Annual Report 2015
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HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN TIBET Annual Report 2015 Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................5 RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ....................................................................................................7 I. Tibetan Buddhism with Chinese Characteristics .................................................... 8 A. The 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun Choekyi Nyima ........................................... 12 B. Tenzin Delek Rinpoche ................................................................................... 12 C. Chadrel Rinpoche ........................................................................................... 13 D. Bangri Tsamtrul Rinpoche .............................................................................. 14 E. Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche .................................................................... 14 F. Khenpo Karma Tsewang .................................................................................. 15 G. Ngawang Gyaltsen .......................................................................................... 15 H. Ngawang Gyurmey ......................................................................................... 16 II. Tibetan Resistance Against Religious Repression .................................................. 16 III. Conclusion........................................................................................................... 18 IV. Recommendations ............................................................................................... 18 RIGHT TO PRIVACY & CHILLING EFFECTS ............................................................ 21 I. Legal Standards .................................................................................................... 21 II. Digital Controls of the Right to Privacy ............................................................... 23 III. The Right to Privacy in Tibet ............................................................................... 24 ENVIRONMENT............................................................................................................. 27 I. International Agreements Shaping Tibet Policy .................................................... 27 II. Uses and Abuses of International and Chinese Jargon .......................................... 28 A. Payment for Environmental Services ............................................................... 29 B. Reducing Carbon Emissions caused by Deforestation and Degradation ........... 29 C. The Sloping Land Conversion Program and the Natural Forest Protection Program ............................................................................................................... 29 D. Land Degradation Neutrality........................................................................... 30 E. Using jargon in Tibet: SLCP and NFPP .......................................................... 31 III. The Impact of Environmental Policies in Tibet .................................................... 33 A. Sustainable Development Goals and Poverty Relief .......................................... 36 CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS ................................................................................. 39 I. Legal Obligations ................................................................................................. 39 II. Rule by Law and the Decline of Civil Society ....................................................... 41 A. National Security Law ..................................................................................... 41 B. Counter-Terrorism Law ................................................................................... 42 HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN TIBET : ANNUAL REPORT 2015 C. Draft NGO Law ............................................................................................. 45 D. Crackdown on Chinese Human Rights’ Lawyers ............................................. 46 E. Rules by Law ................................................................................................... 46 III. Freedom of Opinion & Expression ...................................................................... 47 A. Peaceful Solo Protests ...................................................................................... 47 B. Special Targets: Artists and Intellectuals ........................................................... 52 C. Expression and the Internet ............................................................................. 55 IV. Freedom of Movement ......................................................................................... 55 A. The Right to Freedom of Movement ............................................................... 56 B. Discriminatory Passport Policies ...................................................................... 56 C. Restrictions on Movement within Tibet .......................................................... 59 D. Systemic Discrimination against Tibetans ....................................................... 62 E. Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 62 INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ............................................................................... 63 I. United States Congressional Action ...................................................................... 63 II. Detention of Tibetan Protesters Abroad ............................................................... 65 A. United Kingdom ............................................................................................. 65 B. Denmark ......................................................................................................... 67 C. Australia .......................................................................................................... 68 D. Other European States ..................................................................................... 69 III. Business and Human Rights ................................................................................. 70 IV. Spanish Tibet Lawsuit .......................................................................................... 72 V. Tibet at the UN ................................................................................................... 73 A. PRC’S Fifth Periodic Review Before UN Committee Against Torture ............. 74 VI. Tibet Elections ..................................................................................................... 75 VII. Conclusion & Recommendation .......................................................................... 77 APPENDIXES ................................................................................................................... 79 I. Complete list of Self-immolation Protests II. Tibetan Political Prisoners Database ................................................................ 97 4 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In 2015, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) PRC for more information about the Panchen continued to ignore human rights guarantees Lama, Tenzin Delek Rinpoche died in detention. it is bound by international law to protect. The He was arrested in 2002 for allegedly participating number of pressing human rights concerns in in a bombing incident. There was no evidence Tibet expanded. The PRC showed no inclination linking him to the bombing and he maintained to improve the situation in Tibet. Despite his innocence until his death. Tenzin Delek promising to improve the rule of law and greater Rinpoche was a community leader who helped respect for human rights, the PRC continued to mediate disputes between the local community restrict freedom of religion. Despite the global and government officials and built monasteries, attention to the right to privacy and the human hospitals, and schools. rights consequences of mass surveillance, the PRC has implemented policies and passed laws that In 2015 the PRC continued to detain Tibetans will increase mass surveillance in Tibetan areas. for sharing information on WeChat and other Despite the global attention in Paris to reducing violations of their right to privacy. The PRC, by climate change, the PRC has prioritised rhetoric working with technology companies and passing over substance and failed to implement policies to vague legislation that permits more human rights actual protect and preserve the unique and fragile restrictions, appears to be preparing to further ecosystem in Tibet. restrict the right to privacy. While this is happening within its borders, the PRC has supported more 2015 was the 20th anniversary of the enforced protections for the right to privacy and complained disappearance of the 11th Panchen Lama. After about surveillance by the United States. years of requests from international organisations, States, and NGOs, the PRC continues to The international conference in Paris about refuse to allow anyone to speak with or meet climate change has pushed environmental issues to GedhunChoekyiNyima, the 11th Panchen Lama. the forefront of international consideration. The The disappearance of the Panchen Lama, which PRC participated in the conference to increase began when he was six years old, illustrates a the perception that it is working to protect the policy the PRC continues to practice today. environment. Because the PRC occupies Tibet, The PRC targets important religious figures for Tibetans were forced