FINAL REPORT Representativeness and Classification of Air Quality
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FINAL REPORT Representativeness and classification of air quality monitoring stations W. Spangl J. Schneider L. Moosmann C. Nagl REPORT REP-0121 Vienna, 2007 Project leader J. Schneider Authors W. Spangl L. Moosmann C. Nagl Contributors D. v. d. Hout (TNO) K. Baumann-Stanzer (ZAMG) A. Kaiser (ZAMG) Disclaimer: This work was done under a contract of the European Commission but does not neces- sarily contain the view of the European Commission. Acknowledgements We would like to extend thanks to all experts who attended the stakeholder workshops, filled in the ques- tionnaire and/or gave comments on draft reports during the project: Jeff Booker (Bureau Veritas), Annette Borowiak (JRC), Souad Bouallala (ADEME), Judith C. Chow (Desert Research Insitute, Reno), Francesca Costabile (National Research Council, Italy), Janet Dixon (DEFRA), Jaroslav Fiala (EEA), Furio Forni (Regione Toscana), Giuseppe Gandolfo (APAT), Michel Gerboles (JRC). Ana Grossinho (Bureau Veritas), Stefan Jacobi (HLUG), Astrid John (IUTA), Lubor Kozakovic (SHMU), Thomas Kuhlbusch (IUTA), Tarja Lahtinen (Finnish Ministry of Environment), Steinar Larssen (NILU), Frank de Leeuw (ETC/ACC), Lucia Mangiamele (ARPA Basilicata), Giovanna Marson (ARPA Veneto), François Mathé (Ecole des Mines de Douai), Carla Maziotti (MATT), Wim Mol (ETC/ACC), Joseph P. Pinto (U.S. EPA), Ulrich Quass (IUTA), Emile de Saeger (JRC), Steve Telling (AEA Technology), Kjetil Torseth (NILU), J. Gaines Wilson (University of Canterbury, New Zealand), Stefano Zauli Sajani (ARPA Emilia Romagna). We would also like to extend thanks to DG Environment, especially to Andrej Kobe and André Zuber for a fruitful collaboration and helpful comments. For further information about the publications of the Umweltbundesamt please go to: http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/ Imprint Editor: Umweltbundesamt GmbH Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna/Austria Available only electronically on the following website: http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/en/publikationen/english_studies © European Comission, Brussels, 2007 All rights reserved ISBN 3-85457-919-5 Final report – Content CONTENT SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 7 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Concept and Objectives .............................................................................................. 15 1.2 Difficulties of current classification schemes and methods for representativeness assessment................................................................................. 16 1.3 Limitations of methods for the classification and assessment of representativeness ...................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Applications and purposes of classification of AQ monitoring stations............... 18 1.5 Applications and purposes for the assessment of representativeness of AQ monitoring sites ................................................................................................ 18 1.5.1 Compliance assessment................................................................................................ 19 1.5.2 Exposure assessment.................................................................................................... 19 1.5.3 Information of the public................................................................................................. 20 1.5.4 Causes of air pollution – parameters influencing AQ..................................................... 20 1.5.5 Model validation and model input .................................................................................. 20 1.5.6 Monitoring network design ............................................................................................. 21 1.5.7 Input for assessment of representativeness .................................................................. 22 1.6 Classification and representativeness criteria ......................................................... 22 1.7 Statistics of air quality monitoring data .................................................................... 22 2 DEFINITION OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF MONITORING STATIONS........ 25 2.1 Discussion of possible classification schemes ....................................................... 25 2.2 External parameters influencing AQ.......................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Emissions....................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.2 Atmospheric and topographic conditions determining the pollutant concentration ....... 31 2.3 Receptors...................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.1 Population distribution.................................................................................................... 34 2.3.2 Ecosystems.................................................................................................................... 34 2.4 Existing description schemes of monitoring stations (meta-information)............ 35 2.5 Proposed definition of the classification scheme .................................................... 36 2.5.1 Classification according to emissions ............................................................................ 36 2.5.2 Classification of ozone monitoring stations.................................................................... 40 2.5.3 Classification according to population............................................................................ 40 3 CLASSIFICATION METHOD.................................................................................... 41 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 41 3.2 Emissions ..................................................................................................................... 42 3.2.1 Emissions and activities................................................................................................. 42 3.2.2 Relation between emission contributions and concentrations....................................... 43 3.2.3 Local Road Traffic.......................................................................................................... 43 3.2.4 Domestic heating ........................................................................................................... 46 3 Final report – Content 3.2.5 Industrial emissions........................................................................................................ 47 3.2.6 Regional PM10 background........................................................................................... 48 3.2.7 Proposed quantification of EoI station description......................................................... 49 3.3 Population distribution................................................................................................ 49 3.4 Update of classification............................................................................................... 51 3.5 Comparison of the proposed classification method to the status quo (EoI)......... 51 4 DEFINITIONS OF REPRESENTATIVENESS ....................................................... 53 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 53 4.2 Proposed definition ..................................................................................................... 54 4.2.1 Further specifications..................................................................................................... 55 4.2.2 Concentration Parameters ............................................................................................. 55 4.2.3 Reasons for similar concentrations................................................................................ 56 4.3 Recommendation for an operational definition ........................................................ 56 4.3.1 Statistical parameters and period .................................................................................. 56 4.3.2 Discussion of threshold values ...................................................................................... 57 4.3.3 Recommended threshold values ................................................................................... 58 4.3.4 Criteria of common reasons for similar concentrations.................................................. 61 5 METHODS TO DETERMINE THE REPRESENTATIVE AREA.......................... 63 5.1 Spatial information on pollutant concentration........................................................ 63 5.1.1 Modelling........................................................................................................................ 64 5.1.2 Estimation and parameterisation of concentrations....................................................... 65 5.1.3 Additional measurements .............................................................................................. 67 5.1.4 Time period .................................................................................................................... 68 5.1.5 Spatial scales ................................................................................................................. 68 5.2 Emission class