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Chlln TRAN UCGNITZ (1241) CHllN TRAN UCGNITZ (1241) Bûi Thj Anh Vân Tôm tãt: Nãm 1241, liên quân châu Åu (gôm Ba Lan, Moravia^, Dúc) do Henry II - Công tuåc xú Silesia^ lãnh ãgo chong Igi Mông Cô^ xâm îuffc. Trân qiQtêt chiên gi a hai bên diên ra a Liegnitz. Tgi âây. quân Mongol ãa íhê hiên nghê thuât quân su ãinh cao cûa ho vá giånh âirac thãng lai vang dQÍ. Tuy nhiên, nh ng bât ôn vê chính tri cûa dê chê Mông Cô duang thai buôc quân xâm luac phái tir bô chién thang dã giånk dicac. Tit kfaoa: Chiên trân Liegnitz (Legnica), châu Áu. Mông Cô, xâm îugc Trân quyêt chiên giira Ba Lan vá WaMstatt (tiéng Dúc: Schíacht bei 'quân Mongol dã dien ra t^ Liegnitz (nay lâ Wahlstatt). Su ki^n nåy dien ra ô phia nam thanh phô Legnica - Ba Lan) ngây 9/4/1241. dông bãng Liegnitz (Wahlstadt) câã Ba Lan Trân Liegnitz côn ggi !â trân Legnica (tiéng váo hai ngây truác khi quân Mongol dánh Ba Lan \h.Bitwa pod Le^icq), hoãc thãng luc lugng kháng chiên c a Hungary. 1. Boi cánb lich sú- • TS, Trirfrng ©ai hflc NOi vu Hâ N9Í Trong cuQc chinh ph^t châu Âu, các Mormia hay Morava (ti«ig Séc: Morava; tiéng tuong Mongol lâ Batu Khan'' vâ Subotai* Dúc: Mâhren) lá m$t vûng ]}ch s , chiêm khoãng 1/3 dt^ tfch ntrác Công hôa Séc vá nãm å phía dÔng - thuc hi$n kê hoach chính phuc Hungary v6i nam nuôc náy. Phía bãc, Moravia tiêp giáp vái Ba 3 miii tân công vâo mûa dông nãm 1240- Lan vá SÍIesia, giáp vái Slovakia vê phía dông, giáp vdi Ao vé phía nam vã vê phía tây, gíáp vái 1241. Theo nhirag báo cáo tír diêp viên cûa xií fiechy. Batu, khã nãng các vuong quôc Kitô giáo SHesia (tiêng Séc: Slezsko, tiêng Ba Lan: Élqsk, tiéng Qí : Scfalesien) lâ môt vûng cé c a Trung Âu. Ban dâu, Sílesia thuôc vê Ba Lan vã tnioc nãm 1526, thu^ vê Bohemia, Trong thãi gian Silesia thuôc Ba * Batu Khan hay Bgt Dô (tiéng Mông Cô: Bai Xaan Lan, noi dây timg d ên ratrân dánh Liegnitz(l241). (khoãng 1224/1225 hoãc 1227-1255) lá mpt Hãn Hién nay, phân lcm dât dai c a Silesia 0 Ba Lan, phân Mông Cô vâ dông thcri lã nguôi sáng lâp ra Thanh côn lai nãm tai Công hôa Séc vå n^ác Dúc. Tnrông hân quôc. Ông lã con trai cûa hãnTruât ' Nhá nuåc Mông Cô û\xcfQ thãnh l|ip bôi Thãnh Cát Xích vã lá cháu nôi c a Thânh Cát Tu Hân. "Batu" Tu Hân vão nâm 1206. Trong suot thé ky Xlll - XIV, hay "Bat", "Bat Dô" trong tiéng Mông Cô, cô ngh a Mông Cô lã dé ché cô dát dai rông lán nhât, trãi dãi tii den lã Mgnh mi hay D ng s7. tnmg tâm châu Âu dén vûng bién Nhât Bån, mã røng Subotai hay Tôc Baí £)ãi(tiéng Mông vê phía bác Sibería, phía dông vâ phía nam dén tiéu Co: CY633A3ÍÍ; 1176-1248) lâ môt danh tuong Mông lyc dia Ân Dp, Dông Duong, cao nguyên Iran vâ xa Cô bách chién bách tháng duái tniông c a Thânh Cát hon vê phía tây dén mién Tnmg Cân Dông vå Ar^. Tu Hãn vâ Oa Khoát Dåi. C ng vái Bác Nh Tmãt ( Các nhã nghiên cúu châu Ãu thirtmg nhác dên luc :^.£- fe), Giå Lãc Miêt (Gia Luát Me) (#!S)S). MÔc lugng Mông Cá xâm lu<;c bãng tên goi Mongol hay Hoa Lê, ông lá m^t trong "tú khuyén" (tú díii d ng sî) Tatar. c a Thånh Cát Tu Hãn. 52 NGHIÊN CCrU CHÂU ÃU - EUROPEAN 5TUDIES REVIEW N°21197).2017 (Christian kingdoms) lân cân co thé dên dê (côn dugc goi lã Heruy the Pious/Heiuy Mô hô trg Hungary, dãc biêt lâ Ba Lan. Vi vây dao), nông lông cha dgi viên quân cûa vua Subotai dã gûi 3 tumans (khoãng 30.000 Wenceslas I (1205/1223-1253) ã vuong quôc nguôi) do tuông Orda Khan, Baidar vâ Bohemia^ dê chông lai quân Tatar xâm lugc. Kadan lãnh dao, quây nhiêu nguôi Ba Lan: Cuôi tháng 3/1241, trong khi dang phân Tuman cíia Orda tân phá miên Bãc Ba Lan vân viêc bao vây Breslau (nay lâ Wroclaw), vâ Tây Nam Lithuania; dôi quân c a Baidar Baidar vâ Kadan nhân dugc báo cáo râng vâ Kadan vucrt qua miên Nam Ba Lan. Trong vua Wenceslaus I cûa Bohemia dã di hai sáu tuân, quân Mongol dã cuáp phá hai ngáy duÔTig dê hgp luc cúng vái dao binh thânh phô Ba Lan, dánh bai luc lupng kháng c a Henry Mô dao. Ngay lâp túc, các chi huy chiên 6 trãn Tursko (3/3/1241) vâ Chmielnik CLia Mông Cô ra lênh mgi luc lugng tir (18/3/1241). Wroclaw kéo vê tãp hgp tai thânh phô Cuôi tháng 3 nãm 1241, quân xâm lugc Liegnitz, quyêt dinh chãn dánh dôi quãn c a tân công liên minh châu Au (gôm Ba Lan vâ Công tuoc xú Silesia, không cho hôi quân nguôi Slav do Boleslav V^ lanh dao). Ngåy voi luc lugng cûa Wenceslas I. 24/3/1241 - ngáy Chúa Nhât {Paîm Sunday), Cuôc chiên tranh xâm lugc châu Au cúa chting chiêm vâ dôt cháy Krakáw. Trong Mông Cô dã dugc hoach dinh bôi Ôgedei phân dâu ciia chiên dich, nhi ng ké xâm lugc Khan, dijng dâu lâ tuáng Subotai (Tôc Båt dên ttr phía Dông dã tân công Lublin vã tiêu Dâi) vá Batu. Các tuáng truc tiêp dãn dâu diét Sandomir, hg cuáp phá thânh phô dôi quân xâm lugc Ba Lan gôm: Baidar, Zawichost vá Bytom. Våi ngây sau, do Kadan, Orda Khan. Các nghiên cúu cho biêl: không thânh công trong cuôc tân công "£)ôí quân Mông Cô â trân Liegnitz duac chi Breslau (nay lâ Wroclaw, thú phú ciia Ba huy bôi Kaidu^; "Boidar vá Kaidu (cháu trai Lan thuôc vting Silesia), Baidar vâ Kadan cûa Ogadei), tháng 3/1241. dân 20 000 quán quyêt dinh bao vây vj trí nåy. C ng thôi tãn công våo bãc Ba Lan khiên nuôc nãy diêm d6, công tuác Henry II^ cúa Silesia khÔng ihê hô tra cho Himgary"'' Tin chãc chãn c6 thê hôi quán vái Bohemian tai Bolesiaw V (1226-1279) lã môt hoáng t c a Liegnitz vâ thj trân Jawor, truoc dô. Henry II Krakovv (tír nâm 1243) vã Sandomierz (líi nâm 1232) a Ba Lan, ngudi dai diên cuôi c ng cúa dong Piast dã tiên vê dây. mô dâu cuôc kháng chién Lesser chông Mông Cô, Mac d không cá nguôn sii ' Henry 11 Pious (tiêng Ba Lan' Henryk II Pobozny) {1196/1207 - 9/4/1241), dông Silesian cúa triéu dai Piast (930- 1370). lá Dai Công tuác c a Ba Lan (lã công Iirác cúa Krakow. Silesia. Ba Lan nãm 1238), ^ Bohemia hay Úechy (liêng Séc: Cechy: îLéng Mãc dû su tri vi rât ngãn, nhung ông íã môt dién hinh Dúc: Bohmen, liéng Ba Lan: Czechy) la niôl khu vuc cúa Hiêp s Ki ô giáo (Chrislian Knighr), co nh ng lich SLT nSm lai Trung Ãu, ciiiém hai phãn ba diên tích cliién công chôi Ipi Váo tháng 10 nãni 2015, công cúa nuác Công hí)a Séc ngây nay giáo La Mâ dia pliân Legnica dã dê xuât phong thánh ^ Mongol Invasions Baiile of Ltegnilz, &tiát trâåt... 53 liêu xác nhân vê thcri gian, nhung theo các chép trong thu ticb cô nêu trên lá không xác câu chuyên truyên miêng^**, trân Liegnitz dã thuc. Trong công trinh ciia minh, môt vâi tác diên ra ngây 9/4/1241. giå dã dê xuât con sô 25.000 cho luc lugng Mông Cô lúc dông nhiåt trong trân Giông nhu nhiêu trân chiên lán thôi Liegnitz... Hon nira, cuôc tân công Ba Lan Trung cô, nh ng thông tin vê sô lugng, chiên lâ môt phân trong kê hoach tông thê xâm thtiåt hay diên biên chiên trucmg Liegnitz lugc châu Âu c a Subotai, nên không cho chua sáng rô vå dôi chi mâu thuân nhau. phép hg tâp tnmg á dây môt luc lugng I6n. Nhi ng vãn bãn cûa châu Âu c ng nhu Mông Tir phân tích nây, hâu hêt các nhã nghiên cthi Cô sau nây cô dê câp dên con sô hcm hiên dai dêu cho rãng quân Mông Cô trong 100.000 chiên binb cika hai bên tham chiên trân Liegnitz chi khoång 20.000 nguôi (2 trong trân Liegnitz". Tuy nhiên, các nhâ sû tumens): "Thång 3/1241. Baidar dån 20.000 hgc hiên dai phân tích rãng, sô liêu nây lâ su quân tån công våo bãc Ba Lan'' uác lugng lon hcm nhiêu so vái thuc tê (kê cã viêc tínb thêm luc lugng hô trg hâu cân Ô môt g6c dô khác, khi phân tích tinh cúa dôi qtiân xâm lugc 6 Tây A). thê chiên tniông vã chiên thuât quân su má Mongol sû dung trong trân Liegnitz, môt sô Tông sô chién binh Mông Cô gôp mãt hpc giå lai cho rãng sô lugng quân xåm lugc tai Liegnitz rât khô xác dinh. NTiiêu nghiên dao dông khoång 8.000-20.000 nguôi. Dua cthi chi dua ra y kiên chtmg chLuig khi cho vão tái liêu Ystoria Mongalorum duong thôi rãng dã c6 rât nhiêu don \i Tartar vôí sô do Gio\aimi da Pian del Carpine biên soan, lugng \iicrt rôi so vôi toân bô quán dôi c a môî sô nhá nghiên cúu cbâu Au kháng dinh, Ba Lan.
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