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Unit 3: Plant Taxonomy and Classification

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Unit 3: Plant Taxonomy and Classification CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Unit 3: Plant Taxonomy and Classification Introduction to Taxanomy: Taxanomy is basically concerned with the classification of organisms.Before classifying organisms it is necessary to identify and name them. A particular group of individuals , unique in several respects is assigned to a species which are then grouped in to genera, families, orders etc. Taxanomy was recognized as a formal subject only in 1813 by A. P. decandolle as a combination of two Greek words taxis ( arrangement) and nomos (rules or laws) in his famous work Theorie Elementaire De La Botanique. Taxanomy is defined as the science dealing with the study of classification, including its bases, principles, rules and procedures. (Davis &Heywood 1963). And systematics as a scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms,and all relationships between them. A broader definition of taxanomy to coincide with systematic recognizes it as the study and description of variation in organisms, the investigation of causes and consequences of this variation, and the manipulation of the data obtained to produce a system of classification. Taxanomy Components: Taxanomy has four basic components namely a) Identification b) Description c) Nomenclature d) Classification Types of Classification: Classification is the arrangement of organisms into groups on the basis of similarities. These groups are in turn assembled into more inclusive groups, until all organisms have been assembled in to the single most inclusive group. Broadly speaking there are three main classification systems; Artificial Classification: This system of classification is based on arbitrary easily observable characters such as habit, colour, number, form, or other similar features. These classifications remained dominant from 300 B.C. up to about 1830. The earliest system of artificial classification was proposed by Theophrastus who classified plants as herbs, under shrubs, shrubs and trees on the basis of habit. Other advocates of artificial system of classification are Secundus, Discordes etc. Carolus Linneous classification is considered as the best of artificial systems which dominated for over 75 years and finally replaced by natural system of classification.LIinneous recognized 24 clases on the basis of number, size and union of stamens. Natural classification: This system of classification is based on natural affinities or overall similarities. These systems started with M. Adanson & culminated with Bentham and Hooker. 95 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Natural systems of 18th and 19th centuries used morphology as criteria for overall similarity, Nowadays overall similarity is judged on the basis of features derived from all the available fields of taxanomic information. Some important natural systems of classification are: Adanson, A. L. dejusseu, A. P. decandolle, and Bentham and Hooker. Phylogenetic classification: This system is based on evolutionary descent of a group of organisms, the relationship depicted either through a phylogram or a cladogram.Most of the propounders of these systems of classification have emphasized on certain pre selected characters which are considered to be of phylogenetic importance. The most widely known phylogenetic systems are those of Engler & Prantl, Hutchinson, Takhtajan etc. Bentham &Hooker’s System of Classification: George Bentham (1800- 1884) and Joseph Dalton Hooker ( 1817- 1911) worked together to bring out a Genera Plantarum (1862-1883) where in they presented their outstanding system of classification. The first part of Genera Plantarum appeared in july 1862 and the last part in April 1883. This system of classification was based on that of de Candolle but it was a refinement of the latter.This system was widely accepted in Britain and Commonwealth countries but did not find a ground in Europe and America where Englerian system was preferred. A synopsis of Bentham and Hookers classification Orders Genera Species Polypetalae 82 2610 31874 Gamopatalae 45 2619 34556 Monochlamydae 36 801 11784 Gymnosperms 3 44 415 Monocotyledons 34 1495 18576 Total 200 7569 97205 96 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) The following is the summary of Bentham & Hooker‟s classification 1.Polypetalae (corolla of distinct petals) Series i. Thalamiflorae (petals and stamens hypogynous disc absent.) It includes six orders: Ranales, caryophyllineae, parietals, guttiferales,polygalineae, malvales. Series ii. Discifloral (petals and stamens hypogynous and a nectiferous disc surrounds the base of the ovary). It contains following orders: Geranials Calastrales Olacales Sapinales Series iii. Calycifloral (petals and stamens perigynous or sometimes epigynous.It includes five orders: Ficoidales, myrtales ,umberalles , passiflorals 2.Gamopetalae (petals of corolla are of partially or completely fused) Series i. Inferae (ovary inferior).It includes three orders Rubiales Companulaceae Asterales Series ii. Heteromerae (ovary superial stamens as many or twice as many as corolla lobes carpels more than two). It has three orders Ericals , Ebenals Primulales. Series iii. Bicarpellatae (ovary superior, stamens as many as the corolla lobes or fewer carprels usually two). 3.Monochlamydeae (petals absent) Series i. Curvembryeae (embryo curved round the endosperm ovule curved usually one) Series ii. Multiovulatae aquaticae (Aquatics with numerous ovule) Series iii. Multivulatae terrestris (terrestrial plants with numerous ovule) Series iv. Microembryeae (embryo very small in copious endosperm) Series v. Daphnales (ovary with one carpel and single ovule) 97 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Series vi. Achasmydosporeae (ovary usually inferior , unilocular and one to three ovuled. Series vii Unisexuales (flowers unisexuals). Series viii Ordines anomaly (the families of uncertain relationship were placed in this series) B. Gymnospermae Series i. Microspermae Series ii. Epigynae Series iii. Coronarieae Series iv . Calycineae Series v. Nudiflorae Series vi. Apocaroae Series vii. Glumaceae. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group: The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that would reflect new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. As of 2016, four incremental versions of a classification system have resulted from this collaboration, published in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2016. An important motivation for the group was what they considered deficiencies in prior angiosperm classifications since they were not based on monophyletic groups (i.e., groups that include all the descendants of a common ancestor). APG publications are increasingly influential, with a number of major herbaria changing the arrangement of their collections to match the latest APG system. Angiosperm classification In the past, classification systems were typically produced by an individual botanist or by a small group. The result was a large number of systems . Different systems and their updates were generally favoured in different countries. Examples are the Engler system in continental Europe, the Bentham & Hooker system in Britain (particularly influential because it was used by Kew), the Takhtajan system in the former Soviet Union and countries within its sphere of influence and the Cronquist system in the United States. 98 CORE COURSE BOTANY-PAPER II- Plant Ecology and Taxonomy (B. Sc. II Semester CBCS 2016) Before the availability of genetic evidence, the classification of angiosperms (also known as flowering plants, Angiospermae,Anthophyta or Magnoliophyta) was based on their morphology (particularly of their flower) and biochemistry (the kinds of chemical compounds in the plant). After the 1980s, detailed genetic evidence analysed by phylogenetic methods became available and while confirming or clarifying some relationships in existing classification systems, it radically changed others. This genetic evidence created a rapid increase in knowledge that led to many proposed changes; stability was "rudely shattered". This posed problems for all users of classification systems (including encyclopaedists). The impetus came from a major molecular study published in 1993 based on 5000 flowering plants and a photosynthesis gene (rbcL).This produced a number of surprising results in terms of the relationships between groupings of plants, for instance the dicotyledons were not supported as a distinct group. At first there was a reluctance to develop a new system based entirely on a single gene. However, subsequent work continued to support these findings. These research studies involved an unprecedented collaboration between a very large number of scientists. Therefore, rather than naming all the individual contributors a decision was made to adopt the name Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification, or APG for short. The first publication under this name was in 1998 and attracted considerable media attention. The intention was to provide a widely accepted and more stable point of reference for angiosperm classification. As of 2016, three revisions have been published, in 2003 (APG II), in 2009 (APG III) and in 2016 (APG IV), each superseding the previous system. Thirteen researchers have been listed as
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