DOCSLIB.ORG

Unit 3: Plant Taxonomy and Classification

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Unit 3: Plant Taxonomy and Classification Introduction to Taxanomy: Taxanomy is basically concerned with the classification of organisms.Before classifying organisms it is necessary to identify and name them. A particular group of individuals , unique in several respects is assigned to a species which are then grouped in to genera, families, orders etc. Taxanomy was recognized as a formal subject only in 1813 by A. P. decandolle as a combination of two Greek words taxis ( arrangement) and nomos (rules or laws) in his famous work Theorie Elementaire De La Botanique. Taxanomy is defined as the science dealing with the study of classification, including its bases, principles, rules and procedures. (Davis &Heywood 1963). And systematics as a scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms,and all relationships between them. A broader definition of taxanomy to coincide with systematic recognizes it as the study and description of variation in organisms, the investigation of causes and consequences of this variation, and the manipulation of the data obtained to produce a system of classification. Taxanomy Components: Taxanomy has four basic components namely a) Identification b) Description c) Nomenclature d) Classification Types of Classification: Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups on the basis of similarities. These groups are in turn assembled into more inclusive groups, until all organisms have been assembled in to the single most inclusive group. Broadly speaking there are three main classification systems; Artificial Classification: This system of classification is based on arbitrary easily observable characters such as habit, colour, number, form, or other similar features. These classifications remained dominant from 300 B.C. up to about 1830. The earliest system of artificial classification was proposed by Theophrastus who classified plants as herbs, under shrubs, shrubs and trees on the basis of habit. Other advocates of artificial system of classification are Secundus, Discordes etc. Carolus Linneous classification is considered as the best of artificial systems which dominated for over 75 years and finally replaced by natural system of classification.LIinneous recognized 24 clases on the basis of number, size and union of stamens. Natural classification: This system of classification is based on natural affinities or overall similarities. These systems started with M. Adanson & culminated with Bentham and Hooker. 95 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Natural systems of 18th and 19th centuries used morphology as criteria for overall similarity, Nowadays overall similarity is judged on the basis of features derived from all the available fields of taxanomic information. Some important natural systems of classification are: Adanson, A. L. dejusseu, A. P. decandolle, and Bentham and Hooker. Phylogenetic classification: This system is based on evolutionary descent of a group of organisms, the relationship depicted either through a phylogram or a cladogram.Most of the propounders of these systems of classification have emphasized on certain pre selected characters which are considered to be of phylogenetic importance. The most widely known phylogenetic systems are those of Engler & Prantl, Hutchinson, Takhtajan etc. Bentham &Hooker’s System of Classification: George Bentham (1800- 1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker ( 1817- 1911) worked together to bring out a Genera Plantarum (1862-1883) where in they presented their outstanding system of classification. The first part of Genera Plantarum appeared in july 1862 and the last part in April 1883. This system of classification was based on that of de Candolle but it was a refinement of the latter.This system was widely accepted in Britain and Commonwealth countries but did not find a ground in Europe and America where Englerian system was preferred. A synopsis of Bentham and Hookers classification Orders Genera Species Polypetalae 82 2610 31874 Gamopatalae 45 2619 34556 Monochlamydae 36 801 11784 Gymnosperms 3 44 415 Monocotyledons 34 1495 18576 Total 200 7569 97205 96 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) The following is the summary of Bentham & Hooker‟s classification 1.Polypetalae (corolla of distinct petals) Series i. Thalamiflorae (petals and stamens hypogynous disc absent.) It includes six orders: Ranales, caryophyllineae, parietals, guttiferales,polygalineae, malvales. Series ii. Discifloral (petals and stamens hypogynous and a nectiferous disc surrounds the base of the ovary). It contains following orders: Geranials Calastrales Olacales Sapinales Series iii. Calycifloral (petals and stamens perigynous or sometimes epigynous.It includes five orders: Ficoidales, myrtales ,umberalles , passiflorals 2.Gamopetalae (petals of corolla are of partially or completely fused) Series i. Inferae (ovary inferior).It includes three orders Rubiales Companulaceae Asterales Series ii. Heteromerae (ovary superial stamens as many or twice as many as corolla lobes carpels more than two). It has three orders Ericals , Ebenals Primulales. Series iii. Bicarpellatae (ovary superior, stamens as many as the corolla lobes or fewer carprels usually two). 3.Monochlamydeae (petals absent) Series i. Curvembryeae (embryo curved round the endosperm ovule curved usually one) Series ii. Multiovulatae aquaticae (Aquatics with numerous ovule) Series iii. Multivulatae terrestris (terrestrial plants with numerous ovule) Series iv. Microembryeae (embryo very small in copious endosperm) Series v. Daphnales (ovary with one carpel and single ovule) 97 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Series vi. Achasmydosporeae (ovary usually inferior , unilocular and one to three ovuled. Series vii Unisexuales (flowers unisexuals). Series viii Ordines anomaly (the families of uncertain relationship were placed in this series) B. Gymnospermae Series i. Microspermae Series ii. Epigynae Series iii. Coronarieae Series iv . Calycineae Series v. Nudiflorae Series vi. Apocaroae Series vii. Glumaceae. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that would reflect new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor). APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system. Angiosperm classification In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of systems . Different systems and their updates were generally favoured in different countries. Examples are the Engler system in continental Europe, the Bentham & Hooker system in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by Kew), the Takhtajan system in the former Soviet Union and countries within its sphere of influence and the Cronquist system in the United States. 98 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Before the availability of genetic evidence, the classification of angiosperms (also known as flowering plants, Angiospermae,Anthophyta or Magnoliophyta) was based on their morphology (particularly of their flower) and biochemistry (the kinds of chemical compounds in the plant). After the 1980s, detailed genetic evidence analysed by phylogenetic methods became available and while confirming or clarifying some relationships in existing classification systems, it radically changed others. This genetic evidence created a rapid increase in knowledge that led to many proposed changes; stability was "rudely shattered". This posed problems for all users of classification systems (including encyclopaedists). The impetus came from a major molecular study published in 1993 based on 5000 flowering plants and a photosynthesis gene (rbcL).This produced a number of surprising results in terms of the relationships between groupings of plants, for instance the dicotyledons were not supported as a distinct group. At first there was a reluctance to develop a new system based entirely on a single gene. However, subsequent work continued to support these findings. These research studies involved an unprecedented collaboration between a very large number of scientists. Therefore, rather than naming all the individual contributors a decision was made to adopt the name Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification, or APG for short. The first publication under this name was in 1998 and attracted considerable media attention. The intention was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. As of 2016, three revisions have been published, in 2003 (APG II), in 2009 (APG III) and in 2016 (APG IV), each superseding the previous system. Thirteen researchers have been listed as
Recommended publications
  • Liliaceae S.L. (Lily Family)

    Liliaceae S.L. (Lily Family)

    Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Ben Legler Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Lilium columbianum Xerophyllum tenax Trillium ovatum Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Fritillaria lanceolata Ref.1 Textbook DVD KRR&DLN Erythronium americanum Allium vineale Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) Herbs; Ref.2 Stems often modified as underground rhizomes, corms, or bulbs; Flowers actinomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals, 6 stamens, 3 carpels, ovary superior (or inferior). Tulipa gesneriana Liliaceae s.l. (Lily family) “Liliaceae” s.l. (sensu lato: “in the broad sense”) - Lily family; 288 genera/4950 species, including Lilium, Allium, Trillium, Tulipa; This family is treated in a very broad sense in this class, as in the Flora of the Pacific Northwest. The “Liliaceae” s.l. taught in this class is not monophyletic. It is apparent now that the family should be treated in a narrower sense and some of the members should form their own families. Judd et al. recognize 15+ families: Agavaceae, Alliaceae, Amarylidaceae, Asparagaceae, Asphodelaceae, Colchicaceae, Dracaenaceae (Nolinaceae), Hyacinthaceae, Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae, Ruscaceae, Smilacaceae, Themidaceae, Trilliaceae, Uvulariaceae and more!!! (see web reading “Consider the Lilies”) Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Hannah Marx Photo: Hannah Marx Iris pseudacorus Iridaceae (Iris family) Photo: Yaowu Yuan Photo: Yaowu Yuan Sisyrinchium douglasii Sisyrinchium sp. Iridaceae (Iris family) Iridaceae - 78 genera/1750 species, Including Iris, Gladiolus, Sisyrinchium. Herbs, aquatic or terrestrial; Underground stems as rhizomes, bulbs, or corms; Leaves alternate, 2-ranked and equitant Ref.3 (oriented edgewise to the stem; Gladiolus italicus Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic; 3 sepals and 3 petals or 6 tepals; Stamens 3; Ovary of 3 fused carpels, inferior.
  • Asphodelus Fistulosus (Asphodelaceae, Asphodeloideae), a New Naturalised Alien Species from the West Coast of South Africa ⁎ J.S

    Asphodelus Fistulosus (Asphodelaceae, Asphodeloideae), a New Naturalised Alien Species from the West Coast of South Africa ⁎ J.S

    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com South African Journal of Botany 79 (2012) 48–50 www.elsevier.com/locate/sajb Research note Asphodelus fistulosus (Asphodelaceae, Asphodeloideae), a new naturalised alien species from the West Coast of South Africa ⁎ J.S. Boatwright Compton Herbarium, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X7, Claremont 7735, South Africa Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa Received 4 November 2011; received in revised form 18 November 2011; accepted 21 November 2011 Abstract Asphodelus fistulosus or onionweed is recorded in South Africa for the first time and is the first record of an invasive member of the Asphodelaceae in the country. Only two populations of this plant have been observed, both along disturbed roadsides on the West Coast of South Africa. The extent and invasive potential of this infestation in the country is still limited but the species is known to be an aggressive invader in other parts of the world. © 2011 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Asphodelaceae; Asphodelus; Invasive species 1. Introduction flowers (Patterson, 1996). This paper reports on the presence of this species in South Africa. A population of A. fistulosus was The genus Asphodelus L. comprises 16 species distributed in first observed in the early 1990's by Drs John Manning and Eurasia and the Mediterranean (Días Lifante and Valdés, 1996). Peter Goldblatt during field work for their Wild Flower Guide It is superficially similar to the largely southern African to the West Coast (Manning and Goldblatt, 1996).
  • Apiales, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, , Brassicales, Canellales

    Apiales, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, , Brassicales, Canellales

    Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Tracheophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Apiales, Aquifoliales, Boraginales, , Brassicales, Canellales, Caryophyllales, Celastrales, Ericales, Fabales, Garryales, Gentianales, Lamiales, Laurales, Magnoliales, Malpighiales, Malvales, Myrtales, Oxalidales, Picramniales, Piperales, Proteales, Rosales, Santalales, Sapindales, Solanales Family: Achariaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Apocynaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araliaceae, Bignoniaceae, Bixaceae, Boraginaceae, Burseraceae, Calophyllaceae, Canellaceae, Cannabaceae, Capparaceae, Cardiopteridaceae, Caricaceae, Caryocaraceae, Celastraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Clusiaceae, Combretaceae, Dichapetalaceae, Ebenaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Emmotaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Goupiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Humiriaceae, Hypericaceae, Icacinaceae, Ixonanthaceae, Lacistemataceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Lecythidaceae, Lepidobotryaceae, Linaceae, Loganiaceae, Lythraceae, Malpighiaceae, Malvaceae, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae, Monimiaceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Ochnaceae, Olacaceae, Oleaceae, Opiliaceae, Pentaphylacaceae, Phyllanthaceae, Picramniaceae, Piperaceae, Polygonaceae, Primulaceae, Proteaceae, Putranjivaceae, Rhabdodendraceae, Rhamnaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sabiaceae, Salicaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Simaroubaceae, Siparunaceae, Solanaceae, Stemonuraceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, Verbenaceae, Violaceae, Vochysiaceae Genus: Abarema, Acioa, Acosmium, Agonandra, Aiouea, Albizia, Alchornea,
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny

    Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny

    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
  • Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic

    Alphabetical Lists of the Vascular Plant Families with Their Phylogenetic

    Colligo 2 (1) : 3-10 BOTANIQUE Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers Listes alphabétiques des familles de plantes vasculaires avec leurs numéros de classement phylogénétique FRÉDÉRIC DANET* *Mairie de Lyon, Espaces verts, Jardin botanique, Herbier, 69205 Lyon cedex 01, France - [email protected] Citation : Danet F., 2019. Alphabetical lists of the vascular plant families with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Colligo, 2(1) : 3- 10. https://perma.cc/2WFD-A2A7 KEY-WORDS Angiosperms family arrangement Summary: This paper provides, for herbarium cura- Gymnosperms Classification tors, the alphabetical lists of the recognized families Pteridophytes APG system in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms Ferns PPG system with their phylogenetic classification numbers. Lycophytes phylogeny Herbarium MOTS-CLÉS Angiospermes rangement des familles Résumé : Cet article produit, pour les conservateurs Gymnospermes Classification d’herbier, les listes alphabétiques des familles recon- Ptéridophytes système APG nues pour les ptéridophytes, les gymnospermes et Fougères système PPG les angiospermes avec leurs numéros de classement Lycophytes phylogénie phylogénétique. Herbier Introduction These alphabetical lists have been established for the systems of A.-L de Jussieu, A.-P. de Can- The organization of herbarium collections con- dolle, Bentham & Hooker, etc. that are still used sists in arranging the specimens logically to in the management of historical herbaria find and reclassify them easily in the appro- whose original classification is voluntarily pre- priate storage units. In the vascular plant col- served. lections, commonly used methods are systema- Recent classification systems based on molecu- tic classification, alphabetical classification, or lar phylogenies have developed, and herbaria combinations of both.
  • A Note on Host Diversity of Criconemaspp

    A Note on Host Diversity of Criconemaspp

    280 Pantnagar Journal of Research [Vol. 17(3), September-December, 2019] Short Communication A note on host diversity of Criconema spp. Y.S. RATHORE ICAR- Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur- 208 024 (U.P.) Key words: Criconema, host diversity, host range, Nematode Nematode species of the genus Criconema (Tylenchida: showed preference over monocots. Superrosids and Criconemitidae) are widely distributed and parasitize Superasterids were represented by a few host plants only. many plant species from very primitive orders to However, Magnoliids and Gymnosperms substantially advanced ones. They are migratory ectoparasites and feed contributed in the host range of this nematode species. on root tips or along more mature roots. Reports like Though Rosids revealed greater preference over Asterids, Rathore and Ali (2014) and Rathore (2017) reveal that the percent host families and orders were similar in number most nematode species prefer feeding on plants of certain as reflected by similar SAI values. The SAI value was taxonomic group (s). In the present study an attempt has slightly higher for monocots that indicate stronger affinity. been made to precisely trace the host plant affinity of The same was higher for gymnosperms (0.467) in twenty-five Criconema species feeding on diverse plant comparison to Magnolids (0.413) (Table 1). species. Host species of various Criconema species Perusal of taxonomic position of host species in Table 2 reported by Nemaplex (2018) and others in literature were revealed that 68 % of Criconema spp. were monophagous aligned with families and orders following the modern and strictly fed on one host species. Of these, 20 % from system of classification, i.e., APG IV system (2016).
  • Systematic Botany. Lecture 38

    Systematic Botany. Lecture 38

    BIOL 448.38 Systematic Botany. Lecture 38 Alexey Shipunov Minot State University December 5, 2011 BIOL 448.38 Outline Questions and answers Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Outline Questions and answers Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 I The goal was to remember the key characters, plus (possibly) some representatives BIOL 448.38 Questions and answers Previous final question: the answer Give the short characteristic of any of 7 orders studied. BIOL 448.38 Questions and answers Previous final question: the answer Give the short characteristic of any of 7 orders studied. I The goal was to remember the key characters, plus (possibly) some representatives BIOL 448.38 Questions and answers General phylogeny of angiosperms groups studied so far other rosids Myrtales Geraniales Vitales Saxifragales Asteridae Dilleniales Platanales Ranunculales Liliidae Piperales Laurales Magnoliales Chloranthales ANTITA BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 General phylogeny + all rosids Malpighiales Oxalidales Celastrales Cucurbitales Fagales Rosales Fabales Malvales Brassicales Sapindales Myrtales Geraniales Vitales Saxifragales Asteridae Dilleniales Platanales Ranunculales Liliidae Piperales Laurales Magnoliales Chloranthales ANTITA Give the short characteristic of any of orders studied. BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 Final question (3 points) BIOL 448.38 Angiosperms Rosidae, part 2 Final question (3 points) Give the short characteristic of any of orders studied.
  • VESSELS in ERIOCAULACEAE By

    VESSELS in ERIOCAULACEAE By

    IAWA Journ al, Vol. 17 (2), 1996: 183-204 VESSELS IN ERIOCAULACEAE by Jennifer A. Thorsch & Vernon I. Cheadle I Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93 106, U.S.A. SUMMARY The occ urrence and level of specialization of vesse ls in 70 species representing 12 genera of Eriocaulaceae are presented. In alI species of Eriocaulaceae and in alI parts of the plant examined, vessels with simple perforations have been identified . Correlations between level of specia­ lization of vessel members and ecological conditi ons are reported for species from diverse habitats and species with distinct differences in habit. The pattern of origin and specialization of tracheary celIs in Erio­ caulaceae was compared to tracheary data for Xyridaceae , Rapateaceae, Restionaceae and Centrolepidaceae. The evolutionary position of these families has been regarded as close to Eriocaulaceae. Key words: Eriocaulaceae, vessels, perforation plates, phylogenetic posi­ tion. INTRODUCTION This paper provides detailed information about perforation plates of vessels in Erio­ caulaceae, the 29th family we have similarly examined in monocotyledons. The near­ ly complete list of families analyzed in detail is given in the literature cited in the paper on Commelinales (Cheadle & Kosakai 1980). Our studies on the tracheary elements in monocotyledons have included families and species from a broad range of habits, habitats and geographical sites around the world. Families for study were selected based on three criteria: I) presence of alI plant parts, 2) variety of habits and habitats, and 3) broad representation of the species within the family. The data on tracheids and vessels from these broadly based studies led to the folIowing brief conclusions.
  • Wild Ginger, Asarum Spp

    Wild Ginger, Asarum Spp

    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 27 June 2005 Wild Ginger, Asarum spp. There are 60-70 species of woodland perennials in the genus Asarum. These great foliage plants in the family Aristolochiaceae make excellent ground covers for shady sites. Their leaves vary considerably in texture, colors of green and patterning. They all need rich organic soil with plenty of moisture to thrive. Under favorable conditions they spread quickly and vigorously. Of these numerous species, European wild ginger, A. europaeum, and wild ginger, A. ca- nadense, are the most commonly available to Asarum europeaum has at- tractive glossy leaves. American gardeners. Both spread slowly to form dense colonies once established. The interest- ing but inconspicuous, dark brown, reddish or purple, bell-shaped fl owers are produced near the ground in spring, hidden by the leaves and blending in with The fl owers of wild gin- soil and leaf litter. ger, Asarum canadense, are small, dark-colored European Wild Ginger (A. europeaum) and hidden by the foliage. This elegant plant with glossy, dark green, nearly rounded leaves makes an excellent ground cover. Plants form neat clumps up to 6 inches high and remain evergreen where winters are not too harsh; in Wisconsin the leaves generally die back to the ground. The leaves are produced in pairs and the small, greenish-brown drooping fl owers are rarely noticed, being hidden by the foliage. This plant prefers part to full shade and rich, moist soil – but has done very well in my garden on clay soil with summer sun until about 2:00 p.m.
  • Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University

    Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University

    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 22 | Issue 1 Article 3 2006 Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis Kåre Bremer Uppsala University Thomas Janssen Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Bremer, Kåre and Janssen, Thomas (2006) "Gondwanan Origin of Major Monocot Groups Inferred from Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 22: Iss. 1, Article 3. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol22/iss1/3 Aliso 22, pp. 22-27 © 2006, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden GONDWANAN ORIGIN OF MAJOR MONO COT GROUPS INFERRED FROM DISPERSAL-VICARIANCE ANALYSIS KARE BREMERl.3 AND THOMAS JANSSEN2 lDepartment of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvagen l8D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; 2Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Departement de Systematique et Evolution, USM 0602: Taxonomie et collections, 16 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France 3Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Historical biogeography of major monocot groups was investigated by biogeographical analysis of a dated phylogeny including 79 of the 81 monocot families using the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (APG II) classification. Five major areas were used to describe the family distributions: Eurasia, North America, South America, Africa including Madagascar, and Australasia including New Guinea, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. In order to investigate the possible correspondence with continental breakup, the tree with its terminal distributions was fitted to the geological area cladogram «Eurasia, North America), (Africa, (South America, Australasia») and to alternative area cladograms using the TreeFitter program.
  • Buxus Sempervirens1

    Buxus Sempervirens1

    Fact Sheet FPS-80 October, 1999 Buxus sempervirens1 Edward F. Gilman2 Introduction Long a tradition in colonial landscapes, Boxwood is a fine- textured plant familiar to most gardeners and non-gardeners alike (Fig. 1). Eventually reaching 6- to 8-feet-tall (old specimens cab be much taller), Boxwood grows slowly into a billowing mound of soft foliage. Flowers are borne in the leaf axils and are barely noticeable to the eye, but they have a distinctive aroma that irritates some people. General Information Scientific name: Buxus sempervirens Pronunciation: BUCK-sus sem-pur-VYE-renz Common name(s): Common Boxwood, Common Box, American Boxwood Family: Buxaceae Plant type: shrub USDA hardiness zones: 6 through 8 (Fig. 2) Planting month for zone 7: year round Planting month for zone 8: year round Origin: not native to North America Figure 1. Common Boxwood. Uses: border; edging; foundation; superior hedge Availablity: generally available in many areas within its Growth rate: slow hardiness range Texture: fine Description Foliage Height: 8 to 20 feet Spread: 10 to 15 feet Leaf arrangement: opposite/subopposite Plant habit: round Leaf type: simple Plant density: dense Leaf margin: entire 1.This document is Fact Sheet FPS-80, one of a series of the Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: October, 1999 Please visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. 2.Edward F. Gilman, professor, Environmental Horticulture Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin.
  • Full of Beans: a Study on the Alignment of Two Flowering Plants Classification Systems

    Full of Beans: a Study on the Alignment of Two Flowering Plants Classification Systems

    Full of beans: a study on the alignment of two flowering plants classification systems Yi-Yun Cheng and Bertram Ludäscher School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA {yiyunyc2,ludaesch}@illinois.edu Abstract. Advancements in technologies such as DNA analysis have given rise to new ways in organizing organisms in biodiversity classification systems. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of aligning two classification systems for flowering plants using a logic-based, Region Connection Calculus (RCC-5) ap- proach. The older “Cronquist system” (1981) classifies plants using their mor- phological features, while the more recent Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (APG IV) (2016) system classifies based on many new methods including ge- nome-level analysis. In our approach, we align pairwise concepts X and Y from two taxonomies using five basic set relations: congruence (X=Y), inclusion (X>Y), inverse inclusion (X<Y), overlap (X><Y), and disjointness (X!Y). With some of the RCC-5 relationships among the Fabaceae family (beans family) and the Sapindaceae family (maple family) uncertain, we anticipate that the merging of the two classification systems will lead to numerous merged solutions, so- called possible worlds. Our research demonstrates how logic-based alignment with ambiguities can lead to multiple merged solutions, which would not have been feasible when aligning taxonomies, classifications, or other knowledge or- ganization systems (KOS) manually. We believe that this work can introduce a novel approach for aligning KOS, where merged possible worlds can serve as a minimum viable product for engaging domain experts in the loop. Keywords: taxonomy alignment, KOS alignment, interoperability 1 Introduction With the advent of large-scale technologies and datasets, it has become increasingly difficult to organize information using a stable unitary classification scheme over time.