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Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia 0008-7114 2019 Vol. 72 – n. 4 72 – n. Vol. Caryologia 2019 International Journal of Cytology, Vol. 72 - n. 4 Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics International Journal of Cytology, FIRENZE PRESSUNIVERSITY Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Caryologia is devoted to the publication of original papers, and occasionally of reviews, about plant, animal and human kar- yological, cytological, cytogenetic, embryological and ultrastructural studies. Articles about the structure, the organization and the biological events relating to DNA and chromatin organization in eukaryotic cells are considered. Caryologia has a strong tradition in plant and animal cytosystematics and in cytotoxicology. Bioinformatics articles may be considered, but only if they have an emphasis on the relationship between the nucleus and cytoplasm and/or the structural organization of the eukaryotic cell. Editor in Chief Associate Editors Alessio Papini Alfonso Carabez-Trejo - Mexico City, Mexico Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Katsuhiko Kondo - Hagishi-Hiroshima, Japan Università degli Studi di Firenze Canio G. Vosa - Pisa, Italy Via La Pira, 4 – 0121 Firenze, Italy Subject Editors Mycology Plant Cytogenetics Histology and Cell Biology Renato Benesperi Lorenzo Peruzzi Alessio Papini Università di Firenze, Italy Università di Pisa Università di Firenze Human and Animal Cytogenetics Plant Karyology and Phylogeny Zoology Michael Schmid Andrea Coppi Mauro Mandrioli University of Würzburg, Germany Università di Firenze Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia Editorial Assistant Sara Falsini Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy Editorial Advisory Board G. Berta - Alessandria, Italy G. Delfino - Firenze, Italy M. Mandrioli - Modena, Italy D. Bizzaro - Ancona, Italy S. D'Emerico - Bari, Italy G. C. Manicardi - Modena, Italy A. Brito Da Cunha - Sao Paulo, Brazil F. Garbari - Pisa, Italy P. Marchi - Roma, Italy E. Capanna - Roma, Italy C. Giuliani - Milano, Italy M. Ruffini Castiglione - Pisa, Italy D. Cavalieri - San Michele all'Adige, Italy M. Guerra - Recife, Brazil L. Sanità di Toppi - Parma, Italy E. H. Y. Chu - Ann Arbor, USA W. Heneen - Svalöf, Sweden C. Steinlein - Würzburg, Germany R. Cremonini - Pisa, Italy L. Iannuzzi - Napoli, Italy J. Vallès - Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain M. Cresti - Siena, Italy J. Limon - Gdansk, Poland Q. Yang - Beijing, China G. Cristofolini - Bologna, Italy J. Liu - Lanzhou, China P. Cro sti - Milano, Italy N. Mandahl - Lund, Sweden Caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Volume 72, Issue 4 - 2019 Firenze University Press Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Published by Firenze University Press – University of Florence, Italy Via Cittadella, 7 - 50144 Florence - Italy http://www.fupress.com/caryologia Copyright © 2019 Authors. The authors retain all rights to the original work without any restrictions. Open Access. This issue is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give ap- propriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0) waiver applies to the data made available in this issue, unless otherwise stated. Firenze University Press Caryologia www.fupress.com/caryologia International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Histochemical and Biochemical Alterations in the Stigma of Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae) Citation: A. Çetinbaş-Genç, F. Yanık, F. Vardar (2019) Histochemical and During Flower Development Biochemical Alterations in the Stigma of Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae) Dur- ing Flower Development. Caryologia 72(4): 3-13. doi: 10.13128/cayolo- Aslıhan Çetinbaş-Genç*, Fatma Yanık, Filiz Vardar gia-196 Department of Biology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey Published: December 23, 2019 *Corresponding author: [email protected] Copyright: © 2019 A. Çetinbaş-Genç, F. Yanık, F. Vardar. This is an open Abstract. The aim of this study is to determine the histochemical and biochemical access, peer-reviewed article pub- changes that occurred during flower development in the stigmas of Hibiscus syriacus. lished by Firenze University Press The flower development of H. syriacus was divided into three successive stages; pre- (http://www.fupress.com/caryologia) anthesis, anthesis, post-anthesis, and stigma development was examined in parallel and distributed under the terms of the with these stages. At pre-anthesis, the stigmatic papillae cells covering the surface of Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distri- the stigma were ovoid and their dense cytoplasm were rich in insoluble polysaccharide, bution, and reproduction in any medi- protein and lipid. At anthesis, papillae cells grew and the pellicle layer becomes clear um, provided the original author and indicating dry-typed stigma. Meanwhile some sub-papillae cells, which accumulate source are credited. dense organic matter from the beginning of development, began the process of autoly- sis and release their cellular content into the intercellular space. Whereas the organic Data Availability Statement: All rel- matter content of papillae decreased at post-anthesis, it was still more than pre-anthe- evant data are within the paper and its sis stage. Similarly, peroxidase and non-specific esterase activity were very intensive at Supporting Information files. anthesis stage and activities were still remarkable at post-anthesis stage. The maximum Competing Interests: The Author(s) CAT, SOD activity, H2O2 and MDA content were also determined at anthesis. Our declare(s) no conflict of interest. results revealed that stigma of H. syriacus is receptive at anthesis and still conserve its receptivity at post anthesis assisting pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Keywords. Anthesis, antioxidant enzyme, lipid peroxidation, papillae, stigma. INTRODUCTION Malvaceae family comprises 244 genera and more than 4225 species (Paoletti et al. 2009). Genus Hibiscus of Malvaceae has attracted considerable attention due to its large and attractive flowers. Hibiscus syriacus is the most popular species of this genus and has hermaphrodite flowers with white, pink, red, lavender, or purple color, depending on their cultivar (Punasi- ya and Pillai 2015). It consists of a tubular group of stamens surrounding the style which ends with the five branched stigma (Klips and Snow 1997; Çetinbaş-Genç and Ünal 2017). Hibiscus syriacus has also a great social and economic importance whose flowers and seeds are frequently used in industry. It is mainly used in phar- maceutical products for the treatment of cardiovascular, urinary tract, skin, Caryologia. International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics 72(4): 3-13, 2019 ISSN 0008-7114 (print) | ISSN 2165-5391 (online) | DOI: 10.13128/cayologia-196 4 Aslıhan Çetinbaş-Genç, Fatma Yanık, Filiz Vardar and reproductive system diseases. Besides, it is often pollens during pollen-stigma interaction (Cheong et al. used in the production of hair-skin care products, per- 2002; Delannoy et al. 2003; Do et al. 2003). fumes, and used as a natural colorant in the beverage In many cellular processes including development industry, and a source of fiber in the paper industry and tolerance to environmental stress, reactive oxygen (Hsu et al. 2015). species (ROS) also play a role as secondary messengers To gain knowledge about the plant reproductive at low concentrations (Yanık et al. 2018). However, high biology concerning pollination and fertilization helps concentrations of ROS cause harmful chain effects in to improve reproductive success which has direct effect the cell. Detoxification of ROS is carried out with anti- on yield quality and economic benefits. Pollination oxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidant sys- involves a complex set of cell-cell communications that tems. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase are enable pollen-pistil interaction. This molecular interac- some of the important antioxidant enzymes involved in tion between the pollen wall and components of the stig- the detoxification of ROS (Yanık et al. 2018). ROS have a matic surface determines whether fertilization will take role in signaling networks promoting pollen germination place (McInnis et al. 2006). Besides, stigma receptivity and pollen tube growth on stigma (McInnis et al. 2006; is one of the essential events for the start of pollen-pistil Hiscock and Allen 2008; Zafra et al. 2010). The concen- interaction. In many angiosperms, the stigma is recep- tration of ROS on the stigma affects the stigma recep- tive during anthesis but in some cases, the stigma may tivity, pollen germination and as a result the success of be still receptive after or even before anthesis (Brito et pollination. Therefore, in order to understand the polli- al. 2015). Therefore, the developmental characteristics of nation biology in detail, it is very important to examine stigma are the focal point for pollination biology studies. the balance between production and detoxification of Despite their morphological diversity, the stigma of ROS during the development of the stigma. angiosperms is divided into two main groups: wet and The aim
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