in documentary Lerner a 1939, in filmed o Bu por nl pantalla la en 7 RNA .F (1969): F. J. ARANDA, 17. 9 RNA .F (1969): F. J. ARANDA, 19. 0 UEN .(1986): R. GUBERN, 20. FERN 18. 1 P 21. 1936 1936 l Is ple el libert la de iopor gido Espa RZTRET .adCLN,J (1993): J. COLINA, and T. TURRENT, EREZ twsntteol ouetr nwhi- on documentary only the not was it , ohpeevdi h pns imArchi- Film Spanish the in preserved both , ´ a1936 na ˜ nuel ˜ san 1936 Espagne (sic) ulse nAgs 96 otisan contains 1986, August in published , NE UNA .(1972): C. CUENCA, ANDEZ ard ltEiins .41. p. Ediciones, Plot Madrid: . ´ a1936 na ˜ ard imtc Espa Filmoteca Madrid: , Waiting e ´ n13,aottetop’’cultural troops’ the about 1937, in , npul attend peuple Un Cin ...Espagne S.O.S. . eoee,acrigt Le to according recovered, — otie mgso h exi- the of images contained e-Libert ´ 9613:L urad Espa de Guerra La 1936-1939: n h Italian, the and , p cit. op. cit. op. .182. p. , 181. p. , e ´ n h American the and npul attend peuple Un Espa oa .25. p. nola, ˜ p cit. op. a andby banned was n13,whi- 1938, in , Actualidades a1936 na ˜ .154. p. , Refuge Spagna Espa Bu Peo- ABC ,the Diri- nuel ˜ es. ´ na ˜ na ˜ , , General iis h itiuino rpgnai Madrid, in propaganda Spanish of various distribution in the placed cities, posters see we February 16 1936 on elections general the sta- illustrate To equestrian a an of showing inversion tue. film the the by from symbolised frame monarchy, 1931, the April of in disappearance the with opens 1936 Espagne ves. hc lyalaigrl nsmoiigteSpa- the tragedy. symbolizing in nish role leading a play which ihti upsdimpartiality supposed this With read: be can We le rgd commander. brigade l Segadors, Els 22 ieta osretecueo history”. of cause the serve mo- to other than no tive has report, cinematic uni- que a war, Spanish This the countries. on all documentary of people the to broadcast them and them world follow reproduce events, should cinema the 1937 In ’reds’. and lists’, ’nationa- ’pro-government’, and calls ’rebels’ opinion public what about present facts to the objectively wanted have lives. We their of fear in often conditions and difficult different in by always fronts operators, Spanish the on med fil- been have documents following “The ohvrin aehgl rmtcimages dramatic highly have versions Both mlKleber Emil ´ pn ne il nFec whi- French in title a under opens elnm aa afe tr,wsa was Stern, Manfred Lazar name real , h ainlhm fCatalonia. of hymn national the san 1936 Espagne o.Rnigtm:3 iue.Tteo tla version: Italian of Title minutes. 35 time: Running dot. usBu selector: materials Luis and Producer Chanois. Le (attribu- Jean-Paul Direction ted): Re- Republic). the (Spanish of Government Propaganda publican of Undersecretariat Producer: cutive lcoa itr ftePplrFot mgsof the images in Front; the meeting Popular a after the of demonstration victory a electoral Caballero, in Largo socialist, Francisco sta- Spanish see polling we the Later in tions. queueing population the and e eea mloMl eie oatc Ir attack in to see decided We Fran- Mola with Emilio border General Spanish ce, the of control gain To are units naval lo- of shown. remains images while navy republic The the to front. yal the training for under heading volunteers and of scenes re- is with government The shown republican the Barcelona. from call and cruitment Madrid in suppressed igtm fSaihvrin(siae)3 iue.Tteof Title minutes. 35 version: (estimated) French version Run- Spanish white. of and time Black ning Chanois. Le Jean-Paul (probable): tor hc h perne fGnrl Jos Generals in card of War, appearances Civil Madrid, Spanish the the in which of procession outbreak the military before a over presides Llu Aza cheer Manuel and Catalans fields The harvested of schools. images and capital; nish ssonwt ciiu otg fexecutions of montage ficticious a soldiers with pro-Franco shown the their is of check entrance Police advan- The French the papers. the from while escape enemy people cing Basque the ch iiaybde ev o h front. In Various the hall. for city leave Seville bodies the military in flag a de hoists Queipo Llano General sympathisers. his by saluted aitfre scerdo ypol sn the using Joaqu people Falangist by The natio- salute. on of fascist cheered nationalist march-past is the A forces of map. nalist advance the Animation the across show Llano. troops to de used Queipo is Gonzalo Nationa- and some Cabane- llas of Miguel Franco, faces explo- Francisco Generals: the with list and superimposed the flames Europe is sions, of mili- Spain map a of to schematic cuts a position (1936)” On juillet rising. 17 tary le “et... title The lighted. a1936 na 2 ehia oe ftefim - film. the of Notes Technical 22. san 1936 Espagne n ozl uiod ln r high- are Llano de Queipo Gonzalo and o ´ ul cenly usBu Luis Screenplay: nuel. ˜ unn ie 5minutes. 35 time: Running . san 1936 Espagne a rsdn fte2dRepublic, 2nd the of president na, ˜ san 1936 Espagne a Ventas Las hw h piigi quickly is uprising the shows omnao:Gast Commentator: . ESPA uladPer nk Edi- Unik. Pierre and nuel oesee nwhi- in scenes some ˜ uligi h Spa- the in bullring A1936 NA ˜ ´ sCompanys. ıs ´ nMrnais Miranda ın 13) Exe- (1937). eMos- ´ nMo- on ´ Spag- un. ´ 163 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 164 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 hl o as) ooe Ib Dolores Pass!). Pasar not “¡No shall reads a in which pair hangs street poster a Madrid A signal Madrid. over sequence closing animated pliers of an and title A Benito and Hitler Adolf German Mussolini. of the and of armies shots see Italian we and up po- follow air, to ’No-Intervention’ on and the licy 1936, of Setember violation the in against protests State, of ter nteLau fNtos nSizrad the Switzerland, in Nations, Julio of socialist Spanish League the In del instruc- Puerta receiving Madrid’s Sol. in soldiers marching troops art, safeguar- and of tions the works playground, of school ding a wounded, the in the to children of shipped treatment being the cattle slaughterhouse, market, a terrace, in cafe people a in uniform seated of people rearguard: control communication, manufacture, the arms in work, field life making, on series a sequences see of we 1936, September Catalan in and nationalists Basque and so- unionists communists, trade of cialists, support the on govern- counted Caballero’s ment Largo plane. that other Italian out the an pointing from After and shrapnel by shot down was cut was one that narra- comments the tor journalists: French Pictures dead two repression. of from appear escaping people and aosmmeso h nentoa Brigades and Lukacs International Pavel as the varioussuch of of members shown alongside famous are fight —photos to republicans here Bri- the 1936, International October the the of in troops gades out first points the of narrator arrival for the for struggle Later, the struggle freedom, democracy”. the for struggle is the the bearing peace, which are struggle people French the Spanish the that “May forget thanks never solidarity: she people their which for in French speech the a makes spea- live, Party, king Communist Spanish the of member igvcis ae,tepol oeott the to out come people the lea- Later, explode victims. Bombs shelters. ving The the bombing. for begins run and people force city air the the over beco- Suddenly, appears Verdun. has Spanish Madrid the that me out points Ca- commentator Largo capital. Spanish and the ballero of map a Jos sulting General see also of We streets Madrid—. the through marching volunteers some lae e aovsttefot The front. the visit Vayo del Alvarez ´ lae e ao Mines- Vayo, del Alvarez ´ mlKee,a elas well as Kleber, Emil ´ arruri, ´ aPasionaria La ij con- Miaja e ´ n”(They an!” ´ , mn te ok,Pcsosfamous Picasso’s works, other among a eindb oe Llu Josep by foreign designed Pavilion was Republican before Spanish cultural, The as opinion. public well as ideo- political their logy, defend and a display 1937, to republicans space the privileged offered Tech- of Life’, and Modern ’Art in Exhibition motto nology the under International together brought Paris The victory. and in popular disciplined, faith army, with the conventional of a transformation into the militia to devotes time and bombings, some enemy the of civi- victims the the lian and shows Republic the it of contrary, achievements social the On ranks. the within republican divisions on docu- comment the doesn’t Obviously, mentary struggle. republicans their the with but on difficult, carry more much makes war Spain republican the a de- of favour western in the Mussoli- mocracies of and ’Non-Interventionism’ Hitler The by ni. mi- supported the uprising against struggle litary bloody the defends elec- ted, democratically follo- Republic, the Spanish is the and wing: is opinion message public French documentary’s at the directed seen, be can As read. be can France” Gennevilliers, “Contr words the chives, oto rso ard ntecoigsee of scenes 1936 closing the In the Madrid. Espagne bearing of flag arms republican of coat a conclude, holding to and, woman men a kilo- armed trench, of a full long, rifle, metres his waving soldier of close-ups a the marching, soldiers, fields, troops open coast, the the on in navy fighting soldiers heard: is 1936 Espagne het hl h pro-republican the while pro-Franco threat, the against resistance republican the we ilti osru a vrend!”. ever comments war narrator monstrous this The order will audience. “when in the shown move are to children dead of around. dead drive Close-ups the ambulances up and pick engines and fire while damage the at look street, ihdofwt oua cltr yVr Muk- Vera by fi- sculpture hina popular Iofan, a —by with Soviet off nished the a and by Eagle— crowned German Prussian and the Speer with by along —designed attention, pavilion of at- lot which a those of tracted one was Pavilion Spanish The i nentoa r n ehia xiiinwas Pa- Exhibition the Technical and at Pavilion Art Spanish International ris the 1937 July 12 On Idsra okradcletv amgirl farm collective and worker ’Industrial o eti h pns imAr- Film Spanish the in kept now , nswt eiso mgson images of series a with ends l,L arc C.T.M., Maurice L. ole, ˆ ´ sSr n contained, and Sert ıs in eRiego de Himno Guernica ’—. . pga1936 Spagna 1936 Spagna (Ram Ej task. this over took Ville- Manuel by shown, L headed be gas commission to a films later the but of choice three the or for Bu weeks ponsible two two of first the generally During reels. shown, films be Longer also documentary. a might other bu- the news and a one lletin week, each shown one-reel be two would that films agreed was Re- it the Pavilion in publican organized sessions film the At opened. it falcutisadntoaiis French, nationalities: Italians, Hungarians, and Poles, Americans, countries antifas-English, all are of ranks They Brigades. cists the International in the assembling of were dif- Ib countries from after ferent combatants of little “thousands that a speech, comments, narrator support”. our The seek 1936 in struggle as their and continue people 1936 the in and revolts continues pro-Franco the Spain with period tragic began for The which today? do doing they democracies are commentator what the and the did moment “What Civil particular says: Spanish a the At on the War. focus of review to historical Republic brief Second a is there follow, To ac ru rmSgvao 4Ags 1937: August 14 on Segovia of from presentation group the dance as a such held, be to was event eysmlrsrcueto structure similar very h ai ntefis or ett Picasso’s to next floor, first the on patio the e smr extensive. Briga- more International is the des to dedicated section the 1936 nica elsaguas las de ehy obe ema de hombres hoy, de des pga1936 Spagna rioPopular ercito ´ h rga ol eatrdi special a if altered be could program The . a aebe pns newsreel. Spanish a been have may igtersigo hi w lives”. own their of risking the ding camera- inclu- conditions, difficult newsreel civil in always men, the by during 1936-1939 fronts war Spanish filmed the was on document cinematic “This a dtdatrWrdWrI u a a has but II War World after edited was , pz unMne lz oof Halffter Rodolfo y Plaza Manuel Juan opez, nBai,1934), Biadiu, on ´ ´ pndwt h olwn titles: following the with opened ( h tla eso of version Italian the , ne iltr,13)and 1937) Villatoro, Angel ´ (1937), 23 h esosto lc on place took sessions The Actualidades nana ˜ Espa art eDnQuijote Don de ruta La (1937). a1936 na ˜ ulwsres- was nuel ˜ 24 , ltribunal El although , Actualida- Espa arruri’s ´ Guer- Ni nos ˜ na ˜ ti osbethat possible is It com- the Andr —in of Longo pany Luigi Vidali, of Vittorio one every them: stuggle” of photographs antifascist using Ita- the highlighted, is numerous in participate of “who From intervention lians combatants”. the new moment of this arrival the ent- husiasm with welcome people Spanish The Soviets... Bu during Italy in to later came and II. they War Spain World first in that fascism out fight points narrator others. The among Pacciardi, Randolfo and Nenni tro ihPvlo,2 uut13.AGE Pol 2760. AGGCE, Caja drid, 1937. August 23 Pavilion, nish 2760. Caja ihPvlo,2 ue13.AGE Pol AGGCE, 1937. June 21 Pavilion, nish a ouetr bu u ii a nwhich in war civil Bu our Luis about documentary war h rd,wiei hyls hywudremain exi- would in Bu government le. they republican the lost of they property to the if return while would Prado, works if the the possibilities: two won, were republicans there the war the of At end cities. the European various in exhibition would an they make works from these art With of Museum. works Prado authori- the some Spanish him the to transfer if would raid ties air an with go- mi- vernment republican British the provide a would James James, llionaire. Edward from Bu offer credible occasion one On European different cities. also to travelling is counteres- service, republic’s It the pionage Spain. in worked in he filming that noted were who hel- or those documents, ping carrying brin- or occasions di- various propaganda life on ging Aragonese Spain his the to in war, came point the rector this During making specific. in too interest any Bu had but Paris, in Embassy nish eciighma mrhn ditadalco- and addict “morphine a as him describing Coru of Commission La Police The Spain. Franco’s in ced Bu refused. latter the which position, 4 eotb Jos by Report 24. 3 eotb Jos by Report 23. ulsatvte nFac i o asunnoti- pass not did France in activities nuel’s ulsltratvte ni 1939 until activities later nuel’s ˜ ˜ ulinformed nuel ˜ ulto atdrn i tya h Spa- the at stay his during part took nuel ˜ aise eot ae 6My1937, May 16 dated report, a issued na ˜ at— amr olat,Pie- Togliatti, Palmiro Marty—, e ´ as eea omsinro h Spa- the of commissioner general Gaos, e as eea omsinro h Spa- the of commissioner general Gaos, e ´ ´ Espa lae e aoo h pro- the of Vayo del Alvarez ´ a1936 na ˜ ulrcie nin- an received nuel ˜ ulhmefnever himself nuel ˜ a o h only the not was ´ tc oil Madrid, Social, ıtico ´ tc oil Ma- Social, ıtico 165 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 166 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 h ig fMdi a eocefrsb h niepopula- entire the by efforts heroic saw Madrid of siege The ai cetdbti h n Bu end the in struggle. but Spanish the accepted theme Davis films their the as of had which supervisor ideo- as Davis, progressive, Frank to logically himself introduced He supervi- sor. cinematographic as Bu States United sent the government to republican the 1938 In Spain”. Hurdes, to Las discredit on a film a was of which director Paris and in propaganda author years Red the the few of last service the the at spent has who holic e usBu Luis ded inlScino ieao h 5 the of Cinema of Section tional Falangist the ae a lne ofilm to planned the had against Mayer nor Metro-Goldwyn- for example, any For neither Republic. Spanish make subject, the to on not films North- decided of Producers Association the american when work without up hc el ihteSaihcide h we- who children Spanish the with dealt which ritctraining. artistic i hr,wt Dal with Pa- where, in group ris Surrealist/Jewish/Soviet the of vice tion. ula nudsrbe a h ser- the “at undesirable— an as nuel ˜ ne aeg ha fteNa- the of —head Baselga Angel ´ 26 ´ n tes ercie his received he others, and ı ag fInnocents of Cargo th 25 ry bran- Army— o i part, his For ulended nuel ˜ ...Hewas nuel ˜ , xeine179dlAcioHist Archivo del 13719 Expediente eea el Administraci la de General rhvsd aFilmoteca la de Archivos film Mexico. in pro- film Bu the a Luis direct from to offer Dancigers an Oscar accepted ducer he 1946 In documenta- ries. army American working the of for Hollywood versions commentator Spanish as in and lived Brothers Warner Between he for 1943. 1946 in and post this communist1944 leave a to being him of Mo- obliged of accusations Musuem but the Art, of dern a department got film He the there. in remain job to decided and York New L represi “La l-aesudrFac ittrhpseD see Republican dictatorship against Franco reprisals the under On film-makers (Madrid). Cultura de rio utr,Cj 1. Caja Cultura, inld Cinematograf de cional 26. 5 od Contempor Fondo 25. eoi or letbeiinod n Secci una de establecimiento el sobre Memoria Viridiana uldd’ eunt pi ni 90 to 1960, until Spain to return didn’t nuel ˜ nfaqit nel en franquista on ´ eterpyarvd Bu arrived. reply befo- the ended but re War up, Civil called Spanish when the front the to to disposition go his at himself putting h ii a stersbetmat- subject their as ter: war civil the had which films Hollywood three only war, produced from the boat During by USA Bilbao. the in arriving re nti iuto,Li Bu Luis situation, this In government suffering. republican was the which blockade military significance the denouncing ideological by an gave film Dieterle his contrast, In back- the ground. Spa- provided merely the war the mentioned nish in films fact, two In first 1938—. and in Dieterle released William by and —directed 1937— in and released Marshall George by —directed 1937—, in re- leased and Hogan James by —directed ahntn ennod o R los de Fernando in Washington, ambassador Spanish the to letter . h atTanfo Madrid from Train Last The no iitrodlItro.Polic Interior. del Ministerio aneo. ´ ´ ıa ,n ae 5Nvme 97 Archivo 1937. November 25 dated , nd Alcal de on ´ o 0 p 52-90. pp. 30, miopoeinldlcine”, del profesional ambito ´ rc ainldlMiniste- del Nacional orico ´ eHnrs Secci Henares, de a ´ oeudrFire under Love ´ E,E (1998): E. IEZ, ulwoea wrote nuel ˜ ulwsin was nuel ˜ Blockade nNa- on ´ ´ ıos, ´ on ıa. ´ Bu itrod Cultura de nisterio ulsfie oreyby Courtesy file. nuel’s ˜ . rhv Hist Archivo rc ainldlMi- del Nacional orico ´ 167 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 168 EBRE 38 DESEMBRE 2004 RNA ..(94:“aeaaespa etapa “La (1984): ARANDA, J.F. ATR .(1994): J. BAXTER, RNA ..(1969): J.F. ARANDA, M,A e.wt h olbrto fIB of collaboration the with Del. A. AMO, references Bibliographical acln:Lumen. Barcelona: e Cinema. del Espa usBu Luis (1996): (Eds) L. el uraCivil Guerra la de nola. ˜ nuel ˜ eei:XIMsr Internazionale Mostra XLI Venecia: , Bu usBu Luis nuel ˜ ,Madrid:C Cat odn orhEstate. Fourth London: , lg eea e cine del general alogo ´ ul Biograf nuel. ˜ oa 1932-1937”, nola: ˜ atedra/Filmoteca ´ A ´ E,M. NEZ, ˜ ´ acr ıa ´ ıtica a , D FERN UEN .(1986): R. GUBERN, P BU RZTRET .adCLN,J (1993): J. COLINA, and T. TURRENT, EREZ ´ E,E 19) L represi “La (1998). E. IEZ, ´ UL .(1982): L. NUEL, ˜ iopoeinldlcine”, del profesional bito za&Jan moteca pa ulprBu por nuel pa ˜ NE UNA .(1972); C. CUENCA, ANDEZ ´ aye cine el y na ae apantalla la en na ˜ ˜ ,n es. ´ o 30. nuel ˜ ard dtr Nacional. Editora Madrid: , ard ltEdiciones. Plot Madrid: , Mi 9613:l urad Es- de guerra la 1936-1939: ard imtc Espa Filmoteca Madrid: , liosuspiro ultimo ´ nfaqit nel en franquista on ´ rhvsd aFil- la de Archivos ager eEs- de guerra La acln:Pla- Barcelona: , nola. ˜ am- ´ Bu-