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Home , Chadrel Rinpoche, Chola Mountains, Dargye Monastery, Darlag County, Dzogchen Monastery, Gedhun Choekyi Nyima

Human Rights Situation in Annual Report 2015

Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy

Co n t e n t s

Executive Summary...... 5 Religious Freedom...... 7 I. Tibetan with Chinese Characteristics...... 8 A. The 11th Panchen ...... 12 B. Tenzin Delek ...... 12 C. ...... 13 D. Bangri Tsamtrul Rinpoche...... 14 E. Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche...... 14 F. Karma Tsewang...... 15 G. Ngawang Gyaltsen...... 15 H. Ngawang Gyurmey...... 16 II. Tibetan Resistance Against Religious Repression...... 16 III. conclusion...... 18 IV. Recommendations...... 18

Right to Privacy & Chilling Effects...... 21 I. legal Standards...... 21 II. Digital Controls of the Right to Privacy...... 23 III. The Right to Privacy in Tibet...... 24

Environment...... 27 I. International Agreements Shaping Tibet Policy...... 27 II. Uses and Abuses of International and Chinese Jargon...... 28 A. Payment for Environmental Services...... 29 B. Reducing Carbon Emissions caused by Deforestation and Degradation...... 29 C. The Sloping Land Conversion Program and the Natural Forest Protection Program...... 29 D. Land Degradation Neutrality...... 30 E. Using jargon in Tibet: SLCP and NFPP...... 31 III. The Impact of Environmental Policies in Tibet...... 33 a. Sustainable Development Goals and Poverty Relief...... 36

Civil and Political Rights...... 39 I. Legal Obligations...... 39 II. Rule by Law and the Decline of Civil Society...... 41 A. National Security Law...... 41 B. Counter-Terrorism Law...... 42 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015

C. Draft NGO Law...... 45 D. Crackdown on Chinese Human Rights’ Lawyers...... 46 E. Rules by Law...... 46 III. Freedom of Opinion & Expression...... 47 A. Peaceful Solo Protests...... 47 B. Special Targets: Artists and Intellectuals...... 52 C. Expression and the Internet...... 55 IV. Freedom of Movement...... 55 A. The Right to Freedom of Movement...... 56 B. Discriminatory Passport Policies...... 56 C. Restrictions on Movement within Tibet...... 59 D. Systemic Discrimination against Tibetans...... 62 E. Conclusion...... 62

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY...... 63 I. United States Congressional Action...... 63 II. Detention of Tibetan Protesters Abroad...... 65 A. United Kingdom...... 65 B. Denmark...... 67 C. Australia...... 68 D. Other European States...... 69 III. Business and Human Rights...... 70 IV. Spanish Tibet Lawsuit...... 72 V. tibet at the UN...... 73 a. PRC’S Fifth Periodic Review Before UN Committee Against Torture...... 74 VI. tibet Elections...... 75 VII. Conclusion & Recommendation...... 77

APPENDIXES...... 79 I. Complete list of Self-immolation Protests II. Tibetan Political Prisoners Database ...... 97

4 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In 2015, the People’s Republic of (PRC) PRC for more information about the Panchen continued to ignore human rights guarantees Lama, Tenzin Delek Rinpoche died in detention. it is bound by international law to protect. The He was arrested in 2002 for allegedly participating number of pressing human rights concerns in in a bombing incident. There was no evidence Tibet expanded. The PRC showed no inclination linking him to the bombing and he maintained to improve the situation in Tibet. Despite his innocence until his death. Tenzin Delek promising to improve the rule of law and greater Rinpoche was a community leader who helped respect for human rights, the PRC continued to mediate disputes between the local community restrict freedom of religion. Despite the global and government officials and built , attention to the right to privacy and the human hospitals, and schools. rights consequences of mass surveillance, the PRC has implemented policies and passed laws that In 2015 the PRC continued to detain Tibetans will increase mass surveillance in Tibetan areas. for sharing information on WeChat and other Despite the global attention in Paris to reducing violations of their right to privacy. The PRC, by climate change, the PRC has prioritised rhetoric working with technology companies and passing over substance and failed to implement policies to vague legislation that permits more human rights actual protect and preserve the unique and fragile restrictions, appears to be preparing to further ecosystem in Tibet. restrict the right to privacy. While this is happening within its borders, the PRC has supported more 2015 was the 20th anniversary of the enforced protections for the right to privacy and complained disappearance of the 11th . After about surveillance by the United States. years of requests from international organisations, States, and NGOs, the PRC continues to The international conference in Paris about refuse to allow anyone to speak with or meet climate change has pushed environmental issues to GedhunChoekyiNyima, the 11th Panchen Lama. the forefront of international consideration. The The disappearance of the Panchen Lama, which PRC participated in the conference to increase began when he was six years old, illustrates a the perception that it is working to protect the policy the PRC continues to practice today. environment. Because the PRC occupies Tibet, The PRC targets important religious figures for Tibetans were forced to rely on the PRC to represent disappearance, detention, and, sometimes, death. their interests at these conferences. The PRC did Local police also detain monks and laypeople not. Instead, the PRC utilized the similar tactics but in many cases, they will seek out a pretense internationally that have failed in Tibet. Relying to detain community leaders, who are frequently on the important role the PRC assumed at the religious leaders as well. 2009 climate conference in Copenhagen, the PRC only made minor promises to eventually begin As the international community was pressing the protecting the environment. In the meantime, the

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policies the PRC has implemented in Tibet that The threats to human rights were not enough are supposed to protect the environment have to discourage some multinational companies, ignored the welfare of local Tibetans and local including KFC and Starbucks, from opening Tibetan knowledge, and focused on rhetoric and businesses in Tibet. Even with the threats to human wasteful spending rather than results. rights in Tibet, in 2015, Tibetans began voting for the Tibetan political leaders in exile. The voting The PRC announced it would work on protecting was successful, despite opposition from , and building the rule of law. In 2015, the PRC who refused to allow the voting, and , who passed a series of law and implemented policies had confiscated ballot boxes in the previous 2011 that demonstrated that the Chinese Communist Tibetan election. Party (CCP) intended to continue using the law as a tool to attack people it views as threats. In 2015, the human rights situation in Tibet did The PRC passed laws on national security and not improve and the PRC continued to violate counterterrorism that appear to do little but international law. At the same time, more and provide the PRC with a convenient pretext to more issues involving Tibet have become issues continue violating human rights. Also in 2015, of international concern. Ranging from the the PRC launched one of the largest crackdowns environment to the right to privacy to the treatment on human rights lawyers in recent history. Instead of Tibetans abroad, it is increasingly difficult for of encouraging lawyers to fight for the rule of law, the PRC to dismiss international attention and the PRC abused the law to imprison hundreds of consideration. As the PRC continues to violate human rights lawyers. The trend of abusing human human rights, it is also working to increase the rights to silence dissent was frequently used in legal justifications for repression. Tibet where solo protesters were quickly arrested and artists, poets, and intellectuals targeted for arrest. These policies in Tibet reflect policies that view Tibetans as inherently threatening. As a result, the PRC has continued to deny Tibetans the right to travel domestically or obtain passports necessary to travel abroad.

Internationally, the rule of law prevailed despite attempts by States to please the Chinese by crushing dissent. In the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Australia, Tibetans exercising their right to peacefully protest were detained. In all three cases, the Chinese and Tibetan activists were released and not charged with crimes. However, it remains discouraging that the activists were detained in the first place.T he United States was able to send a congressional delegation to Tibet for the first time in years and congressional leaders voiced their concerns about the denial of . The United States Congress is also considering two laws that could impose sanctions on Chinese officials, including travel bans and freezing their money in the United States.

6 7 Religious Freedom

The role of faith and religion in preserving and teachings. Freedom of religion also entails acts such promoting and identity cannot as the freedom to choose one’s religious leaders, be overstated.1 For instance, Tibetan Buddhist priests and teachers, freedom to establish religious canons were all written in Tibetan, making schools and the freedom to prepare and distribute closely linked to Tibetan religious texts. The Human Rights Committee in language. Religious institutions and personalities its General Comment No. 22 of the International are vital in upholding traditional Tibetan mores Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (i ccp r ) and values. Since the establishment of People’s notes that the terms ‘belief’ and ‘religion’ are to be Republic of China (p r c ), the atheist communist broadly construed and that Article 18 (Freedom led Chinese regime has gained control over Tibet. of thought, conscience, and religion) is not This development has continued to threaten limited in its application to traditional religions the Tibetan national, cultural and religious or to religions and beliefs.4 Furthermore, no one identity.2To this end, the general application of should be compelled or coerced to change their international human rights standards becomes an beliefs and States must ensure that their national essential tool to combat violations of freedom of legislation is in compliance with the obligations thought, conscience, and religion. under the covenant and Article 18. The only time restrictions on freedom to practice religion are Freedom of thought, conscience, and religion is permitted is to protect public safety, order, health, one of the few human rights that cannot be limited, or morals.5 Restrictions must be established in law even in cases of public emergency.3 Freedom to and must not be applied in a manner that violate practice religion may be demonstrated individually the rights guaranteed in Article 18 and cannot or in community, in private or in public, and not be used by States for purposes not stated in encompassing worship, practice, and teaching. The the provisions e.g. national security. Human concepts of worship include the direct expression rights that are affirmed in international treaties of belief through the use of rituals e.g. the building are binding upon the States that ratify them, and of monasteries. The practice of religion includes although PRC signed the i ccp r in 1998 it has yet wearing clothing and participating in rituals and to ratify the convention.6

1 thubtenJigmeNorbu, The Role of Religion in Tibetan Society. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 26, The right to freedom of thought, conscience, Issue 7 Series II, p. 855–862, May 1964 and religion is a fundamental and universal right, 2 Tsering Shakya, Self-Immolation, the Changing Language first enshrined in Article 18 of the Universal of Protest in Tibet, Dec. 2012, available at: http://himalaya. Declaration of Human Rights (u d h r ) in 1948. socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_25_02. pdf 4 iccPR General Comment No.22 Para 2. 3 iccPR General Comments No. 22 Para 7.The Human 5 ICCPR article 18 (3). Rights Committee is the UN body in charge of interpreting 6 University of Minnesota – Human Rights Library, the International Covenant onCivil and Political Rights, and available at: https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/ addressing any complaints received under it. research/ratification-china.html

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Although the u d h r is not a legally binding treaty, but also to receive education. As such, monasteries many of its provisions are recognized as customary serve as centers for both intellectual and material international law, adopted and respected as preservation of Tibetan culture. Some Tibetan international legal standard to which all nations temples and monasteries are even considered to be are subject. However, not all rights in the UDHR of such great cultural value that they have been have generated a sufficient degree of consensus included inThe United Nations Educational, to be considered as binding in customary law Scientific andC ultural Organization’s (UNESCO) due to their legal value and content, as in the world heritage list.10 case for Article 18. The UN Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination based on Religion or Belief is also I. Tibetan Buddhism with a non-binding declaration but it has appointed Chinese Characteristics a Special Rapporteur for its purpose that shall report annually on the status of freedom of Throughout 2015, Chinese authorities continued religion worldwide. The last time the UN Special to violate freedom of religion and belief in Tibet, Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief was contravening the international human rights allowed to visit PRC was more than 20 years standards, by controlling and interfering with ago.7 religious practices – detaining and imprisoning religious leaders and demolishing religious The 14th is the current spiritual property.11 New regulations and campaigns leader of Tibet who has lived in exile in introduced in late 2011 to further control since 1959. The Dalai Lama continues to exercise religious freedom, and existing regulations were moral authority and influence among theT ibetan intensified.12Tibet as a territory is designated as community. Tibetan have for generations ‘not free’ by Freedom House and has been given the served as the leaders of Tibet and monks as local worst possible rating for both political rights and teachers. Their presence is a concrete manifestation civil liberties.13 The United States Commission on of Tibetan faith and religion and their main task International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) has is to shoulder the responsibility for disseminating recommended that PRC should be re-designated information about the history and , and as a ‘country of particular concern’ (CPC) under transfer the Tibetan Buddhist teachings, language, the international religious freedom act.14 and culture to future generations.8 At the heart of the traditional Tibetan Buddhist society stand In 2015, the Chinese authorities continued efforts the monasteries as the institution of the religious to transform Tibetan Buddhism into a stage- figures, texts, and 9art. Similar to many other religions, Tibetan monasteries provide an all- 10 UNESCO, Historic Ensemble of the , important sense of belonging and represent a sacred , available at: http://whc.unesco.org/en/ list/707 place where Tibetans can come and contemplate, 11 ICCPR Article 18 and General Comment No.22, UDHR Article 18 7 United Nations Human Rights Office of the High 12 See TCHRD’s Special Report: Religious Repression Commissioner, available at: http://www.ohchr.org/ in Tibet, 2012, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ EN/Issues/FreedomReligion/Pages/Visits.aspx religious-repression-in-tibet-2012/ 8 Melvyn C. Goldstein, Buddhism in contemporary 13 Freedom in the World 2015, Freedom House, Tibet: religious revival and cultural identity, 1998, available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/ available at:http://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/ freedom-world/2015/tibet Drepung.pdf 14 USCIRF Annual Report 2015, available at: http:// 9 Freedom in the World 2015, Freedom House, www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%20 available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/ Annual%20Report%202015%20%282%29.pdf freedom-world/2015/tibet

8 9 managed institution that prioritise the Party’s leaders.20 In 2012, Chen Quanguoannounced the principles. In March 2015, GyaltsenNorbu, the launch of ‘legal education’ campaign that he said -appointed 11th Panchen Lama in a speech was aimed at teaching monks and nuns about their read out to the Third Session of the 12th Chinese legal obligations under the government in order People’s Political Consultative Conference to build ‘harmonious monasteries’ and cultivate (CPPCC) National Committee called on Tibetan ‘patriotic monks’.21 In 2015, Chinese authorities Buddhists to unswervingly follow the path to a announced that party and government officials socialist society with Chinese characteristics.15 would be stationed in monasteries to educate In February 2015 a document issued by Party monks in separatism.22 There are concerns that officials identified 20 illegal activities related to Tibetan monastics whose work focuses on the Tibetan independence.16 Several of these, however, promotion and preservation of Tibetan language, targeted religious activities and called for collective culture, and religion would be persecuted and punishment of monastic institutions that do not punished in the name of stemming separatism.23 comply with the rules. In an article published by the Party mouthpiece People’s Daily in April Chinese government recognizes Buddhism, 2015, Chen Quanguo, the Party Secretary for Catholicism, Islam, Protestantism, and Taoism (TAR) reemphasised17 as the main religions and requires all religions the role of the ‘Nine Must Haves’ campaign that to register and subject themselves to party was first introduced in 2011.18 This campaign and government control.24 Besides Chinese was introduced to exert direct control over what Constitution guarantees freedom of religion to the Chinese authorities perceive as “the hotbed “normal religious activities” even though what of dissent activities”, referring to the monastic is ‘normal’ is left undefined.25 Any religious institutions.19 Two of the ‘nine must haves’ require doctrine or practice that does not conform to all monasteries to fly theC hinese national flag and the official goals face persecution, detention, and display portraits of imprisonment.26 20 Cao Siqi, All Tibet temples required to fly national flag,Global Times, 9 Apr. 2015, available at: http:// 15 China attempts to legitimize its Panchen Lama through a www.globaltimes.cn/content/915929.shtml major speech as the real Panchen Lama’s birthday approaches, 21 China Rewards ‘Harmonious’ Monasteries, International Campaign for Tibet, 21 Apr. 2015, available at: ‘Patriotic’ Monks, Nuns, TCHRD, 20 Apr. 2012, http://www.savetibet.org/china-attempts-to-legitimize-its- available at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-rewards- panchen-lama-through-a-major-speech-as-the-real-panchen- harmonious-monasteries-patriotic-monks-nuns/ lamas-birthday-approaches/ 22 Kou Jie, Tibetan monks in to be 16 Oliver Amoldi, China issues 20 “illegal activities related to educated on separatism, Global Times, 26 Nov. the independence of Tibet”, Tibet Post International, 25 Feb. 2015, available at: http://www.globaltimes.cn/ 2015, available at: http://www.thetibetpost.com/en/news/ content/954985.shtml tibet/4436-china-issues-20-illegal-activities-related-to-the- 23 China expands new measures to directly control independence-of-tibet Tibetan monasteries, TCHRD, 18 May 2014, 17 All Tibet temples required to fly national flag, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-expands- Global Times, 9 Apr. 2015, available at: http:// new-measures-to-directly-control-tibetan- www.globaltimes.cn/content/915929.shtml monasteries/ 18 Miles Yu, ’Nine must haves’ for Tibetans, 24 Freedom of Religious Belief in China, Oct. 1997, Washington Times, 1 Feb. 2012, available at: http:// available at: http://en.people.cn/whitepaper/18. www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/feb/1/ html inside-china-860205236/?page=all 25 Constitution of the People’s Republic of China 19 China Re-launches ‘Legal Education’ Campaign in article 36, 4 Dec. 1982, available at: http://english. TAR, TCHRD, 17 May 2012, available at: http:// gov.cn/archive/laws_regulations/2014/08/23/ www.tchrd.org/china-re-launches-legal-education- content_281474982987458.htm campaign-in-tar/ 26 Freedom of Religious Belief in China, Oct. 1997, available at: http://en.people.cn/whitepaper/18. html

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In 2015, Chinese authorities continued to in exile as long as Tibet is not free.32 At the same strengthen and implement laws and regulations time, the Dalai Lama has explicitly stated that he to bring all religious institutions – including is against the continuation of the reincarnation monasteries and nunneries, temples and hermitages system merely for political reasons.33 Reacting to – under stricter control. Advanced and intensified this proclamation, the Chinese government stated efforts to control Tibetan Buddhist religious that the Dalai Lama had no right to abandon practices and the selection of its leaders have been reincarnation and that he must respect the historic observed in recent years.27 In December 2015, the rituals and state laws.34 Party officials also blame Chinese government announced the building of the Dalai Lama for being a “violent separatist”35 a database of “Living Buddhas” (official Chinese and his followers “the Dalai clique” for allegedly term for reincarnated Buddhist monks) in order fomenting separatist activities aimed at rejecting for Tibetan Buddhists to be able to distinguish Chinese policies.36 Tibetans fear that the Dalai between real and fake “Living Buddhas”.28 Chinese Lama’s succession will be used by PRC to split authorities claim that fake “Living Buddhas” pose Tibetan Buddhism by appointing their choice of a threat to China’s national security by sponsoring the 15thDalai Lama, thus ensuring victory over the illegal separatist activities in Tibet.29 Given PRC’s ‘anti-separatist struggle’.37 long-running hostile campaign against Tibetan Buddhism, human rights groups view it as a “pre- As of December 2015, out of the total number emptive move” to control the reincarnation of the of 2081 known Tibetan political prisoners, th 14 Dalai Lama and other reincarnated Tibetan 32 The Dalai Lama, Reincarnation, 24 Sept. lamas living outside PRC.30 2011, available at: http://www.dalailama.com/ messages/statement-of-his-holiness-the-fourteenth- In a white paper issued in April 2015, the PRC dalai-lama-tenzin-gyatso-on-the-issue-of-his- reincarnation government outlined the justification for its 33 Ananth Krishnan, China accuses Dalai Lama of control over Tibetan Buddhist reincarnation blasphemy over claims he may be the last to hold process.31 The Dalai Lama has stated that it is up his post, India Today,9 Mar. 2015, available at: to him if he will be reincarnated or not and if he http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/china-accuses- dalai-lama-of-blasphemy-over-reincarnation- passed away in exile his incarnation will be born comments/1/422900.html 34 MeghaRajagopalan and Ben Blanchard, It’s up 27 USCIRF Annual Report 2015, available at: http:// to Dalai Lama whether he’ll be reborn, Buddhist www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%20 leader says, Reuters, 16 Apr. 2015, available at: Annual%20Report%202015%20%282%29.pdf http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tibet-id 28 MengMeng and Benjamin Kang Lim, Chinese USKBN0N70B720150416#mFHYDopAPjV2B government adviser denounces fake living Buddhas, 5Od.97 Reuters, 6 Dec. 2015, available at: http://mobile. 35 China insists on right to approve next Dalai reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0TP09Y20151206 Lama in tussle over Tibetan spiritual leader’s 29 Cui Jia/LuoWangshu, Database of Living Buddhas reincarnation, South China Morning Post, 1 Dec. to help spot fake from real, , 8 Dec. 2015, available at: http://www.scmp.com/news/ 2015, available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/ china/policies-politics/article/1885307/china- china/2015-12/08/content_22654676.htm insists-right-approve-next-dalai-lama-tussle-over 30 Hannah Beech, China’s Database of ‘Living 36 Annual Report 2015, Congressional-Executive Buddhas’ Is the Latest Attempt to Control Tibetan Commission on China, 8 Oct. 2015, available at: Affairs, TIME, 11 Dec. 2015, available at: http:// http://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house. time.com/4145552/china-tibet-living-buddha- gov/files/2015%20Annual%20Report.pdf dalai-lama/ 37 MeghaRajagopalan and Ben Blanchard, It’s up 31 Tibet’s Path of Development Is Driven by an to Dalai Lama whether he’ll be reborn, Buddhist Irresistible Historical Tide, Xinhua, 15 Apr. 2015, leader says, Reuters, 16 Apr. 2015, available at: available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tibet-id china/2015-04/15/c_134152612_6.htm USKBN0N70B720150416#mFHYDopAPjV2B 5Od.97

10 11 967 are monastics –including those detained, On 19 September 2015, Chinese authorities in disappeared or sentenced.38 The Chinese Diru (Ch: Biru) County, Nagchu (Ch: Naqu) government has imposed harsh policies on the Prefecture, TAR,began implementing a new Tibetan Buddhist community and its religious regulation that called for the intensification and leaders including, harassment, imprisonment, and deepening of the campaign to “purge and reform” torture.39 Religious repression has also involved religious institutions.45 The regulation issued by the destruction of Buddhist institutions and Diru County government, codified in Document symbols.40 In July 2015, the Chinese government no. 224, identifies and targets 24 activities through introduced the new National Security Law that which religious institutions including monasteries, has further tightened controls over human rights temples and hermitages will be brought under especially the freedom of religion.41 Article 27 of direct government control in Diru County. The the National Security Law states that the PRC regulation allows Chinese authorities tomonitor condemns any acknowledgement of the Dalai and control monastic properties, religious Lama including possession of his teachings, gatherings and economic activities of religious prayers dedicated to him, or celebrations of his institutions. The Diru County government birthday. 42 Before the Dalai Lama’s 80th birthday controls the right to select reincarnates or another in July 2015, local Chinese authorities prevented prominent religious personages, who are forced Tibetans from participating in any celebrations to become spokespersons for the government and commemorating their spiritual leader and participate in ‘political education’ campaigns.46 The detained people for possessing and sharing photos rules further heighten already existing restrictions of the Dalai Lama,43 accompanied by increased on the admission process to religious institutions restrictions on social media.44 in order to facilitate the admission for monks and 38 See Appendix for TCHRD’s Political Prisoner nuns that demonstrate support and loyalty to the Database government and the Party. Religious institutions 39 USCIRF Annual Report 2015, available at: http:// that fail to implement the regulations stated in the www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%20 document will be shut down and subject to political Annual%20Report%202015%20%282%29.pdf 40 Mass expulsion of nuns and land grabbing in Tibet’s education campaigns and serious cases will result Diru County, TCHRD, 13 Oct. 2015, available at: in exclusion, detention or even imprisonment. In http://www.tchrd.org/mass-expulsion-of-nuns- keeping with the PRC’s collective punishment, and-land-grabbing-in-tibets-diru-county/ family members and relatives of monks and nuns 41 China passes new national security law extending control over internet, The Guardian, 1 Jul. who break the regulation also face punishment. In 2015, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/ September 2015, local authorities in Diru County world/2015/jul/01/china-national-security-law- expelled 100 nuns from JadaGadenKhachoeling internet-regulation-cyberspace-xi-jinping Nunnery. They were furthermore barred from 42 China’s new National Security Law a serious setback to human rights in Tibet, TCHRD, 9 Jul. wearing traditional religious robes in their own 2015, available at:http://www.tchrd.org/chinas- homes, denied permission to travel to other areas new-national-security-law-a-serious-setback-to- human-rights-in-tibet/ 45 Document Exposes Intensification of State- 43 Tibetan monk detained on suspicion of possessing sanctioned Religious Repression in Troubled and sharing Dalai Lama’s photos, TCHRD, 9 Sept. Tibetan County, TCHRD, 9 Nov. 2015, available 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/tibetan- at: http://www.tchrd.org/document-exposes- monk-detained-on-suspicion-of-possessing-and- intensification-of-state-sanctioned-religious- sharing-dalai-lamas-photos/ repression-in-troubled-tibetan-county/ 44 TCHRD concerned over detention of Tibetan 46 Document Exposes Intensification of State- man for celebrating Dalai Lama’s 80th Birthday, sanctioned Religious Repression in Troubled TCHRD, 25 Jun. 2015, available at:http://www. Tibetan County, TCHRD, 9 Nov. 2015, available tchrd.org/tchrd-concerned-over-detention-of- at: http://www.tchrd.org/document-exposes- tibetan-man-for-celebrating-dalai-lamas-80th- intensification-of-state-sanctioned-religious- birthday/ repression-in-troubled-tibetan-county/

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to study, and nuns over the age of 50 had been safe from ‘Tibetan nationalists’.49 In September ordered to leave the nunneryand join a home for 2015, Chinese officials reiterated the claim that elderly.47 Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, now 26 years old, is living a normal, healthy life and being educated.50 Tibetan religious leaders remain soft targets for No one has yet been allowed to visit Gedhun persecution in the hands of Chinese authorities Choekyi Nyima. The Chinese government refuses due to their personal charisma and moral standing to disclose his whereabouts despite requests among the local people. This pattern of perceiving from the United Nations, governments and religious leaders as threat has resulted in a series human rights groups.51 17 May 2015 marked the of arbitrary arrests and unlawful imprisonment twentieth anniversary of the disappearance of the of popular and revered lamas. Chinese authorities 11th Panchen Lama and the day is considered a have thus devised various means to demonise and symbol of the ongoing oppression of religious taint the reputation of Tibetan lamas. freedom in Tibet.52 Following are brief profiles of some of the more prominent Tibetan Buddhist monks who were B. Tenzin Delek Rinpoche deprived of their religious freedom: Tenzin Delek Rinpoche was a highly respected teacher and a reincarnated Tibetan Buddhist lama A. The 11th Panchen Lama Gedhun recognized by the . Tenzin Delek Choekyi Nyima Rinpoche was especially known for his campaign to restore Tibetan religion and culture, social and One of the most prominent religious leaders environmental activities and outspoken criticism is the Panchen Lama, who traditionally is held against China’s repressive policies in Tibet.53In responsible for the selection of the Dalai Lama. In addition he built several monasteries, hospitals 1995 the Dalai Lama recognised Gedhun Choekyi and schools and mediated disputes between local Nyima, a six-year-old boy, as the reincarnation of the 11th Panchen Lama. But the Chinese 49 USCIRF, Annual Report 2015, available at: http:// government rejected the recognition of Gedhun www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%20 Choekyi Nyima and the boy along with his family Annual%20Report%202015%20%282%29.pdf was disappeared the same year. Six months after the 50 China says Panchen Lama ‘living a normal life’ 20 years after disappearance, The Guardian, 6 Sept. disappearance, Chinese government installed its 2015, available at: http://www.theguardian.com/ own candidate Gyaltsen Norbu as the reincarnated world/2015/sep/06/china-says-panchen-lama- Panchen Lama.48 Since then, Gedhun Choekyi living-a-normal-life-20-years-after-disappearance Nyima and his family members have never been 51 TCHRD commemorates 25th birthday of Tibet’s disappeared Panchen Lama, TCHRD, 25 seen or heard although Chinese authorities Apr. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ continue to claim that Gedhun Choekyi Nyima is tchrd-commemorates-25th-birthday-of-tibets- being held at a secret location in order to keep him disappeared-panchen-lama/ 52 Tibet: Appeals for Release of Panchen Lama, 47 Mass expulsion of nuns and land grabbing in Tibet’s Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, Diru County, TCHRD, 13 Oct. 2015, available at: 6 May 2015, available at: http://unpo.org/ http://www.tchrd.org/mass-expulsion-of-nuns- article/18177 and-land-grabbing-in-tibets-diru-county/ 53 China: Release reincarnated Tibetan Buddhist 48 Edward Wong, Communist Party Warns Secret monk on medical parole, TCHRD, 7 Apr. 2015, Dalai Lama Followers in Its Ranks, New York Times, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-release- 11 Nov. 2015, available at: http://www.nytimes. senior-tibetan-monk-on-medical-parole/ com/2015/11/12/world/asia/communist-party- in-tibet-aims-to-punish-dalai-lama-followers. html?_r=0

12 13 communities and local governments.54 Because yet to carry out an investigation into his death.59 of his political activities and connection with the Dalai Lama he was placed under heavy surveillance before he was accused of being involved in a series C. Chadrel Rinpoche of bomb attacks in Chengdu that took place in Chadrel Rinpoche (aka Chadrel Jampa Trinley 55 April 2002 and charged for ‘splittism’. He was Rinpoche) was the abbot of TashiLhunpo detained secretly for eight months before he was , the traditional seat of the Panchen put on a closed-door criminal trial. In December Lama, located in (Ch: Xigaze) Prefecture, 2002, he was sentenced to death with a two- Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR). Following year reprieve that was later commuted to life the death of the 10th Panchen Lama in 1989, the imprisonment. After serving 13 years behind bars, Chinese authorities appointed Chadrel Rinpoche Tenzin Delek Rinpoche died in prison on 12 July 56 head of the official Search Committee to locate 2015 due to a series of human rights violations. th During his time in prison he was not allowed any the previous 10 Panchen Lama’s reincarnation. form of legal defence or lawyer, family members On 17 May 1995, three days after the Dalai Lama and relatives were not allowed to visit him on a announced the recognition of Gedhun Choekyi regular basis, and he was rejected proper medical Nyima as the 11th Panchen Lama, Chadrel care.57 The violations also continued after his Rinpoche and his assistant, Jampa Chung, were death in prison, with the arbitrary detention of his family members and relatives who called for detained from Chengdu Airport in investigation into his death and return of his body Province, purportedly for consulting with the Dalai for proper cremation.58 Tibetans wishing to offer Lama about the reincarnate. On 21 April 1997, prayers in the monasteries he built were barred after two years of incommunicado detention, the from doing so and his ashes had been confiscated. Intermediate People’s Court of Shigatse Prefecture, Despite repeated appeals, Chinese authorities have held a closed-door trial in which it sentenced Rinpoche to six years in prison and a subsequent 54 TCHRD’s submission to the Committee against Torture (CAT) in advance of its consideration three years of deprivation of political rights for of China’s Fifth Periodic Report, 12 Oct. 2015, “conspiring to split the country” and “leaking available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/ state secrets.” CAT/Shared%20Documents/CHN/INT_CAT_ CSS_CHN_22105_E.pdf After the expiration of Rinpoche’s six-year prison 55 Annual Report 2015, Congressional-Executive term in May 2001, he remained under Commission on China, 8 Oct. 2015, available at: http://www.cecc.gov/sites/chinacommission.house. in an isolated resort (Ch: dujiacun) south of Dib gov/files/2015%20Annual%20Report.pdf Military Camp (Tib: Drib Mag-khang), Lhasa, in 56 TCHRD’s submission to the Committee against an extended form of detention. Since then, nothing Torture (CAT) in advance of its consideration of China’s Fifth Periodic Report, 12 Oct. 2015, was heard of him. On 24 November 2011, an available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/ unnamed Tibetan official of Bhoejong Nangten CAT/Shared%20Documents/CHN/INT_CAT_ Thuntsok (Eng: Tibetan Buddhism Association) CSS_CHN_22105_E.pdf in Tibet who was a close associate of Rinpoche 57 China: Release reincarnated Tibetan Buddhist reported Rinpoche dead via an audio message. monk on medical parole, TCHRD, 7 Apr. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-release- The India-based Central Tibetan Administration senior-tibetan-monk-on-medical-parole/ 58 Death of Tibetan lama in prison: Family members 59 Death of Tibetan lama in prison: Family members released from detention but banned from contacting released from detention but banned from contacting outsiders, TCHRD, 7 Aug. 2015, available at: outsiders, TCHRD, 7 Aug. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/death-of-tibetan-lama-in- http://www.tchrd.org/death-of-tibetan-lama-in- prison-family-members-released-from-detention- prison-family-members-released-from-detention- but-banned-from-contacting-outsiders/ but-banned-from-contacting-outsiders/

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released the audio message, in which the official The orphans were given education in Tibetan was quoted as saying that some believed Rinpoche language, , English language and was poisoned to death.60 The report was never mathematics. The orphanage was forcibly closed confirmed, and the truth aboutR inpoche remains after Bangri Rinpoche’s imprisonment and many a mystery today.61 former inmates of the orphanage had to escape to India. D. Bangri Tsamtrul Rinpoche E. Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche BangriTsamtrul Rinpoche aka Jigme Tenzin Rinpoche is a reincarnated lama serving a Trulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche (also known life sentence on charges of “espionage” and as Pangri-na Rinpoche), is a highly revered “endangering state security”. He was detained in reincarnated lama from Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan August 1999 and remained in incommunicado , Sichuan Province. detention for years before news surfaced in May 2001 that he was sentenced to death with two years Rinpoche came under the surveillance of the reprieve62 by the Lhasa Municipality Intermediate Chinese police in May 2008, when he was suspected People’s Court, which was later commuted to of having links with a peaceful protest march63 life in 2003. In 2004, Bangri Rinpoche was conducted by more than 80 nuns of Pangri-na reportedly not in a position to move his upper Nunnery on 14 May 2008 in Kardze County. The part of the body and had lost much of his body nuns were protesting the implementation of the weight. In addition he had developed ulcer and ‘patriotic education’ campaign at their nunnery. jaundice and his health condition was known to On 18 May 2008, Rinpoche, who was 53 at the have deteriorated considerably. To date, there has time, was suddenly arrested from his monastic been no information about his whereabouts or residence. For several months, Rinpoche condition. remainedin incommunicado detention. On 23 Bangri Rinpoche was born in Nangchen County, December 2009, an Intermediate People’s Court Kyegudo (Ch: Yushu) Tibetan Autonomous at Dartsedo (Ch: ) County sentenced Prefecture, Qinghai Province. He was recognized as Rinpoche to 8.5 years for possession of weapons. the reincarnation of Bangri Rinpoche of Nangchen However, Li Fangping and Jiang Tianyong, two Bangri Monastery. Bangri Rinpoche’s concern prominent Chinese civil rights lawyers who for the welfare of poor and orphaned children defended Rinpoche had said that serious violations led him to establish The Gyatso Orphanage of Chinese law occurred during his case and that School through his own expenses and individual the charges against him “lack factual clarity and donations. The orphanage was founded in Gyatso sufficient evidence”.64 In August 2014, Rinpoche Township near the Palace in Lhasa. was found in poor health at Mianyang Prison near

60 Jadrel Rinpoche feared dead, Phayul, 24 Nov. 2011, 63 China arrests a popular religious figure in Kardze available at: http://www.phayul.com/news/article. County, TCHRD, 19 May 2008, available at: aspx?id=30415 http://www.tchrd.org/2008/05/china-arrests-a- 61 For more on Chadrel Rinpoche, see Into Thin popular-religious-figure-in-kardze-county/ Air: An Introduction to Enforced Disappearance 64 Verdict on Tibetan lama deferred: Chinese lawyers’ in Tibet, TCHRD, 2012, Print. statement on charges against Phurbu Rinpoche, 62 Death sentence for Bangri Rinpoche commuted International Campaign for Tibet, 27 Apr. 2009, to life imprisonment, TCHRD, 17 Dec. 2004, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/verdict-on- available at:http://www.tchrd.org/death- tibetan-lama-deferred-chinese-lawyers-statement- sentence-for-bangri-rinpoche-commuted-to-life- on-charges-against-phurbu-rinpoche/#sthash. imprisonment/ ZGEUb87O.dpuf

14 15 Chengdu raising concerns among his followers as “not compatible with reality”.67 The lawyer that his health was failing and he needed urgent was soon pressured by the authorities to drop the medical care.65 case.

The actual cause of Rinpoche’s imprisonment remains unclear, however, sources inside Tibet say G. Ngawang Gyaltsen that the arrest may have had to do with Rinpoche’s NgawangGyaltsen is a well-known artist and faith in the Dalai Lama. former monk from the ShakRongpo monastery.

F. Khenpo Karma Tsewang He was arrested in February 2015 and secretly detained for a month at a detention centre in KhenpoKarma Tsewang, (also known as Nagchu County before Chinese authorities KhenpoKartse), is a popular senior religious figure released any information about him. Although respected for his social work and the promotion there is no exact reason for the detention local and protection of Tibetan language, culture and Tibetans believe it is due to his political activities religion.66 He was the abbot of Jhapa Monastery and concern for the survival of Tibetan culture.68 in Nangchen (Ch: Nángqiān) County in Yushu In 2010 when the Chinese government officials Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai were running a political education campaign that Province. requires monks and nuns to denounce the Dalai Lama, Gyaltsen confronted the officials and as a KhenpoKartseKhenpoKartse was arrested from result was forced to leave the monastery.69 Chinese his hotel room in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan authorities continue to constrain his freedoms by Province, at 1 am on 7 December 2013. At the keeping heavy surveillance on him and controlling time of his arrest, he was suffering from bronchitis his meetings and travels. Shak Rongpo Monastery and tuberculosis. Both of these diseases were has been under intense pressure and restriction exacerbated by the denial of medical care, poor since 2010 when local authorities arrested and diet, and freezing detention cell. During detention, sentenced a senior spiritual teacher, Lama Dawa his disease worsenedand hewas reportedly Rinpoche, to seven years in prison. Lama Dawa expelling bloody sputum.KhenpoKartse was first Rinpoche was sentenced for allegedly contacting charged with “harming state security” which soon the Dalai Lama during the search for the ninth proved baseless. After being held in detention for reincarnation of Rongpo Choeje, the head lama nearly a year, KhenpoKartse was secretly sentenced to 2.5 years on an amended charge that he provided shelter to a fugitive monk from Karma Monastery in Prefecture, TAR.KhenpoKartse’s 67 Tibetan Religious Leader Secretly Sentenced to Chinese lawyer Tang Tianhao refuted the charge Two-and-a-Half Years in Jail, TCHRD, 17 Oct. 2014, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ news/tibet/jail-10172014190014.html 65 Prominent Tibetan religious figure found in 68 Disappeared monk and artist found emaciated condition in prison, TCHRD, 28 secretly detained, TCHRD, 24 Mar. 2015, available Aug. 2014, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ at: http://www.tchrd.org/monk-and-thangka- prominent-tibetan-religious-figure-found-in- artist-found-secretly-detained-after-disappeared- emaciated-condition-in-prison/ for-a-month/ 66 TCHRD calls on China to respect lawful rights 69 Disappeared monk and thangka artist found of detained senior monk, TCHRD, 12 Mar. 2014, secretly detained, TCHRD, 24 Mar. 2015, available available at: http://www.tchrd.org/tchrd-calls-on- at: http://www.tchrd.org/monk-and-thangka- china-to-respect-lawful-rights-of-detained-senior- artist-found-secretly-detained-after-disappeared- monk/ for-a-month/

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of the monastery.70 prisoners soon after their release have increased.75

H. Ngawang Gyurmey II. Tibetan Resistance against NgawangGyurmey is a recognised monk from Religious Repression Tsenden Monastery where he played an important part in the renovation of the monastery, Chinese authorities’ continued attacks on Tibetan providing his expertise in masonry and woodcraft monasteries and religious figures, in addition to a skills.71Gyurmey was arrested in March 2000 host of other oppressive policies provide a breeding together with several fellow monks on charges of ground for Tibetan resistance and grievance. distributing leaflets at a large public gathering, Peaceful protests and demonstrations including carrying the slogans “Long Live His Holiness the self-immolation have become a feature of Tibetan Dalai Lama”, “Free Tibet”, and “China Out of resistance against PRC’s repression. Tibet”.72 According to Chinese officials, he was Since 2009, more than 140 Tibetans, including accused of ”endangering national security a” and monks and nuns, has immolated themselves in ”incitement of false propaganda”.73 In March 2015 protest against government policies. In 2015, he was released from prison in a very poor health sevenknown self-immolation protests were after completing his 15 years sentence. While in recorded based on religious and political issues.The prison Gyurmey contracted tuberculosis and was Chinese authorities have blamedthe ‘Dalai clique’ left without proper medical care for over a year for inciting self-immolations in Tibet.76The first and family members remain worried about his self-immolation protest in 2015 was staged by a 47- health condition and fear that he may die soon.74 year old mother named Norchug on the evening of TCHRD’s Political Prisoners Database shows that 5 March, which coincided with ChotrulDuechen cases of death of Tibetan monks and political (Butter Lamp Festival), one of the four Tibetan Buddhist festivals commemorating the events in 70 Ancient Tibetan monastery under siege over the life of the Buddha.77 Norchug carried out her reincarnation issue; mother of two attempts suicide protest, TCHRD, 10 Sept. 2013, available at: burning protest at Ngaba County town, the site of http://www.tchrd.org/ancient-tibetan-monastery- the largest number of self-immolations in Tibet. under-siege-over-reincarnation-issue-mother-of- two-attempts-suicide-protest/ Yeshi Khando was a 47-year-old nun from 71 Monk released from prison after 15 years as Ngangang Nunnery, who set herself on fire inA pril crackdown continues on his monastery, TCHRD, 22 Mar. 2015, available at:http://www.tchrd.org/ 2015. During her protest she was heard shouting monk-released-from-prison-after-15-years-as- crackdown-continues-on-his-monastery/ 75 Monk released from prison after 15 years as 72 Tibetans in Nagchu continue to be persecuted, Free crackdown continues on his monastery, TCHRD, Tibet Campaign, 26 Mar. 2015, available at: http:// 22 Mar. 2015, available at:http://www.tchrd.org/ freetibet.org/news-media/na/tibetans-nagchu- monk-released-from-prison-after-15-years-as- continue-be-persecuted#sthash.KFP04JsT.dpuf crackdown-continues-on-his-monastery/ 73 Monk released from prison after 15 years as 76 China uses religious propaganda to counter Tibetan crackdown continues on his monastery, TCHRD, self-immolations, TCHRD, 20 Mar. 2013, available 22 Mar. 2015, available at:http://www.tchrd.org/ at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-uses-religious- monk-released-from-prison-after-15-years-as- propaganda-to-counter-tibetan-self-immolations/ crackdown-continues-on-his-monastery/ 77 Tibetan mother dies in self-immolation protest: 74 Monk released from prison after 15 years as Body quickly cremated for fear of seizure by police, crackdown continues on his monastery, TCHRD, TCHRD, 9 Mar. 2015, available at: http://www. 22 Mar. 2015, available at:http://www.tchrd.org/ tchrd.org/tibetan-mother-dies-in-self-immolation- monk-released-from-prison-after-15-years-as- protest-body-quickly-cremated-for-fear-of-seizure- crackdown-continues-on-his-monastery/ by-police/

16 17 slogans such as “Let His Holiness Return to few steps away from the makeshift altar.82 Tibet”, “Long Live His Holiness the Dalai Lama”, and “Tibet Needs Freedom”.78 Police arrived and In an attempt to halt self-immolations, the extinguished the flames and then took Khando Chinese authorities have outlawed the act but away. Khando’s family and Tibetan community also related acts, such as holding prayers for self- held a funeral ceremony for her and were later immolators, carrying photographs of the self- summoned by the County authorities.79 immolator in public or sending information about the immolator to outsiders.83 In these particular In July 2015, a 26-year-old monk named cases, religious rights and liberties are denied to SonamTopgyalself-immolated at Kyegudotown in Tibetans in the name of ‘national security crimes’. Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Chinese authorities perceive all acts relating to Province. He was a student of advanced Buddhist self-immolation as an attempt to split the Chinese studies at Dzongsar Monastery in Dege County in state and cause instability.84 Chinese government Kardze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan has implemented collective punitive measures Province. SonamTopgyal had been detained before targeting families of self-immolators and also and had witnessed his home being demolished. In the village of the self-immolator.85 In 2012, a a tucked away note in his prayer book he had stated propaganda campaign called ‘anti-immolation that Chinese policies were aimed at eradicating special struggle’ was introduced to provide Tibetan religion, culture and traditions.80 Chinese ‘political education’ and ‘guiding ideologies’ in security forces arrived shortly after Topgyal schools and monasteries. The implementation of began his protest and took him away. He was ‘political education’ often includes the permanent later declared dead at a hospital nearby. Chinese installation of Party and governmental officials authorities also erected checkpoints at all roads at monastic institutions, and authorities often leading up to the venue of the self-immolation justify official interference with monasteries by and blocked all internet lines for weeks after.81 associating them with separatism.86

Similarly, a lay Tibetan named Ney Kyab died In recent years, Tibetans have increasingly taken of self-immolation on 16 April 2015 in Ngaba 82 China detains family members after Tibetan non- County in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) Tibetan and Qiang violence activist dies of self-immolation, TCHRD, Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Before 21 Apr. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ burning himself, he had arranged portraits of the china-detains-family-members-after-tibetan-non- 14thDalai Lama, the previous 10thPanchen Lama violence-activist-dies-of-self-immolation/ 83 China detains family members after Tibetan non- and his family on a makeshift altar, in front which violence activist dies of self-immolation, TCHRD, he offered bowls of water and flowers; he died a 21 Apr. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ china-detains-family-members-after-tibetan-non- 78 Tibetan nun carries out self-immolation protest, violence-activist-dies-of-self-immolation/ Free Tibet Campaign, 10 Apr. 2015, available 84 China detains family members after Tibetan non- at: http://freetibet.org/news-media/na/tibetan- violence activist dies of self-immolation, TCHRD, nun-carries-out-self-immolation-protest#sthash. 21 Apr. 2015, available at http://www.tchrd.org/ X31S8eu8.dpuf china-detains-family-members-after-tibetan-non- 79 ibid violence-activist-dies-of-self-immolation/ 80 International Campaign for Tibet, Tibet Brief, 85 USCIRF, Annual Report 2015, available at: http:// Sept. 2015, available at: https://www.savetibet.org/ www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%20 tibet-brief-september-2015-ed-50/ Annual%20Report%202015%20%282%29.pdf 81 Monk stages burning protest in remote Tibetan 86 United States Department of State Bureau town as China imposes Internet blockade, TCHRD, of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 10 Jul. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ International Religious Freedom Report 2014, monk-stages-burning-protest-in-remote-tibetan- available at:http://www.state.gov/documents/ town-as-china-imposes-internet-blockade/ organization/238502.pdf

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to staging solo protests in which a protester holds practices and aggravate a sense of marginalisation a portrait of the Dalai Lama, sometimes also among the Tibetan community. This, in turn, carrying the banned Tibetan flag, and shouting leads to continued acts of self-immolations, slogans calling for the return of the Tibetan as a manifestation of the collective discontent spiritual leader, and for freedom and equality and grievances. Tibet has a distinct and rich in Tibet. 2015 witnesseda substantial number cultural heritage and language that is on the of solo protests staged by young Tibetan men verge of extinction. The contradictions that both and women, both lay and monastic.87 On 17 Tibetan Buddhist practitioners and Chinese December, a lay Tibetan youth, whose age remains policymakers face require open dialogues and unknown, staged a solo protest at the main street creative negotiations particularly concerning the of Dzoege County town, holding a portrait of preservation and promotion of Tibetan religious, the Dalai Lama and wearing a Tibetan Buddhist cultural and linguistic identity. Buddhism has flag.88 Chinese security forces soon took him into often been described as a religion of peace. As custody. His current condition and whereabouts such, the Chinese government needs to allow remain unknown. Following his detention, three Tibetan Buddhists to practice their convictions of his relatives were detained and questioned.89 without the fear of being labelled as separatists or even terrorists.90 III. Conclusion IV. Recommendations The PRC government severely restricts freedom of religion and belief in Tibet and views Tibetan ● Recommends the international community to Buddhism and its followers as a threat to national continue raising religious freedom concerns security. As religious institutions come under with Chinese leaders and encourage Chinese direct state and Party control, the list of repressive authorities to refrain from conflating peaceful measures imposed on Tibetan Buddhism is religious activities with threats to state growing because the decrees levied originate at security. each level of government, beginning with the State, ending with the Monastery Management ● Urges the Chinese government to release Committees, and including every level in between. religious and political prisoners sentenced for These restrictive regulations on the manner in their exercise of their faith and human rights. which religious institutions conduct religious Urges the Chinese government to answer ceremonies, education, and administration result ● the outstanding requests from The Special in a discriminatory outcome which greatly hinders Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief to the ability of Tibetan Buddhists to practice their conduct an official visit to China. faith of choice.Continued restrictions by the Chinese government perpetuate discriminatory ● Urges the Chinese government to resume contact 87 For a more detailed analysis of solo protests, see with the Dalai Lama or his representatives and the chapter on Civil and Political Rights in this report. engage in genuine dialogue to protect and 88 China detains relative of Tibetan man who staged 90 Simon Denyer, China accuses party members peaceful solo protest, TCHRD, 21 Dec. 2015, of support for Dalai Lama and even terrorism, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/tibetan-man- Washington Post, 4 Dec. 2015, available at https:// detained-after-staging-peaceful-solo-protest/ www.washingtonpost.com/world/china-accuses- 89 Three Relatives Detained, Released Following cadres-of-disloyalty-supporting-terrorism-islam- Solo Ngaba Protest, Radio Free Asia, 22 Dec. 2015, the-dalai-lama/2015/12/04/66df6d47-8f80-49d8- available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ b4a4-47576d6b67a8_story.html relatives-12222015155451.html

18 19 promote Tibetan culture, language, religion, and heritage.

● Urges the Chinese government to refrain from using security and judicial institutions to intimidate, persecute and imprison Tibetans with alleged links to a self-immolator or for sharing information about self-immolation.

● Urges the Chinese government to refrain from using intrusive management and legal measures to infringe upon and repress Tibetan Buddhists’ right to freedom of religion.

● Urges the Chinese government to cease treating the Dalai Lama as a security threat instead of as the spiritual leader of .

● Urges the Chinese government to respect the right of Tibetan Buddhists to identify and educate religious figures, including the Dalai Lama, in a manner consistent with Tibetan Buddhist preferences and traditions.

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20 21 Right to Privacy & Chilling Effects

In 2015, the People’s Republic of China (p r c ) Paradoxically, the p r c ’s support for international continued to violate the right to privacy in Tibet. bodies working on the right to privacy undermines The strongest evidence of the violations of the right the legal support for its own surveillance. Despite to privacy came from the p r c acting on information this, the p r c tries to justify violating the right to that was gathered by impermissibly infringing on privacy by misinterpreting exceptions. the right to privacy. Punishing Tibetans and others for what they said during private conversations or the contents of their phones, shows that there is a I. Legal Standards widespread operation that involves monitoring all communications inside Tibet. Such a widespread Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil policy violates Tibetan’s rights to privacy, even if and Political Rights (i ccp r ) protects the right to 93 most of the communications do not result in a privacy. Even though the p r c signed but not punishment. ratified thei ccp r , it is still required by international law to protect the right to privacy because it is part The p r c has tightened its control over of customary international law, which is binding communications and censorship in Tibet as the on all States. Customary international law is world is uniting behind stronger measures to formed through widespread and consistent State protect the right to privacy in the digital age.91 practice and the sense that States are acting out of Many of the global measures by international a legal obligation.94 organisations, States, businesses, and individuals are spurred by leaks about the United States’ mass Over the past two years, States, acting on their surveillance policy by Edward Snowden.92 The own and collectively through the United Nations p r c has supported global efforts to push back General Assembly and Human Rights Council, against mass surveillance and used the evidence of have reaffirmed their commitment to the right mass surveillance to justify implementing similar to privacy. Beginning with statements in 2013 policies. As a result, the p r c is simultaneously by the High Commissioner for Human Rights condemning and endorsing mass surveillance. and General Assembly Resolution 68/167, States universally reiterated that the right to privacy 91 See e.g., Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, is a human right and that mass surveillance United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner, available at: http://www.ohchr. org/EN/Issues/Privacy/SR/Pages/SRPrivacyIndex. 93 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on aspx. Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 16 December 92 See, Ryan Gallagher, U.N. Special Rapporteur: 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. Governments must not “backdoor” encryption 171, Art. 17. for spying, The Intercept, 28 May 2015, available 94 North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of at: https://theintercept.com/2015/05/28/united- /Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/ nations-encryption-anonymity-surveillance/. ), Judgment, I.C.J. reports 1969, p. 3 para. 77.

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undermines the right.95 Since then, States have passed a resolution reiterating that people had continued to emphasise, both in language and the same rights online as they do offline.99 This conduct, that the right to privacy is binding means that the right to privacy includes private on all States. Most recently, this resulted in the conversations and the contents of one’s phone and creation of a new Special Procedure at the u n apps, which is similar to private correspondences Human Rights Council (u n h r c ) in charge of the and information in one’s home. Importantly, the right to privacy in the digital age. In July 2015, growth of digital technology makes certain aspects the u n h r c appointed Professor Joe Cannataci of the right to privacy more accessible to people. from Malta, as the first SpecialR apporteur on the For example, anonymous communication is much right to privacy.96 The consistent and widespread simpler online. Recognizing this, in 2013, the u n recommitment by States to the binding right of Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of privacy demonstrates that it is part of customary expression explained that the right to privacy must international law and, therefore, binding on the include communications that are private, secure, and anonymous.100 p r c . The right to privacy is a qualified right. This At its core, the right to privacy guarantees individuals means that it may be restricted under certain a space free from government intrusion.97 In this circumstances without being violated.101 To ensure space, people can choose to communicate with that the essence of the right to privacy is protected, other people, or not. Before the growth of the it may only be restricted in narrow circumstances, digital technology, the private space was generally for example, to investigate a crime and then only understood to include a person’s family, home, if the rules on when a restriction is permissible are 98 correspondences, honour and reputation. As provided for by a clear law.102 people spent more time online and communicated with digital technology, the understanding of Many of the Chinese laws that restrict the right what was included in an individual’s sphere of to privacy are so broad that it is impossible to privacy became more complicated. Following the Snowden leaks, the u n General Assembly 99 The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age, G.A. Res. 68.167, U.N. Doc. No.A/Res/68/167 21 Jan. 95 See, The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age, 2014, para. 3, available at: http://www.un.org/ga/ United Nations Human Rights Office of the High search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/167. Commissioner, available at: http://www.ohchr. 100 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion org/EN/Issues/DigitalAge/Pages/DigitalAgeIndex. and protection of the right to freedom of opinion aspx. and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights 96 Special Rapporteur on the right to privacy, Council, UN Doc.A/HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013), United Nations Human Rights Office of the High para. 22, available at: http://daccess-dds-ny. Commissioner, available at: http://www.ohchr. un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/PDF/ org/EN/Issues/Privacy/SR/Pages/SRPrivacyIndex. G1313303.pdf?OpenElement. aspx. 101 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion 97 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights Council, UN Doc.A/HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013), Council, UN Doc.A/HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013), para. 21, available at: http://daccess-dds-ny. para. 22, available at: http://daccess-dds-ny. un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/PDF/ un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/PDF/ G1313303.pdf?OpenElement. G1313303.pdf?OpenElement. 102 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion 98 UN Human Rights Committee (HRC), CCPR and protection of the right to freedom of opinion General Comment No. 16: Article 17 (Right to and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights Privacy), The Right to Respect of Privacy, Family, Council, UN Doc.A/HRC/23/40 (17 April 2013), Home and Correspondence, and Protection of Honour paras. 19-23, available at: http://daccess-dds-ny. and Reputation, 8 April 1988, available at: http:// un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/PDF/ www.refworld.org/docid/453883f922.html. G1313303.pdf?OpenElement.

22 23 know when the right to privacy may be restricted. the u s programs.107 This included getting tech In 2015, the p r c passed a counterterrorism law, companies to provide the government user data which requires companies to decrypt information and intellectual property.108 In January 2015, the for the Public Security Bureau so that it may People’s Daily tweeted that Apple became the first investigate and prevent terrorism.103 The foreign firm to accept Chinese security checks.109 definition of terrorism in the law is so broad that The p r c also began enforcing requirements that it is impossible to know what does or does not people register for account with real names.110 qualify as terrorism.104 This is further confused by The requirement was claimed to be focused on the p r c ’s rhetoric, which has labelled the exercise removing parody accounts where people create of protected human rights, including the right to accounts as celebrities, including Russian President freedom of religion, as “terrorist.”105 Vladimir Putin and United States President Barack Obama, to poke fun at them. The law had the effect of restricting the space available for people II. Digital Controls of the inside the p r c to communicate anonymously. The Right to Privacy requirement that companies require real name registration was part of a general restricting of The p r c responded to the Snowden leaks by freedom online and to prevent people from using 111 condemning the u s mass surveillance programs the internet to “spread rumours.” In the p r c and trying to insulate itself from u s spying. rumours include information that is embarrassing In 2015, the p r c continued to limit its use of for the government, even if it is true and serves the technology from companies that worked with public interest by, for example, raising awareness 112 the u s government’s surveillance program. The about a disease. p r c did this by removing items from the Central 107 See Paul Mozur, China Tries to Extract Pledge Government Procurement Centre list that lists of Compliance From U.S. Tech Firms, New York approved items for purchase except in limited Times, 16 Sept. 2015, available at: http://nyti. circumstances.106 ms/1iibpbM. 108 Paul Mozur, China Tries to Extract Pledge of Compliance From U.S. Tech Firms, New York At the same time, the p r c worked to impose Times, 16 Sept. 2015, available at: http://nyti. its own mass surveillance program, similar to ms/1iibpbM. 109 See, Heather Timmons, Apple is reportedly giving 103 Art. 18, Counterterrorism law of the People’s Chinese government access to its devices for Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 “security checks,” Quartz, 23 Jan. 2015, available Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. at: http://qz.com/332059/apple-is-reportedly- com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% giving-the-chinese-government-access-to-its- 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 devices-for-a-security-assessment/. 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en 110 China to ban online impersonation accounts, (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- enforce real-name registration, Reuters, 4 12/27/c_128571798.htm). Feb. 2015, available at: http://www.reuters. 104 See China adopts first counter-terrorism law com/article/us-china-internet-censorship- in history, Xinhua, 27 Dec. 2015, available at: idUSKBN0L80ZF20150204. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/27/ 111 China to ban online impersonation accounts, c_134956054.htm. enforce real-name registration, Reuters, 4 105 Shannon Tiezzi, In War on Terror, China Takes Feb. 2015, available at: http://www.reuters. Aim at Tibet, The Diplomat, 3 Feb. 2015, available com/article/us-china-internet-censorship- at: http://thediplomat.com/2015/02/in-war-on- idUSKBN0L80ZF20150204. terror-china-takes-aim-at-tibet/. 112 See, China: New Bans on “Spreading Rumors” 106 Paul Carstein, China drops leading tech brands for About Disasters, Human Rights Watch, 2 Nov. certain state purchases, Reuters, 27 Feb. 2015, available 2015, available at: https://www.hrw.org/ at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tech- news/2015/11/02/china-new-ban-spreading- exclusive-idUSKBN0LV08720150227. rumors-about-disasters.

22 23 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 III. The right to privacy in impermissible if they violate another human right, in this case freedom of expression.116 Similarly, Tibet two monks were detained for sharing information about SangyalTso’s self-immolation.117 Late at night on 20 March 2015, LobsangDawa,

a 38 year-old monk at the Tsenden Monastery in In the three cases mentioned above, the p r c was Nagchu (Ch: Naqu) Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous monitoring private communications of monks Region (t a r ) was arrested. He was taken from and laypeople usually around important dates or his monastic quarters for possessing banned events. An example from April 2015 demonstrates information on WeChat, a mobile messaging that the p r c is constantly monitoring all 113 application on his phone. It is not clear what communications in Tibet, not just those around the authorities found among the images and specific dates or from specific people. In April documents in his WeChat folders to justify his 2015, an American who was teaching English arrest. Even if the authorities had not found any in Shenzhen visited Tibet and on the way sent incriminating evidence, the simple fact that they a friend a text message wondering how many looked at private information on his phone is a Tibetans on the train had been shot by Chinese violation of his right to privacy. soldiers.118 At 11:30pm police officers showed up at her room and told her they knew about her In a similar case, a 25 year-old Tibetan was texts.119 She was let go but had her visa to the p r c arrested in June 2015, for sharing information cancelled.120 The American’s story demonstrates on WeChat.114 The information he shared was a that somebody with no connection to Tibet has photo of the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan flag to her private conversations monitored. commemorate the Dalai Lama’s 80th birthday.115

That the p r c was intercepting and spying on The cases of the p r c violating the right to privacy in private communications sent through WeChat is Tibet are important as examples of the p r c refusing a violation of the right to privacy. This example to apply international standards that they support is illustrative of how the p r c ’s intrusion into the right to privacy is based on an impermissibly broad 116 See,Report of the Special Rapporteur on the interpretation of the exceptions to the right to promotion and protection of the right to freedom of privacy. Sharing photos of the Dalai Lama and the opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, UN Human Rights Council, UN Doc. A/HRC/23/40 (17 April Tibetan flag is protected by the right to freedom 2013), para. 29(b), available at: http://daccess- of expression. Restricting the right to privacy is dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G13/133/03/ PDF/G1313303.pdf?OpenElement. 113 Monk detained and disappeared for keeping 117 Two more monks secretly detained following banned contents on mobile app, TCHRD, 26 Tibetan mother’s self-immolation, TCHRD, 9 Mar. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ June 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ monk-detained-and-disappeared-amid-intense- two-more-monks-secretly-detained-following- crackdown-on-tibetan-monastery/. tibetan-mothers-self-immolation/. 114 TCHRD concerned over detention of Tibetan 118 Steve Tarter, Teacher recounts unsettling experience man for celebrating the Dalai Lama’s 80th Birthday, in Tibet, getting thrown out of China, Journal Star, TCHRD, 25 June 2015, available at: http://www. 18 April 2015, available at: http://www.pjstar.com/ tchrd.org/tchrd-concerned-over-detention-of- article/20150418/NEWS/150419219. tibetan-man-for-celebrating-dalai-lamas-80th- 119 Steve Tarter, Teacher recounts unsettling experience birthday/. in Tibet, getting thrown out of China, Journal Star, 115 TCHRD concerned over detention of Tibetan 18 April 2015, available at: http://www.pjstar.com/ man for celebrating the Dalai Lama’s 80th Birthday, article/20150418/NEWS/150419219. TCHRD, 25 June 2015, available at: http://www. 120 Steve Tarter, Teacher recounts unsettling experience tchrd.org/tchrd-concerned-over-detention-of- in Tibet, getting thrown out of China, Journal Star, tibetan-man-for-celebrating-dalai-lamas-80th- 18 April 2015, available at: http://www.pjstar.com/ birthday/. article/20150418/NEWS/150419219.

24 25 internationally. They also are important because they have a chilling effect on speech in Tibet. Even if internationally, the p r c denies violating the right to privacy, within Tibet the authorities make it clear they know about private communications. When the authorities questioned the American, they said, “we know about the texts.”121 In the case of LobsangDawa, the police came to his room to arrest him because, presumably, they knew he had some banned information on his phone.122 The result of these cases is that Tibetans and others inside Tibet learn they have to be careful about what they say and share. By denying people the right to privacy, the p r c is also restricting the right to freedom of expression and other rights.

Despite the p r c ’s objections to surveillance by the u s and support for the right to privacy internationally, within the p r c the government has worked to impose mass surveillance systems that violate the right to privacy. In 2015, the p r c continued to arrest people for private communications and information. More troubling, the p r c began punishing international technology companies and pushing technology companies to facilitate more violations of the right to privacy. At the same time that the p r c was lobbying companies to give the p r c access to encrypted data and technical information, it also passed laws (discussed in the Civil and Political Rights Chapter) that establish a foundation for more systematic violations of the right to privacy under the guise of protecting national security and preventing terrorism.

121 Steve Tarter, Teacher recounts unsettling experience in Tibet, getting thrown out of China, Journal Star, 18 April 2015, available at: http://www.pjstar.com/ article/20150418/NEWS/150419219. 122 Monk detained and disappeared for keeping banned contents on mobile app, TCHRD, 26 Mar. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ monk-detained-and-disappeared-amid-intense- crackdown-on-tibetan-monastery/.

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26 27 ENVIRONMENT

2015 was a turning point for the global governance the s d g commitments and the c o p 21 national of Tibet, both land and people. Global agreement commitments will, ironically, be used by the was reached on how States will manage climate People’s Republic of China (p r c ) to further change, and also advance a new set of sustainable disempower, marginalise and depopulate the development goals. Both agreements, in December , and further sideline or displace and September respectively, represent the best efforts the Tibetan people from their own lands. of the international community to come up with global agreements that will be in effect for a long GETTING TO GRIPS WITH JARGON: time, shaping policy towards a wide range of issues, PARIS COP21 including planetary warming, desertification, land Some global treaties or conventions require degradation, poverty alleviation, women’s rights all governments that have signed on to the and much more. The culmination of many years treaty to meet regularly, to review progress in of advocacy, lobbying, argument, negotiation and implementation and propose further steps to diplomacy culminated in the formal adoption be agreed on. These meetings are known in of Sustainable Development Goals (s d g s),123 at UN jargon as a Conference of the Parties, or a special session of the United Nations; and the cop. Since the first agreement that something agreement in Paris at the 21st annual gathering of must be done to prevent disastrous climate warming, there had been 20 such annual all governments (c o p 21) to strengthen efforts to meetings, so the 2015 gathering in Paris was reduce climate changing emissions. the 21st., hence COP21. At first glance, these two agreements seem unconnected. The s d g s are all about human I. International Agreements development, with a strong focus on those who Shaping Tibet Policy have missed out on the benefits of modernity.T he c o p 21 agreement was all about reducing emissions, Only a few months after the adoption of the s d g s in the hope of limiting the warming of the planet and the c o p 21, it is impossible to say what their to only two degrees above preindustrial levels. long-term impact will be. Implementation of both SDGs and COP21 will only gradually pick up But when we consider the impacts, over coming momentum, and impact on the land and people years, of these agreements on Tibet, they intersect of the Tibetan Plateau. All that can be said at this in many ways, and are likely to generate perverse point is that a new architecture of key concepts outcomes, unforeseen by the negotiators who and acronyms was created and formally adopted earnestly hoped to move the world in a positive worldwide, in 2015.The crucial point is that, direction. There is reason to suppose that both in the case of PRC, how those new concepts are 123 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ implemented is totally in the hands of Chinese mdgoverview/post-2015-development-agenda. government. PRC has long insisted that all key html

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concepts and policies must be formulated to health care spending, manufacturing becomes a conform to “Chinese characteristics”, as defined smaller portion of the total economy, and the p r c by the ruling party-state. will achieve its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (i n d c s), UN jargon for each The insistence on implementing global policy country’s pledge for what it promises to do to save with Chinese characteristics is especially true of the planet from overheating. the c o p 21 outcome. The c o p 21 did not result in a new treaty, still less any accountability of A major aspect of PRC’s pledge to the c o p 21 nation-states to some higher order empowered was that, while coal use will continue to increase, to monitor compliance and enforce emissions China will also invest heavily in hydro power. reductions. The most the world system was Nearly all the dams due to be built in the near capable of achieving in 2015, despite decades future are on Tibetan rivers, especially at the edges of climate science alarm, was that each nation of the Tibetan Plateau, where the great rivers of sets its own goals, with little monitoring and no Asia plunge into deep gorges, their wild mountain mechanism for enforcement. The p r c did manage flows tempting PRC’s state-owned dam builders to announce a goal that promises no reduction and electricity generators. An intensification in climate warming emissions at all until 2030, of dam construction, in remote areas of Tibet and this was not challenged, as everyone wanted previously left alone by the Chinese state, will have to at last have an agreement in which, for the first major impacts, both social and environmental. time, every nation-state is a participant. The p r c did promise to start reducing its emissions, by GETTING TO GRIPS WITH JARGON: SDGs unspecified amounts, starting in 2030. Between As this century began, popular dismay at 2015 and 2030, emissions by the world’s biggest global inequality led governments to agree emitter, will continue to rise. In the intervening on a set of Millennium Development Goals 15 years, the p r c will continue to increase its coal that had a lifespan of 15 years. Those goals consumption by at least four thousand million tons specified improvements in, among other (4bn t) a year. The p r c already consumes more coal things, health, education, literacy, women’s than every other country in the world combined. rights to be achieved by 2015. The new Despite this, the p r c has all along insisted this is Sustainable Development Goals now replace its right: to catch up with the richest countries, the older goals. The sdgs are more ambitious by developing fast. Economic growth continues than the mdgs, starting with Goal #1: “End explicitly to be the number one goal of the 13th poverty in all its forms everywhere.” Five-Year Plan covering the years 2016 to 2020. The environment is a secondary goal. II. Uses and Abuses of Instead of committing to actual emissions International and Chinese reductions, the p r c got away with promising only to reduce the energy intensity of its economy, Jargon rather than committing to actual emissions This section is a guide to all the new jargon: reductions. Since the p r c is fast growing its INDCs, Five-Year Plans (FYPs), COP21, SDGs services sector, it can reduce energy intensity per and many more. There are plenty of people fluent unit of g d p without reducing emissions at all. in these jargon terms, which then take on a life As services become a bigger percentage of the of their own, becoming well-known, naturalised Chinese economy, as Chinese do more banking, concepts, the building blocks of new regimes of retail, wealth management, property speculation, global policy towards environment and human gambling, entertainment, sport, education and

28 29 development. Once the jargon sets in, those who B. Reducing carbon emissions caused use it seldom step back to question the package by deforestation and degradation that the acronym summarises. Thus they fail to notice, that in China’s hands, these jargons mutate, Reducing carbon emissions caused by deforestation acquire “Chinese characteristics” and in practice, and (forest) degradation (r e d d ) is an idea intended on the ground, in the farmlands and pasture lands to help achieve the key aim124 of climate change of western PRC, they end up meaning something action. The focus of r e d d is on the forests of the quite different to what was originally intended. developing countries, because historically they have always captured huge amounts of carbon from the air, and because they are now threatened A. Payment for Environmental Services by logging, plantations, burning and clearing for cattle ranching. Although r e d d is focussed on Payment for environmental services (p e s ) is an idea that’s been around for a while. It focuses forests, there is growing recognition that the vast on the lands and peoples who are providers grasslands of the world also have the capacity to of environmental services such as clean water capture carbon. The idea of r e d d + indicates an supply, carbon capture or biodiversity, especially expansion of REDD beyond the forests. when those who benefit from those services live The r e d d + idea usually involves a market-based elsewhere, downstream, or in cities that make scheme in which an industrial polluter pays a distant much use the resources and services provided forested community to capture more carbon. For by others. The basic idea is simple: beneficiaries the polluter, this is much cheaper than reducing should pay providers, to ensure the providers emissions. But if, in a remote corner of Tibet, continue to provide. In Tibet, it would mean no for example, people plant more trees, how much longer taking for granted that Tibet provides the carbon is thus sequestered? How long must it be p r c and Asia with pure water, clean air and much sequestered? What is the monetary value of taking else; and if Tibetans are to continue to do so they carbon out of the air, and into the soil, trees, grasses must forego the opportunity to industrialise. So and herbs? Who receives the payment? What are the Tibetans deserve p e s payment, to compensate the responsibilities of beneficiary communities to for the opportunity costs incurred by remaining ensure that carbon captured is not released to the under-developed. atmosphere again?

In principle p e s is widely accepted, but These are difficult questions to resolve, even if operationalising it in practice is difficult. Who all the parties are free to speak up; even harder in pays whom? For how long? Who decides what Tibet where local communities are not allowed to services are measured? How can environmental negotiate their free, prior and informed consent services be monetised, given a dollar value? Can to a contract which may bind them for a century. industries, used to getting air and water and much r e d d + is an idea with problems. else as a free public good, be persuaded to pay?

Due to such difficulties, much effort has gone into C. The Sloping Land Conversion coming up with new concepts that build on p e s , Program and the Natural Forest which are more measurable and doable, such as Protection Program r e d d +. These are specifically Chinese slogans and concepts. Two decades ago PRC’s planners

124 http://redd.unfccc.int/

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realised that much forest and grassland had been another area. In Tibet, because of the cold climate, mistakenly cleared, or “reclaimed”, according to rehabilitation of degrading grassland takes a long the p r c ’s propaganda, for farming. The farmers time, is often not very successful, and requires spreading into the grasslands of Inner labour-intensive employment of local pastoralists and elsewhere ploughed up the grasses, exposing to look after the freshly sown native grasses, herbs the soil to gales and blizzards, which even today and sedges. The danger is that China will persist in cause Beijing to be blanketed in dust storms as removing rather than employing pastoralists to do the ex-grassland erodes. The farmers lose soil and the work of repairing degradation, because China livelihoods. In hilly country, including Tibet, land persists in blaming pastoralist as the cause of the far above any river was cleared for agriculture, degradation, and because repairing degrading loess creating many dryland farmers barely making a soils below Tibet is cheaper and easier. living. Private investors are now being invited to see l d n In the 1990s,PRC started to reverse these policy as a profitable opportunity.125 This could become mistakes. The Sloping Land Conversion Program another way for third parties to improve both (slcp ) and the Natural Forest Protection Program profit and reputation, while disempowered parties (nfpp ) both aimed to reforest, or regrass, large such as Tibetan communities find themselves areas and restore natural landscapes in which yet again excluded from their own pastures, in ecologically suitable trees, shrubs and grasses were the name of l d n . The United Nations says l d n planted, while compensating poor farmers for should not work that way. The u n poses the key their loss of income. The overall slogan was: “grain question126 and supplies its answer: “ Is LDN an to green”, or g2g. offset or compensation scheme that could result in a license to degrade?No. The focus and aim of In practice, nfpp and sclp succeeded in some areas, LDN is to maintain and improve the productivity but did not work well in others. Despite massive of land resources by sustainably managing and investment in reforestation, PRCstill struggles to restoring soil, water and biodiversity assets, while halt desertification and degradation of land that at the same time contributing to poverty reduction, once supported grassland or forest. food and water security, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. The key principle of D. Land Degradation Neutrality LDN is that the people at a grassroots level, whose everyday decisions and actions affect the condition The newest jargon is l d n : land degradation of land and water resources, have to be involved in neutrality. It is a simple idea that is hard to designing and implementing measures to halt and implement. If degradation occurs in one area, it reverse land degradation.”127 should be compensated for by restoration and rehabilitation of degraded land in other areas, so However, in practice, ideas such as LDN do there is no net loss. That is a bottom line, if the result in tradeoffs, and profit for a few, often at world is to arrest the current slide backwards into the expense of the disadvantaged. Tibetans should 125 http://www.landscapes.org/london/agenda-item/ worsening desertification and degradation. LDN day-1-june-10/expert-clusters-2-scaling-up- is sometimes called nl d n : net land degradation solutions-4-parallel-sessions/land-degradation- neutrality. neutrality-fund-profitable-interventions/ 126 http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/ The problem is that, as with all market-based RioConventions/RioPlus20/Pages/LDNFAQ. aspx solutions, it introduces trade-offs. Degradation 127 http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/ in one area may be cheaper to remediate than in RioConventions/RioPlus20/Pages/LDNFAQ. aspx

30 31 monitor all these new jargons closely, to see how where irrigation is impossible, and the dryland they are actually implemented in practice.Tibetans farmers struggle to grow enough crops to sustain will find many environmentalists worldwide share themselves or keep the land, in dry years, from their concerns that REDD+ and LDN achieve eroding badly. The slcp was a program requiring little by way of actual emissions reduction, confuse farmers on land that slopes to return a portion everyone with their deliberate complexity, and of their land to plantings of species that serve an disempower indigenous “beneficiaries.”128There ecological purpose, above all, holding remaining are many REDD projects in Nepal, which Tibetans soil in place, preventing erosion, restoring habitat. could check out to see what actually happens on At a national level, this was the Chinese Communist the ground. A recent investigation of those projects Party (ccp ) facing up to its revolutionary pledge to says: “REDD+ policy making is dominated by forever banish the danger of famine; a recognition a ‘development triangle’, a tripartite coalition of that policies requiring each province to be self- key government actors, external organizations sufficient in grain production had wrongly cleared (international NGOs and donors), and select for farming much land that should never have been civil society organizations. As a result, the views farmed. The p r c was learning to become a national and interests of other important stakeholders market, no longer placing local self-sufficiency as have been marginalized, threatening recentralized the highest of goals. The initial impulse was good, forest governance and hampering the effective and the policy was popularised by a simple slogan, implementation of REDD+ in Nepal.”129 grain to green, g2g. The policy recognised, at national level, that farmers on marginal drylands struggling to make a living would not want to E. Using Jargon in Tibet: SLCP and lose part of their farmland for ecological plantings NFPP that produce nothing edible or saleable. So the national government accepted responsibility for Not only do these jargon concepts guide policy compensating farmers by providing them with from above, dictated by Beijing for implementation subsistence rations, to enable them to survive across the p r c , irrespective of local differences, the on a smaller land allocation. In theory, it was a jargons collide with each other, or are implemented complete package that made sense. serially over time, amplifying the impacts. One of the policy fashions of the 1990s was the sclp . Likewise, PRC’s recognition in the late 1990s As usual, the starting point that crystallised into that it had exploited its forests, including those an acronym was well intentioned. It began with in Tibet, far beyond any sustainable capacity to a recognition that too much land in the p r c had grow back, led to the Natural Forest Protection been converted to farmland, even in hilly areas Program (nfpp ), mandating that much cleared 128 See, for example, a 2010 report by Friends of the land be reforested. Again, a commendable aim, Earth: redd: the realities in black and white; Global Witness also monitors REDD implementation, but everything depends on how, at a local level, including Honest Engagement - Transparency such policies are implemented. And Civil Society Participation In Redd, 2009. A Nepalese NGO, Forest Action, in 2015 published Local government officials and party cadres at several critiques of REDD and its impact on local level are meant, in theory, to transmit down ethnic minorities: http://www.forestaction.org/ publications/view/183 the line the will of the central leaders, and ensure 129 Bryan R. Bushley, REDD+ policy making implementation. But PRC is huge; policies in Nepal: toward state-centric, polycentric, suited to one area may not be suitable in another. or market-oriented governance? Ecology and When the people and the cadres are of the same Society 19(3), 2014: 34., available at http://www. ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss3/ nationality, and share sympathy for each other, national policies are often bent to accommodate

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local needs. For example, in the 1990s, monitoring in the unfamiliar role of forest guardianship. The of slcp and nfpp programs showed how much workers put down their chainsaws and took to difference local government attitudes make. In areas aeroplanes and helicopters to scatter tree seeds from where local officials sympathised with the loss of the air. This method did not take into account the income of farmers ordered to replant ecologically steep slopes of the rugged ranges that separate the useful species on their farmland, they widened the wild mountain rivers of . Not surprisingly, definition of “ecological” trees to include many it was not very successful. Even when seeds strike trees that also bear commercially valuable fruits, roots, they must survive the hard winter without a which can be cropped and income gained. Strictly surrounding shelterbelt of mature trees providing speaking, from a national viewpoint, this distorts a protective microclimate. On many slopes, at policy implementation, and does not show up in differing altitudes, complex habitats exist, in national statistics that aggregate how big an area which different species grow together, and such has been replanted. complexity is not readily reproduced, especially from the air. In areas where the senior cadres are not of the same ethnicity as the local population, lack Far from employing local Tibetan communities to understanding of traditional lifeways, and do not do the work of reforestation, in many areas nfpp care much whether they are liked locally or not, meant declaring areas designated for reforestation implementation is stricter. The cadres know their to be officially ProtectedA reas (p a s), within which best chance of promotion, and a reposting to a human activity was banned, especially pastoralism, town or a wealthier area depends on implementing which was becoming possible as grasses naturally national policies strictly according to orders from replaced trees. Tibetans, who could have been above. made part of the solution, were instead declared to be part of the problem. In a country as big as the p r c , national policy can only define goals, and the extent of official support, The acronyms, and the thinking behind them, are such as compensation or punishment, for local seldom explained to Tibetan communities, still implementation, or resistance. How the policy less in Tibetan. So there is a disconnect between is implemented may vary greatly. For example, Beijing policy and local engagement. Policy is in Kham, in the heavily forested, precipitous often transmitted via simplistic slogans, which landscapes of eastern Tibet, nfpp , starting in 1998, instruct people as to what is to be done, without was meant to reforest the steep slopes denuded by explaining the policy goals. decades of Chinese logging. How reforestation was to be accomplished was not made clear and Perhaps the slogan with the biggest impact has delegated to local officials. been tuimuhuancao, close pastures to grow more grass. This slogan, introduced in 2003, has led Experience of successful reforestation worldwide to more and more Tibetans pastoralists losing all shows that local communities are the best people or some of their pasture, officially removed from to do the work, of gathering seeds, planting production for a temporary period of three or five them, caring for vulnerable seedlings until they or at most ten years, to see if the removal of grazing can look after themselves. However, the p r c ’s top is sufficient, without any other intervention, to priority was maintaining economic growth, not restore degrading lands. In reality, these temporary the environment. As a result, the main concern bans are not reversed, and Chinese scientists in implementing the nfpp was to maintain increasingly question whether degradation has employment for the state forestry workers who been caused by overgrazing or by past policy had been cutting trees down, redeploying them mistakes that fragmented pastoral land, reduced

32 33 seasonal mobility, forced pastoralists to invest people from each other. This is true also of the much time and money in fencing, house building, SDG goals, such as poverty alleviation, which winter fodder crop production and storage and sound commendable, but when given “Chinese other measures that had perverse outcomes, characteristics” end up as a further rationale for notably exacerbating poverty and squeezing herds removing Tibetans from Tibet, on the grounds year-round on lands allocated to nuclear families, that Tibetans are poor because they live in Tibet, depriving them of the flexibility of many families because Tibet by definition is so high, and cold, pooling lands and herds, to minimise over- so remote and lacking in factor endowments, so grazing. vast and scattered, that there is no way Tibetans can ever get out of poverty as long as they remain So Tibetans experience the simplistic slogans, rural. According to this paternalistic logic, Tibetans such as “close pasture, grow more grass” as must be saved from Tibet, since no one would incomprehensible, and a threat to their ongoing choose to live in Tibet if they had a comfortable livelihoods. There is a disconnect between official urban alternative. Earlier projects, such as NFPP policy and the needs of the land and the people. in Kham Dechen, failed to help poor Tibetan farmers.131 NFPP, SCLP, tuimuhuancao and the other policies of the 1990s and first decade of this century are the background to 2015’s SDGs and COP21, III. The Impact of bringing in p e s , r e d d +, and l d n . All these policies result, for rural Tibetans, in disempowerment, Environmental Policies in restriction, exclusion, exclosure, poverty, Tibet dependence on official rations, relocation and resettlement to new concrete towns, while denied The s d g s, l d n , r e d d + and p e s are only just access to their traditional pastures and valleys.A beginning to affect Tibet. The impact on Tibet 2015 review of the enthusiasm for REDD in Nepal will depend on how new, more distant financial concluded that: “Nepal’s institutional REDD+ partners working with the p r c to financer e d d + and planning structure is highly dominated by techno- p e s and the p r c ’scontinued insistence that global bureaucratic topdown practices representing policies be applied with “Chinese characteristics” government interests and international donors’ will change the implementation of the new policies. requirements, while subnational and non- The new players who will emerge in the next few governmental stakeholders often find themselves years will be not only rich countries directing their to be merely used to legitimize the policy process aid budget to implementing r e d d +, l d n and p e s rather than to actively shape it.”130 in Tibet, but also the major corporations of the developed world, using in Tibet ways to offset Since Tibetans had no opportunity, in the greenhouse gas emissions by buying up and locking lengthy negotiations leading to the SDGs and away Tibetan opportunities for development and the COP21 programs such as LDN, REDD+ and growth. PES, to speak up for themselves, it will not be surprising, in coming years, if China implements These new mechanisms have the potential to LDN, REDD+ and PES in ways that further disempower Tibetans in many ways. These new disempower, fragment, displace and depopulate the land of Tibet, separating the land and the 131 Horst Weyerhaeuser, Andreas Wilkes, FredrichKahrl, Local impacts and responses to regional forest 130 Rishi R. Bastakoti and ConnyDavidsen; Nepal’s conservation and rehabilitation programs in China’s REDD+ Readiness Preparation and Multi- northwest Yunnan province, Agricultural Systems Stakeholder Consultation Challenges; Journal of 85 (2005) 234–253 Forest and Livelihood 13(1) May, 2015 30

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acronyms, unfamiliar to Tibetans, have been For the oil palm plantation owner, such a contract embraced by new players, attracted by the prospect is attractive. For a modest investment, far less than of corporate reputational marketing opportunities he would have to spend on directly curtailing his to be achieved by advertising how they are “saving” carbon footprint, he gets to offset his pollution by Tibet. A new dynamic will gradually emerge, as locking up pasture land in distant Tibet, and gets some of the biggest corporations worldwide look to advertise to the world what a good job of saving to Tibet as a cheap way of repairing corporate Tibet, and the planet, he is doing. reputations damaged over many years by their record as polluters, including massive emissions of But such a contract will always have “Chinese greenhouse gases that heat the entire planet. characteristics,” and the p r c will almost certainly be among the contracting parties. It will not be a Such schemes are still in their infancy, but simple agreement negotiated directly by a Tibetan momentum is growing and c o p 21 gave corporate community and an oil palm factory owner. The investors greater confidence that all the world’s p r c may argue that it is already saving in Tibet governments are now more serious and determined from the Tibetans by removing much pasture to create a price for carbon emitted. At c o p 21 in from grazing, and has been paying the cost of their Paris many big corporations played major roles, relocation, and subsistence rations. If the oil palm because they can see the day coming soon when the owner wants to use Tibet as an offset, the p r c may cost of carbon emitted must be included routinely demand that he bear those costs and excuse China in calculating the total costs of their production, from further responsibility. Already we have three and they are now pro-actively planning to build contracting parties: a Tibetan community unable those costs into their internal accounting process. to provide free, prior and informed consent; the p r c , and a Singapore entrepreneur. There may well Because they are “market-based”, p e s and r e d d + be more contracting parties complicating things projects tend to be amazingly complex, and hard further. For example, the biggest environmental to understand. They are complex contracts for n g o s working in Tibetan areas in recent years, several reasons. First, there are many parties to such as the Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife such a contract, whose responsibilities have to Fund and Conservation International may wish to be specified. For example, an oil palm plantation be partners to such contracts, as it may enhance owner and commodity trader based in Singapore their reputations as well as the reputation (and can now offset the emissions caused by chopping share price) of the oil palm magnate. It is also quite down tropical rainforest in Indonesia for oil palm likely that a European government’s aid agency tree plantations by investing in growing grass in might join in, perhaps to finance those aspects Tibet. The investor in Singapore is primarily that p r c has usually neglected, such as paying for concerned with the offset rather than the actual vocational education for the Tibetan community impact on Tibetans and the Tibetan environment. to train them to enter China’s urban labour market As such, questions about who will do the actual and get off welfare. work of growing more grass; who receives the payment; how to prove that the removal of So there could be five or six parties to such a grazing, and the growing of grass has succeeded in contract, each with their own agenda, acronyms, capturing carbon; and how long must the captured reporting regimes, all proclaiming themselves carbon, now in the soil, remain in the soil, before saviours of Tibet. In such circumstances, will Tibetans can return with their yaks, sheep and Tibetan communities have time and opportunity goats and start grazing again are unanswered and to understand that they are signing away their right considered irrelevant. to development, their economic right to growth? Will they realise that new parties will now have a

34 35 big say, not only in this generation, but, because caught in controversies about secretive banks some of these contracts can last for 100 years, enabling the rich to avoid taxes, or grabbing the their children and grandchildren as well, in how lands of the poor for cash crops not useful to poor Tibetan land is used, and what may be done with peasants displaced by corporate power. Another that land? corporation with a questionable environmental record,135Asia Pulp and Paper, is also keen to These are complex negotiations, which should invest in landscapes that will compensate for its happen between parties equal in power, in access record in its base, in the forests of Indonesia. to information, and time to consider carefully the consequences of such a long term binding As a global carbon market gradually develops contract. In theory, according to the p r c ’s momentum, as a direct outcome of the Paris Constitution, rural land is owned by collectives, c o p 21, it is not hard to imagine such corporations but in Tibet do those collectives function in any investing in saving the land of Tibet from way outside the control of the local Communist degradation by growing more grass or forest. Party apparatus? Will the village chief, or county The publicity will be good for the investors, the cadres or prefectural head of the State Forestry world’s biggest environmental organisations will Administration speak for and on behalf of the applaud, and no one will notice that growing Tibetans, who will effectively have no say, nor more grass with “Chinese characteristics” means even realise that their land has been designated as displacing pastoral nomads from their pastures, non-productive for the coming century? These are to lead wasted lives as fringe dwellers. In May probable scenarios given the disempowerment of 2015,TCHRD published a detailed report on the the Tibetans and the concentration of power in disempowering impacts PRC’s grassland policies official hands. on nomads.136Corporate investors will be credited with creating the global carbon market, pioneers The example of the oil palm plantation operator in implementing l d n , r e d d + and p e s . is not exactly hypothetical. If one looks at major events at the Paris c o p 21, one of the biggest Another organisation strongly promoting r e d d + was the Global Landscapes Forum,132 a high- is c i f o r ,137which as a result of Paris COP21, hopes profile event over two days giving the many for a scaling up of the many small-scale REDD+ corporate partners opportunity to improve their projects around the world. Technically, REDD+ reputations. One such corporation is Wilmar,133 is limited to forests, but can readily be extended hardly a household name but big in providing to the growing of grass on the vast rangelands of the ingredients used in a thousand consumer the world. products, notably palm oil. Another corporation promoting itself as a backer of COP21 is Mars,134 All these market-based schemes promise that the manufacturer of big brand chocolate sweets everyone will benefit. In reality, such a universally and packaged pet foods. Mars is under pressure beneficial outcome is extremely hard to achieve. for being a marketer of junk foods and the global The most powerful participants with the loudest obesity epidemic, needs green credentials, and voices can see how they will benefit and will use knows it.Other sponsors of the Global landscapes their power to ensure they do. In Tibet these actors Forum include the big Swiss bank Credit Suisse, are international investors and the p r c . The key the global food commodity trader Cargill. Both 135 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Pulp_%26_ face reputational risk problems, finding themselves Paper 136 http://tchrd.org/wasted-lives-new-report-offer- 132 http://www.landscapes.org/glf-2015/partners/ fresh-insights-on-travails-of-tibetan-nomads/ 133 http://www.wilmar-international.com/ 137 http://blog.cifor.org/37888/10-views-on-the- 134 http://www.mars.com/global/index.aspx future-of-redd?fnl=en

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question is whether Tibetans will also benefit, or without water. As the Tibetan wetlands dry, they be sidelined and largely ignored or even excluded, become dry peatland, releasing methane to the in the name of carbon capture and remediating air. land degradation. There is no reason why Tibetans need to be disempowered or marginalised by such These are among the reasons why Tibetans may projects, but their criminalisation, whenever welcome international investment, if it can restore they speak up for local landscapes, puts them at wetlands, or assist Tibetans to improve their enormous disadvantage. pastures, sow more native grasses and be paid to work as stewards of recovery from degradation. All such schemes begin by turning Tibet into These could all have positive results, both for numbers, which become objective truths that take landscapes and people of Tibet. But this would on a life of their own, no longer under Tibetan require Tibetans to be free to make their own control. The numbers initially are scientific decisions about how to best achieve outcomes estimates of the amount of carbon sequestered that actually cut carbon emissions, capture by ceasing grazing, or planting grass, or planting carbon, and enhance Tibetan livelihoods. Under trees, in specific landscapes, measurement work the current situation, with ccp officials speaking Chinese scientists have been done intensively in for all Tibetans in all public spheres, it is hard to Tibet. Those numbers, for extra carbon in the soil, imagine how Tibetans might be allowed a speaking or in the roots and leaves of ungrazed plants, are position. then formulaically converted into dollar numbers, part of the growing financialisation of nature, the Meanwhile, China is not a spectator, but an translation of nature into capital.138 All of this is active participant in the growing financialisation done without Tibetan input. If anything, Tibetans of nature. In the many consortia of promoters pastoralists start at a disadvantage, as livestock of the new market based “solutions” to climate production is regarded as a substantial source of warming, are many government aid agencies, greenhouse gases, due to the methane belched by international organisations with global reach cattle as they digest the grasses. on environmental issues, major n g o s, scientific research organisations, academics specialising in Despite much scientific research, there is very different disciplines, universities, charities and little evidence that traditional pastoralism is a net advocacy groups; many of which have strong source of carbon emissions, but among scientists connections with their Chinese colleagues, who and policy makers, there is an inbuilt assumption are now part of these coalitions clustered around that all pastoral livestock production is a heavy their common cause. The p r c has many well- source of methane, a climate warming gas much established avenues to connect and participate in more potent than carbon dioxide. The scientific these new steps towards a global carbon market evidence actually suggests that the Tibetan Plateau that provides finance to remote, under-developed is in danger of sending huge amounts of carbon areas such as Tibet, in the name of mitigating into the atmosphere as temperatures rise, because climate change. permafrost locks up much carbon, and so do the many wetlands of Tibet, and now the permafrost is shrinking fast, and also the wetlands are drying A. Sustainable Development Goals and out, partly due to China’s program of deliberately Poverty Relief draining the water meadows, partly due to earlier This is true also of the new Sustainable Develop- arrival of spring which melts away subsoil water, ment Goals (s d g s). The s d g swere adopted in 2015 leaving plants at the start of the growing season and like c o p 21 were negotiated over several years, 138 http://www.teebweb.org/

36 37 mobilising the energetic participation of a wide lack of available labour, withers. China denies that range of official and NGO institutions, often with the poor are many, despite PRC’s urban boom, Chinese partners. The SDGs are a long list of goals, and focuses narrowly on the 70 million officially objectives and yardsticks for quantifying progress, designated as poor, by official criteria. PRC’s on a wide range of issues such as health, education, definition of poverty is extraordinarily low, only literacy, women’s participation, children, poverty RMB2300 per person per year or US$376 (at and much more. Implementation of the SDGs is 2010 prices). In Beijing one meal in an upscale firmly in the hands of national governments, and restaurant can cost that much. The World Bank China is determined to maintain its reputation says the poor in PRC are many more than China as exemplary leader of the developing world acknowledges.140 by following up its much-acclaimed success in implementing the Millennium Development A high proportion of the p r c ’s 70 million Goals (MDGs), between 2000 and 2015. In a intractable poor are Tibetans. The p r c has complex world, with many weak states lacking dramatic plans for them: “The conference laid capacity to intervene helpfully in the lives of the out concrete and diversified measures in poverty poor, China has been hailed as the great success relief. Industrial development is key to poverty story, an example to the rest of the developing alleviation, Xi Jinping said. Local resources should world. be well utilized to develop industries and ensure employment for the jobless peasants. Relocation is Since the PRC is huge, its national statistics hide also highlighted. Premier Li Keqiang urged to lift enormous regional variation. Few observers have about 10 million people out of poverty by 2020 noticed that in Tibetan areas in the p r c has struggled through relocation, and local governments should to fulfil keym d g s. In Tibet illiteracy remains high, make sure the relocated people have stable jobs to and maternal mortality shockingly common. make a living.”141 Only if national numbers are disaggregated are such problems apparent. The p r c will not only persist in being the exemplary state, fulfilling the new s d g s, it will go beyond its Because the p r c can hide its failures in Tibet with quota and physically relocate ten million human national statistics, it remains the favourite of beings, to save them from the lands that doom the global sustainable development community, them to poverty. The Tibetans are to be saved and is determined to maintain its reputation. from Tibet. The p r c views the Tibetan Plateau When it comes to poverty alleviation, the p r c as unnaturally cold, its air terrifyingly thin, has announced that in the 13th Five-Year Plan growing little more than grass, forcing its helpless period, 2016 to 2020: “China’s top leadership inhabitants to wander like animals that follow the pledged resolute measures to help the remaining grass. For Chinese planners, it is inconceivable 70 million poor people shake off poverty and that anyone with a choice would choose to live in enjoy essential social services by 2020. President such a harsh place. Now the p r c , will graciously Xi Jinping told the conference that ‘no single poor relocate 10 million poor people by 2020. It is not region nor an individual living in poverty will be clear how how many of them will be Tibetans, but left behind’ when the country accomplishes the what is clear is the Chinese view that it is Tibet that goal of ‘building a moderately prosperous society’ makes Tibetans poor, and this can be remedied 139 by 2020.” PRC ignores hundreds of millions of 140 Xiuqing Wang, Juan Liu et al.,China’s rural poverty poor peasants reliant on the urban factory incomes line and the determinants of rural poverty; China of their adult children while the ancestral land, for Agricultural Economic Review, Vol. 1 No. 3, 2009, pp. 283-300 139 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-11/29/ 141 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-11/29/ c_134864846.htm?utm c_134864846.htm?utm

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only by removal, at the least to the comfort of substituting in its stead the urban enclave pattern towns and cities, enclaves of modernity in Tibet, that is ever more heavily reliant on external sources or away from Tibet altogether. of energy and material support.

Emptying rural Tibet of human use will profoundly As a result of the p r c ’s embrace of c o p 21 and change the landscape, which, even in the decade of s d g s, with Chinese characteristics added, these pastoralist removals in the name of growing more trends are rapidly intensifying. In the name of grass to capture carbon, has resulted in grassland poverty alleviation, carbon capture, the provision becoming shrubland no longer useful for livestock of environmental services to downriver lowland production. Locking up the innumerable plateaus China, net land degradation neutrality and of Tibet, in the name of c o p 21 carbon capture reducing emissions from degradation, Tibet is and s d g poverty alleviation, may win China being emptied of its people, always on scientific much acclaim from the many environmental grounds that seem entirely plausible to the and developmental institutions worldwide that architects of c o p 21, s d g s, ln d , p e s , r e d d + and argued for the c o p 21 and s d g achievements of other fashionable concepts now at the forefront of 2015. Yet the consequences will be profound. environmental and developmental governance. A depopulated Tibetan Plateau, with its human populations concentrated in cities and urban fringe resettlement camps, will have lost its food security, land tenure rights, opportunity to fulfil economic and social rights, and thus have to live under enforceable contracts written by global investors that require productive land to remain unproductive of anything but grass and water, for as much as the coming 100 years.

The Tibetan Plateau was made humanly habitable by basing the whole Tibetan civilisation on extensive land use, spread out across a vast plateau, operationalised by the strategy of mobility. Extensive land use made skilful use of all the resources nature provides for the pastoralists, without overgrazing, due to regular mobility, moving on with herds and homes. This pattern of extensive land use is in contrast to the intensive concentration of populations, both animal and human, in specific enclaves, such as towns and their surrounds, that is typical of modernity. The p r c has brought modernity to Tibet, in the form of intensive enclaves of development that require huge external inputs, of fuel, electricity, hydropower, financial subsidies, even food trucked in from great distances.

The p r c has repudiated the extensive land use pattern of Tibetan production landscapes,

38 39 Civil and Political Rights

In 2015, the People’s Republic of China (p r c ) I. Legal Obligations stifled space for civil society and the exercise of human rights. The p r c ’s crackdown on hundreds The rights and freedoms addressed in this chapter of human rights lawyers and activists in Mainland are recognized around the world as among the China showed the extent to which the p r c will go minimum conditions for human beings to live to quash activities that promote human rights and with dignity. They are included in numerous rule of law. New legislation affords broad state multilateral international human rights treaties powers and imposes obligations on citizens to and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights protect national security. These new policies and (u d h r ). laws further restrict human rights in Tibet. The international standards governing human Expression is unjustifiably restricted in Tibet. rights are also binding on the p r c because it is Opinion and expression are tolerated to the extent a signatory to and has ratified numerous multi- that they accord with the views of the Chinese lateral international treaties that recognize human Communist Party (ccp ). Other expression is rights. On 5 October 1998, the p r c signed the considered a threat and treated harshly. In 2015, International Convention on Civil and Political Tibetans were arrested, detained, tortured and Rights (i ccp r ),142 which makes the basic civil and sentenced for carrying out peaceful solo protests. political rights recognized by the world in the Artists and intellectuals continue to be targeted. In u d h r legally binding.143 As a signatory, the p r c 2015, the p r c increased its control over the internet must not defeat the object and purpose of the thus limiting the ability of Tibetans to impart or ICCPR.144 The object and purpose of the ICCPR, receive information. At least, two known Tibetans and other human rights treaties, is to protect were detained for their online activities. human dignity.145 This obligation to protect and respect human rights, which are necessary for p r c The continues to deny Tibetans the freedom human dignity, is reinforced because the p r c is an of movement. Most Tibetans are denied passports elected member of the United Nations Human and therefore denied their right to leave their Rights Council. As an elected member of the UN country. Inside Tibet, the checkpoint and border pass regime continues, particularly around 142 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty p r c anniversaries and events that the thinks could Series, vol. 999, p. 171 [ICCPR] provoke protests. The restrictions on movement 143 UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human deny Tibetans the opportunity to exercise other Rights, 10 December 1948 217 A(III) at art. 13(2). human rights. 144 United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), 23 May 1969, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331, Art. 18. 145 United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), 23 May 1969, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1155, p. 331, Art. 18(1).

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Human Rights Council (u n h r c ),146 the p r c has “the state respects and protects human rights”.149 committed to “upholding the highest standard in The Constitution specifically guarantees freedom the promotion and protection of human rights” of speech (Art. 35), freedom of religious belief and to “fully cooperate with the Council.”147 (Art. 36) and freedom from unlawful detention or arrest (Art. 37). The civil and political rights enshrined in the i ccp r include, among others, rights to protect The rights of minority nationalities are enshrined life and physical security (Arts. 6 - 11), right to in the Constitution. Article 4 states that “the movement into out of and within a State (Arts. State protects the lawful rights and interests of the 12 - 13), rights regarding treatment by the judicial minority nationalities and upholds and develops process (Arts. 14 - 16), fundamental freedoms, the relationship of equality, unity and mutual such as privacy, religion, expression, peaceful assistance among all of China’s nationalities.” assembly and association (Arts. 17 - 22), right It goes on to state, “discrimination against and to political participation (Arts. 25), and right to oppression of any nationality are prohibited.” equality before the law (Arts. 26). Under both the i ccp r and customary international law, some of However, the Constitution also contains several the rights are absolute and others may be restricted vaguely worded articles that undermine human in some narrowly defined circumstances. rights. For example, Article 51 states that a person’s freedoms and rights “may not infringe upon the The p r c is also a party to other international treaties interests of the State [and/or] of society”, but does that recognize civil and political human rights, not include a definition of what is meant by the such as the: International Convention on the interests of the State or society. The Constitution Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination also imposes positive obligations on its citizens. (i c e r d ) (acceded 29 December 1981); Convention These duties include to “safeguard the unification on the Elimination of Discrimination against of the country and the unity of all its nationalities” Women (ratified 4 November 1980); Convention (Art. 52), “observe … public order and respect Against Torture (ratified 1988); and Convention social ethics” (Art. 53), safeguard the “security, on the Rights of the Child (ratified 2 March honour and interests of the motherland” (Art. 54), 1992).148 and the duty to keep state secrets (article 53). The vagueness of these provisions coupled with the lack The p r c ’s Constitution includes provisions that are of clear implementation or remedial provisions in consistent with international law. Article 33 states the Constitution undermine its effectiveness as a that all citizens are “equal before the law” and that safeguard for human rights.

Article 5 of the Constitution establishes the p r c as 146 united Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner.Current Membership of the Human Rights a nation “under the rule of law”. All other Chinese Council. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ laws, regulations and state action are considered HRBodies/HRC/Pages/CurrentMembers.aspx lower laws and must be consistent with the (accessed 12 December 2015) provisions contained within the constitution.150 147 UN News Centre. FAQ’s on the Human Rights Council. Available at: http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/ Other sources of law in the p r c include national hr_council/hr_q_and_a.htm (accessed 12 December 2015). 149 constitution of the People’s Republic of China. 1982.02.04 148 ratification of International Human RightsTreaties - China. including 2004 amendment. Available at: http://www. Human Rights Library, University of Minnesota, available asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/clotproc361/ at: http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/ 150 Wang Sixin, “Protection of Freedom of Expression by Chinese ratification-china.html Laws”. China Society for Human Rights Studies. Available at: http://www.chinahumanrights.org/CSHRS/ Magazine/Text/t20091223_524610.htm

40 41 laws, such as the National Criminal Law, p r c .156 administrative rules and by-laws, local regulations, guizhang(ministerial orders and decrees of local Developments in 2015 show that the “socialist governments), interpretations of the law and rule of law with Chinese characteristics” is customs.151 fundamentally different from the internationally understood concept of rule of law. Despite the rhetoric, the p r c is moving away rule of law and II. Rule by Law and the constitutionalism and towards a rule by law that allows the Communist Party of China (ccp ) to Decline of Civil Society govern with unchecked power. Instead of allowing In 2015, despite some hopes that President people to use to the law as a shield to defend their Xi Jinping would improve human rights, the rights, the ccp has used the law as a sword to attack people, even when doing so violates human p r c ’s policies toward human rights in Tibet and elsewhere became increasingly hostile. Since he rights. came to power in November 2012, President Xi Jinping has emphasized his plan to eradicate A. National Security Law corruption amongst officials, increase judicial independence and develop the “socialist rule of Passed on 1 July 2015, the National Security law with Chinese characteristics.”152 In pledging Law establishes a sweeping framework for the to rule the country in accordance with the protection of national security.157 The legislation 153 Constitution, President Xi Jinping declared 4 allows the p r c access to essentially anything that December to be “Constitution Day” to “boost the impacts “national security,” which is broadly Chinese peoples’ awareness of the supreme law and defined as “the relative absence of international further the country’s drive to establish the rule of or domestic threats to the state’s power to govern, law.”154 Senior officials are now required to swear sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity, the allegiance to the p r c ’s Constitution.155 Observers welfare of the people, sustainable economic and were cautiously optimistic that these reforms social development, and other major national would improve the human rights situation in the interests, and the ability to ensure a continued state of security” (Art. 2).158 The definition of “national security” is so broad that it permits p r c intrusion 151 Rule by Law: Special report on the rule of law with Chinese characteristics. TCHRD (2015). into almost every aspect of a person’s life. 152 mahalakshmiGanapathy, Paving the Path for Rule of Law in China - Reform or Empty Rhetoric? (Observer Research The national security law does not define what Foundation 2015) available at: http://orfonline.org/cms/ is considered a “threat.” As a result, the law is sites/orfonline/modules/analysis/AnalysisDetail.ht so broad that people cannot know before hand ml?cmaid=83290&mmacmaid=83291. 153 CPC sets new blueprint for rule of law. Xinhua, 23 Oct. whether their conduct is criminal or not. This is 2014, available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ china/2014-10/23/c_133737845.htm. See also: Rule 156 See, for example, “China with legal characteristics” The of law should leave no room for legal loopholes. Xinhua, 28 Economist, 1 Nov. 2014. Available at: http://www. Oct. 2014, available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/ economist.com/news/leaders/21629383-xi- english/china/2014-10/28/c_133748821.htm jinping-invoking-rule-law-thats-risky-him-and- 154 China ratifies national Constitution Day. Xinhua, 1 Nov. good-china-china-legal 2014, available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/ 157 China’s new National Security Law a serious setback to Human china/2014-11/01/c_133758094.htm Rights in Tibet. TCHRD, 9 Jul. 2015, available at: http:// 155 Chinese officials shall pledge allegiance to Constitution: www.tchrd.org/chinas-new-national-security-law- decision. Xinhua, 1 Jul. 2015, available at: http:// a-serious-setback-to-human-rights-in-tibet/ news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-07/01/ 158 National Security Law. China Law Translate, 1 Jul. 2015, available c_134371484.htm at http://chinalawtranslate.com/2015nsl/?lang=en

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particularly troubling because national security or celebrating his birthday.163 Tibetans could also law imposes positive obligations on citizens to be charged under the National Security Law for preserve national security, including “promptly failing to prevent acts, such as self-immolations, reporting leads on activities endangering national which it considers to be a threat to national security”, “providing conditions to facilitate security.164 national security efforts and other assistance” and “keeping state secrets they learn of confidential” Laws must be sufficiently precise to enable (Art. 77).159Punishment for offences under the individuals to understand how to conduct National Security Law is harsh, including the themselves as well as to protect against arbitrary collective punishment of family members.160 or discriminatory enforcement by authorities. Independent oversight is important to ensure The scope of the National Security Law is so far- that authorities can be held accountable for reaching that it will enable human rights abuses. implementing the legislation beyond the limits the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, law.165 The national security law lacks precision. ZeidRa’ad Al Hussein, issued a statement after Not only will citizens be unable to discern which the National Security Law passed expressing his conduct could be illegal. The opportunity for “deep concern” for the human rights implications abuse is dangerously high. The p r c ’s judiciary is of the national security law, stating that it, “leaves not independent and largely carries out the will the door wide open to further restrictions of the of the ccp . This means that the judiciary will not rights and freedoms of Chinese citizens, and to stop the National Security Law from being used even tighter control of civil society by the Chinese as a sword to arbitrarily attack Tibetans and other authorities than there is already.”161 people.

Tibetans are particularly at risk under the National Security Law. The p r c already considers B. Counter-Terrorism Law any act or acknowledgement of the Dalai Lama On 27 December 2015, the p r c passed a to be “splittist” or separatist activity that threatens counterterrorism law.166 The p r c had circulated the national security.162 As the National Security second draft of the law in February 2015 but then Law is written, Tibetans could be punished for put the law on hold after sustained criticism from not reporting relatives or neighbours who might human rights n g o s and Western governments.167 express support for the Dalai Lama, including possessing his teachings, praying for his long life 163 China’s new National Security Law a serious setback to Human Rights in Tibet. TCHRD, 9 Jul. 2015, available at: http:// www.tchrd.org/chinas-new-national-security-law- 159 China’s new National Security Law a serious setback to Human a-serious-setback-to-human-rights-in-tibet/ Rights in Tibet. TCHRD, 9 Jul. 2015, available at: http:// 164 China’s new National Security Law a serious setback to Human www.tchrd.org/chinas-new-national-security-law- Rights in Tibet. TCHRD, 9 Jul. 2015, available at: http:// a-serious-setback-to-human-rights-in-tibet/ www.tchrd.org/chinas-new-national-security-law- 160 China’s new National Security Law a serious setback to Human a-serious-setback-to-human-rights-in-tibet/ Rights in Tibet. TCHRD 9 Jul. 2015, available at: http:// 165 UN human rights chief says China’s new security law is too www.tchrd.org/chinas-new-national-security-law- broad, too vague. UN Human Rights Office of the High a-serious-setback-to-human-rights-in-tibet/ Commissioner, 7 Jul. 2015, available at: http://www. 161 UN human rights chief says China’s new security law is too ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. broad, too vague. UN Human Rights Office of the High aspx?NewsID=16210&LangID=E Commissioner, 7 Jul. 2015, available at: http://www. 166 China adopts first counter-terrorism law in ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews. history, Xinhua, 27 Dec. 2015, available at: aspx?NewsID=16210&LangID=E http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/27/ 162 China vows rule of law, anti-separatism battle in Tibet, c_134956054.htm. Xinhua, 8 Sept. 2015, available at: http://news.xinhuanet. 167 Krista Hughes, China puts tech bill that concerns com/english/2015-09/08/c_134603300.htm the West on hold: U.S. Official, Reuters, 13 Mar.

42 43 The p r c passed the counterterrorism law when Even before the counterterrorism law passed, the people in the West were distracted by the p r c tried to label the Dalai Lama as a terrorist.174 Christmas and New Year holidays and less likely The law does specifically mention “distorting to be following the news. The counterterrorism religious doctrines” as a form of terrorism.175 In law went into effect 1 January 2016.168 addition to labelling the Dalai Lama and vague “outside forces” as terrorist, the law can also The counterterrorism law is part of a global trend of include protests and self-immolations as terrorist authoritarian governments using counterterrorism activity. The law is viewed as another tool to laws to justify human rights violations.169 The crush domestic dissent and justify crackdowns on p r c ’s counterterrorism adopts a tactic similar to Tibetans and Uyghurs.176 that used in the definition of “state secrecy.” The law relies on overly broad definitions to allow the The counterterrorism law explicitly provides government to do whatever it wants, while still justifications for policies that were not formally maintaining the pretence of following the law. adopted before. For example, under the Western governments and other organizations counterterrorism law, authorities responding to have criticised the law for being “recklessly”170 a “terrorist incident” can seal off the roads to an and “extraordinarily”171 broad. For example, the area and implement entry and exit control for an counterterrorism law includes punishments for area of specific people.177 Most specifically, this people who “incite or coerce” minors to not receive regulation could be used to replace the restrictions compulsory education.172 This could include the p r c places on travelling to Buddhist teachings. protests that shut down schools, such as those The p r c used local regulations to prohibit Tibetans against the introduction of Mandarin education from travelling to the Kalachakra Empowerment. in Qinghai.173 The p r c claimed the Dalai Lama used Kalachakra 2015, available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/ to incite “hatred, terror, and extremist action … us-china-security-usa-iduskbn0m91zt20150313#B for political ends” and that it tarnished the purity 6BjY1lOhaJRkCD1.97. of Kalachakra and harmed Tibetan Buddhism.178 168 China adopts first counter-terrorism law in history, Xinhua, 27 Dec. 2015, available at: 174 Shannon Tiezzi, In War on Terror, China Takes http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/27/ Aim at Tibet, The Diplomat, 3 Feb. 2015, available c_134956054.htm. at: http://thediplomat.com/2015/02/in-war-on- 169 China passes new technological anti-terrorism law, terror-china-takes-aim-at-tibet/. Jurist, 28 Dec. 2015, available at: http://jurist.org/ 175 China adopts first counter-terrorism law in paperchase/2015/12/china-passes-controversial- history, Xinhua, 27 Dec. 2015, available at: anti-terrorism-law.php. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-12/27/ 170 Chris Buckley, China Passes Antiterrorism Law c_134956054.htm. That Critics Fear May Overreach, New York Times, 176 James Leibold, The Ethnic Face of Terror in China, available at: http://nyti.ms/1mkCqx9. La Trobe University, 9 Dec. 2015, available at http:// 171 Shannon Tiezzi, In War on Terror, China Takes www.latrobe.edu.au/news/announcements/2015/ Aim at Tibet, The Diplomat, 3 Feb. 2015, available the-ethnic-face-of-terror-in-china at: http://thediplomat.com/2015/02/in-war-on- 177 Art. 61, Counterterrorism law of the People’s terror-china-takes-aim-at-tibet/. Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 172 Art. 81(9), Counterterrorism law of the People’s Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en 12/27/c_128571798.htm). (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- 178 Bai Yang, Dalai Lama against solemnity, purity 12/27/c_128571798.htm). nature of Kalachakra, CCTV, 7 Jul. 2014, 173 Special Report: The Right to Education, TCHRD, available at: http://english.cntv.cn/2014/07/07/ page 21. ARTI1404741564258795.shtml.

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This rhetoric places the Kalachakra Empowerment the rights and reputations of others or when within the scope of the counterterrorism law and necessary to protect national security, public order, permits restrictions on the right to travel as a or public health and morals.183 By allowing the response to a terrorism. restrictions in the counterterrorism law, the p r c is implying the restrictions are necessary for national Within Tibet, the law can be interpreted to security and to prevent terrorism. However, the justify harassment of people who have opposed definition of terrorism is so broad that it includes restrictive regulations. By allowing roads and people exercising their human rights as terrorism. areas to be sealed off, the creation of checkpoints, As a result, the restrictions cannot be a justified similar to those in Diru(Ch: Biru) County. In restriction to freedom of expression. The p r c Diru, Tibetans are forced to travel through eight already shuts down communications in Tibetan checkpoints to travel 270km (168 miles).179 At areas after a self-immolation or protest.184 The these checkpoints, Tibetans can be fined, beaten, counterterrorism law goes further to criminalise or detained for having the wrong documents or the dissemination of information. This means expressing annoyance.180 More broadly, the law that even when people succeed in avoiding the could be used to justify restrictions on Tibetans communications restrictions and get information travelling internationally or inside Tibet and the out of Tibet, both the people who supplied the restrictions on foreigners entering Tibet. information and the people who publish it can be punished under the counterterrorism law. In other cases, the counterterrorism law expands narrow restrictions. Under the pretence of Most of the concern about the counterterrorism law preventing dissemination of false information focused on the p r c implementing new surveillance and imitation of terrorist attacks the law prohibits requirements and requiring tech companies to reporting about terrorist attacks, except by install “backdoors” ways for the p r c to break into pre-approved media outlets181 and allows the encrypted data.185 Articles 18 and 19 concern control of communications in areas impacted by when telecommunication and internetproviders terrorism.182 The i ccp r guarantees the right to must monitor communications.186 This seek, receive and impart ideas of all kinds, except includes giving public security organs “technical when limited restrictions are necessary to protect interfaces, decryption and other technical 179 2014 Annual Report, TCHRD, page 42. support” for the investigation and prevention of 180 2014 Annual Report, TCHRD, page 42. 181 Art. 90, Counterterrorism law of the People’s Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 183 ICCPR Art. 19. Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. 184 See, Dan Levin, Tibetan Man Dies After Self- com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% Immolation in Protest of Chinese Rule, New York 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 Times, 17 Dec. 2014, available at: http://nyti. 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en ms/1Aan3KZ. (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- 185 China: Draft Counterterrorism Law a Recipe for 12/27/c_128571798.htm); see also, China passes Abuses, Human Rights Watch, 20 Jan. 2015, available controversial anti-terror laws, BBC, 28 Dec. 2015, at: https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/01/20/china- available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia- draft-counterterrorism-law-recipe-abuses. china-35188137. 186 See Arts. 18, 19, Counterterrorism law of the People’s 182 Art. 61(4), Counterterrorism law of the People’s Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- 12/27/c_128571798.htm). 12/27/c_128571798.htm).

44 45 terrorism.187Additionally, it requires companies It is unclear how the p r c will use the know the real name of people using their services, counterterrorism law. The ambiguities in the law which restricts the right to privacy and the right to combined with the p r c ’s practice of defining any share information anonymous if one wants.188 The form of dissent as terrorism and relying on heavy law also vaguely requires that companies comply handed response suggest that the law will be used with precautions, handling information required to justify even broader and more severe violations by counterterrorism officials.189 This vaguely of human rights under the guise of combatting worded requirement could be used as a means of terrorism. imposing strict requirements like giving the p r c access to data and information. The ambiguity in the law is particularly troublesome for businesses C. Draft NGO Law because it allows for not only the punishment of The proposed Law on the Administration of the company but also the individual responsibility Overseas Non-Governmental Organisations (also 190 of principal managers. The p r c has relied on known as the Oversight Plan) will severely limit threatening employees with personal punishment the ability of international non-governmental to intimidate businesses.191 organisations (n g o s) to function in the p r c . 187 Arts. 18, Counterterrorism law of the People’s Currently in draft form, the law was expected to Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. be passed in 2015. This legislation will put foreign com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% n g o s under direct supervision of p r c security 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 forces by requiring all foreign groups to find a 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- government sponsor and seek police approval for 192 12/27/c_128571798.htm). all activities. Several n g o s have said that this law 188 Art. 86, Counterterrorism law of the People’s will cause them to curtail or cease their operations Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 in the p r c . Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 While n g o activity in Tibet is already restricted, 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en the n g o law can be seen as an extension of the p r c ’s (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- campaign to end the influence of international 12/27/c_128571798.htm). groups that promote political causes or work 189 Art. 91, Counterterrorism law of the People’s to promote rule of law and legal rights in the Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 193 Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. p r c . n g o s will be effectively barred from taking com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% action that could be considered at odds with the 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 interests of the party-state.194 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- 12/27/c_128571798.htm). 190 Arts. 86, 91, Counterterrorism law of the People’s Republic of China (2015), China Law Translate, 27 Dec. 2015, available at: http://chinalawtranslate. 192 Foreign Groups Fear China Oversight Plan, New York com/%E5%8F%8D%E6%81%90%E6%80% Times, 17 Jun. 2015, availableat: http://www.nytimes. 96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%9 com/2015/06/18/world/foreign-groups-fear- 5-%EF%BC%882015%EF%BC%89/?lang=en china-oversight-plan.html (citing: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015- 193 Foreign Groups Fear China Oversight Plan, New York 12/27/c_128571798.htm). Times, 17 Jun. 2015, availableat: http://www.nytimes. 191 Michael Martina and Matthew Miller, ‘Mr. com/2015/06/18/world/foreign-groups-fear- Confession’ and his boss drive antitrust crusade, china-oversight-plan.html Reuters, 15 Sept. 2014, available at: http://www. 194 China: waging “lawfare” on NGOs, European Council on reuters.com/article/us-china-antitrust-ndrc- Foreign Relations, Nov. 2015, available at: http://www.ecfr. insight-idUSKBN0HA27X20140915. eu/page/-/CA_1511_NGO_Final.pdf

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D. Crackdown on Chinese Human On a broader level, the p r c ’s attempt to “discredit Rights’ Lawyers and dismantle the rights defence movement” shows that the p r c will not tolerate a society where The on-going large-scale arrests of Chinese human it can be scrutinized and held accountable by its rights’ lawyers and activists are at odds with the p r c ’s citizens.199 This is the opposite of rule by law. promises of rule of law and constitutionalism. Since Lawyers are the upholders of the rule of law and 9 July 2015, at least 307 Chinese lawyers, law firm defenders of social justice. If the lawyers’ rights staff, human rights activists and family members are not protected, the rights of citizens cannot be have been questioned, summoned, forbidden to safeguarded. leave the country, held under house arrest, placed under residential surveillance, criminally detained, E. Rule by law arrested or gone missing.195p r c authorities have ignored internationally recognized principles of The p r c ’s ‘socialist rule of law with Chinese due legal process, openly violated domestic criminal characteristics’ is a form of rule by law not rule of 196 procedures and denied their human rights. As law. The concept of rule of law is internationally of November 2015, 41 known lawyers or activists understood as a “principle of governance in which 197 are detained or incommunicado. all persons, institutions, and entities, public and private, including the State itself are accountable The crackdown on lawyers is devastating for to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally Tibetans’ in custody. Tibetan cases are considered enforced and independently adjudicated, and politically sensitive and Chinese lawyers have which are consistent with international human risked their careers and wellbeing to defend rights norms and standards”.200 Tibetans facing criminal allegations.198 Now that the mere fact of being a rights’ lawyer attracts the A system of rule of law is necessary to protect suspicion of the party-state, the number of lawyers people from the arbitrary use of power by the state. willing or able to represent Tibetans will decrease. A meaningful system with rule of law must uphold Without competent representation, the number the following: (i) the government and its officials of Tibetans facing unfair proceedings and unjust and agents, individuals, and private entities are sentences will increase. accountable under the law; (ii) the laws are clear, 195 709 Crackdown: Latest Statistics and Cases Update as of publicized, stable and just; laws are applied evenly; 18:00 27 November 2015. China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group (CHRLCG), 27 Nov. 2015, available at: http:// laws protect fundamental rights including the www.chrlawyers.hk/en/content/【“709-crackdown”】latest- security of persons and property; (iii) the process statistics-and-cases-update-1800-27-november-2015 by which the laws are enacted, administered and 196 709 Crackdown: Latest Statistics and Cases Update as of enforced is accessible, fair and efficient; and, (iv) 18:00 27 November 2015. China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group (CHRLCG), 27 Nov. 2015, available at: http:// justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical www.chrlawyers.hk/en/content/【“709-crackdown”】latest- and independent representatives and neutrals who statistics-and-cases-update-1800-27-november-2015 are of sufficient number, have adequate resources 197 709 Crackdown: Latest Statistics and Cases Update as of and reflect the make up of the communities they 18:00 27 November 2015. China Human Rights Lawyers Concern Group (CHRLCG), 27 Nov. 2015, available at: http:// 199 china Targeting Rights Lawyers in a Crackdown, New York www.chrlawyers.hk/en/content/【“709-crackdown”】latest- Times, 22 Jul. 2015, available at: http://www.nytimes. statistics-and-cases-update-1800-27-november-2015 com/2015/07/23/world/asia/china-crackdown- 198 Woeser. “A short introduction to Chinese Human Rights human-rights-lawyers.html?_r=0 Lawyers who Defend Tibetan Rights”, High Peaks Pure Earth, 200 Helen Clark. “Rule of Law and Development: Times of 12 Aug. 2014, available at: http://highpeakspureearth. Challenge and Opportunity”, UNDP, 6 Dec. 2012, available com/2014/a-short-introduction-to-chinese- at: http://www.pk.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ human-rights-lawyers-who-defend-tibetan-rights- presscenter/ speeches/2012/12/06/helen-clark-rule-of-law- by-woeser-2-part-essay/ and-development-times-of-challenge-and- opportunity-/

46 47 serve.201 Any “harassment, intimidation or stigmatization of a person, including arrest, detention, trial or Despite its rhetoric, the p r c rejects the rule of imprisonment for reasons of the opinions they law, dismissing it as a western-construct and may hold” is a violation of the right.205 a “weapon” that is used by forces “hostile” to p r c leadership.202 The ‘socialist rule of law with Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, Chinese characteristics,’ is the p r c ’s version on its which includes the freedom to “seek, receive and own terms.203 The attack on human rights lawyers impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless and activists shows that the government and its of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, officials will not be accountable under the law. in the form of art, or through any other media New legislation, such as the national security law, of his choice”.206 The i ccp r recognizes that the is overly broad, unclear and leaves fundamental freedom of expression may be restricted but only rights vulnerable to abuse by local enforcement as to the extent that is provided by law and necessary well as to serve the objectives of the Communist to “respect the rights or reputation of others” and Party of China. Without an independent judiciary, “for the protection of national security or of public there is no avenue of accountability. Rule of law order or of public health or morals.”207 and constitutionalism cannot exist in the climate perpetuated by the p r c . A. Peaceful Solo Protests III. Freedom of Opinion & “The repression on us has gone beyond limit” Expression ~ WoekarKyi, solo protester

p r c The continues to repress even basic forms of In 2015, the p r c continued to detain Tibetans for expression by Tibetans. In 2015, a wave of young peaceful solo protests. Peaceful solo protests are Tibetans carrying out peaceful solo protests was acts of expression involving an individual acting violently quashed by p r c authorities. Artists and alone, often carrying a photo of the Dalai Lama intellectuals continue to be targeted by the p r c . and calling for human rights, Tibet’s freedom or Internet freedom hit a new low. the return of the Dalai Lama to Tibet. The protest Everyone has the right to hold an opinion often took place along a main street or outside a without interference.204 The right is absolute. government building. 201 World Justice Project: Rule of Law 2015. World Justice 1. Freedom of Expression Project at p. 10 available at: http://worldjusticeproject. org/sites/default/files/roli_2015_0.pdf 202 the shoe that fits:C hina’s “rule of law”, China Media Project, Tibetans have the right to peaceful expression and 3 Feb. 2015, Citing, “the Healthy Road of Ruling the dissemination of their views. Article 19(2) of the Nation in Accord with the Law: How we should understand ICCPR protects all forms of expression and the going our own road in building rule of law”. People’s means of their dissemination, including spoken, Daily, 3 February 2015), available at: http://cmp.hku. hk/2015/02/03/38075/ 205 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment 203 the shoe that fits: China’s “rule of law”, China Media No. 34: Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression, 12 Project, 3 Feb. 2015, Citing, “the Healthy Road of Ruling the September 2011, CCPR/C/GC/34 at para. 9. Nation in Accord with the Law: How we should understand 206 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and going our own road in building rule of law”. People’s Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Daily, 3 February 2015), available at: http://cmp.hku. Series, vol. 999, p. 171 [ICCPR]at art. 19(2) hk/2015/02/03/38075/ 207 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and 204 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 999, p. 171 [ICCPR]at art. 19(3) Series, vol. 999, p. 171 [ICCPR]at art. 19

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written and non-verbal expression such as images are unknown. Many of the protesters are teenagers, and objects of art, leaflets, and posters.208 Article one only 15 years old. Two of the protesters have 35 of the p r c Constitution guarantees citizens the been sentenced to years in prison, though the basis freedom of speech and demonstration. A person for their conviction and sentence is unknown. p r c walking peacefully down the street, carrying a authorities often punished the community after portrait, shouting a slogan and distributing leaflets a solo protest, frequently increasing restrictions is fully covered under these provisions. such as internet blackouts.

The p r c has criminalized this basic exercise of The p r c relies on blocking the internet and other human rights, in contravention of international law forms of communication to hide protests against and their Constitution. There is no basis to restrict their policies. While not perfect, these policies have this basic form of expression. A prohibition on undoubtedly succeeded in hiding the real number this basic expression cannot be said to be necessary of protests in Tibet. Heavy presence of armed to “respect the rights or reputation of others” and police and sophisticated surveillance systems in “for the protection of national security or of public places such as Ngaba Town have made it easier order or of public health or morals.”209 for authorities to seize Tibetan protesters without the knowledge of onlookers.210 Many detentions The p r c ’s response is grossly disproportionate to and arrests go unreported due to fear of reprisal as the act of expression. Police have responded with well as the criminalization of sharing information violent arrests, incommunicado and indefinite about human rights violations.211 Heavy police detentions, lengthy interrogations and torture. presence, monitoring and surveillance make The p r c heaps violation upon violation. Two of sharing instances of protest and police response the solo protesters have been sentenced. 18-year to the outside world difficult and risky. The p r c old GedunPhutsok was sentenced to four years frequently cuts off internet and other forms of imprisonment. 19-year old LobsangKelsang was communication in restive counties, sometimes sentenced to 3.5 years imprisonment. The nature for months. As a result, the protests listed below of the offences for which they were convicted and represent only a fraction of the actual number of whether they were afforded any of their rights protests and protesters. upon their detention, trial and sentencing are unknown. The response of the p r c to the solo 2. Ngaba County peaceful protests and numerous human rights violations is an affront to their international and The majority of the solo peaceful protests took domestic legal obligations. place in Ngaba County, in Ngaba (Ch: Aba) and Qiang Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures, Sichuan Instead of respecting the peaceful solo protesters’ Province, in Province. Ngaba County has a right to expression, the p r c ’s heavy-handed long history of protest against the p r c government. response has lead to numerous other human rights It was here that a monk named Tapey staged the violations. In all of the known 2015 protests, the first self-immolation protest in Tibet. Due to the peaceful solo protester was immediately arrested 210 No ‘Golden Age’ for peaceful Tibetan protesters: two more and taken into police custody. Most have been solo protesters beaten up and detained, TCHRD, 14 Sept. detained incommunicado and their whereabouts 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/no-golden- age-for-peaceful-tibetan-protesters-two-more-solo- 208 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment protesters-beaten-up-and-detained/ No. 34: Article 19: Freedoms of opinion and expression, 12 211 No ‘Golden Age’ for peaceful Tibetan protesters: two more September 2011, CCPR/C/GC/34 at para.12. solo protesters beaten up and detained, TCHRD, 14 Sept. 209 UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/no-golden- Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty age-for-peaceful-tibetan-protesters-two-more-solo- Series, vol. 999, p. 171 [ICCPR]at art. 19(3) protesters-beaten-up-and-detained/

48 49 number of self-immolations in Ngaba County for “freedom for Tibet.” Police immediately Town, the main street is known in the community detained him.216LobsangKelsang was as PawoSranglamor Martyrs’ Road.212 detained incommunicado until 2 November 2015 when he was sentenced to 3.5 years The following peaceful solo protests were reported imprisonment.217 in Ngaba County in 2015: • On 7 September 2015, another 19-year old • On 8 March 2015, GedhunPhuntsok, an monk named LobsangKelsang, walked along 18-year old monk from Kirti Monastery, the main street in NgabaCounty Town carrying walked along the main street in NgabaCounty a portrait of the Dalai Lama. Video footage Town carrying a portrait of the Dalai Lama shows that he was immediately swarmed by wrapped in a khata (ceremonial scarf). He police and taken away.218 shouted, “His Holiness the Dalai Lama must be allowed to return! Tibet must have • On 9 September 2015, JampelGyatso, a 21 freedom and equality!” Police immediately year-old monk from Kirti Monastery walked detainedhim.213GedhunPhuntsok’s protest along the main road in Ngaba County town came three days after a woman named carrying a portrait of Dalai Lama and calling Norchuk died after self-immolation protest in for freedom for Tibet and the long life of the avillage in Ngaba County.214GedhunPhunstok Dalai Lama. He was immediately arrested was detained incommunicado until the end of and taken away by police. Police later broke October 2015, when he was sentenced to four into and searched JampelGyatso’s room at years imprisonment.215 Kirti Monastery.219His whereabouts remain unknown. • On 17 March 2015, LobsangKelsang, a 19 year-old monk from Kirti Monastery, walked • On 10 September 2015, Adrak, a 20-year old along the main street in NgabaCounty monk from Kirti Monastery walked along Town carrying a portrait of the Dalai Lama, a street in Ngaba County town calling for throwing prayer leaflets into the air and calling freedom and the long life of the Dalai Lama. He was immediately beaten up and taken 212 China detains 15-year old solo Tibetan protester, details on away by police. Reports indicated that locals previously detained protesters emerge, TCHRD, 5 Oct. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-detains-15- joined Adrak in protest and were also beaten yr-old-solo-tibetan-protester-details-on-previously- 216 Kirti Monastery Monk Arrested for Protesting Against the detained-protesters-emerge/ Chinese Government, Radio Free Asia, 17 Mar. 2015, available 213 Self-immolation and protest in Tibet amid intensified security at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/police- in buildup to March 10 anniversary, International Campaign arrest-kirti-monastery-monk-03172015134441. for Tibet, 9 Mar. 2015, available at: http://www.savetibet. html. org/self-immolation-and-protest-in-tibet-amid- 217 Solo Tibetan Protesters calling for Dalai Lama’s Return intensified-security-in-buildup-to-march-10- Sentenced to Prison, TCHRD, 4 Dec. 2015, available at: anniversary/ http://www.tchrd.org/solo-tibetan-protesters- 214 Self-immolation and protest in Tibet amid intensified security calling-for-dalai-lamas-return-sentenced-to- in buildup to March 10 anniversary, International Campaign prison/ for Tibet, 9 Mar. 2015, available at: http://www.savetibet. 218 Young Tibetan Monk arbitrarily detained for peaceful org/self-immolation-and-protest-in-tibet-amid- solo protest, TCHRD, 8 Sept. 2015, available at: http:// intensified-security-in-buildup-to-march-10- www.tchrd.org/young-tibetan-monk-arbitrarily- anniversary/ detained-for-peaceful-solo-protest/ 215 Solo Tibetan Protesters calling for Dalai Lama’s Return 219 Tibetan Monk detained for peaceful solo protest, restrictions Sentenced to Prison, TCHRD, 4 Dec. 2015, available at: intensified in Ngaba, TCHRD, 9 Sept. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/solo-tibetan-protesters- http://www.tchrd.org/tibetan-monk-detained-for- calling-for-dalai-lamas-return-sentenced-to- peaceful-solo-protest-restrictions-intensified-in- prison/ ngaba/

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and taken into custody.220Adrak’s whereabouts County town carrying a portrait of the Dalai and condition remain unknown. Lama and calling for Tibet’s freedom and the return of the Dalai Lama. Police took him • Around mid-day on 10 September 2015, away.224His whereabouts remain unknown. Lobsang and Thinley, both young men, walked in Ngaba County town calling for Several young women from nearby Meuruma “freedom in Tibet” and the “long life of the Town, Ngaba County, are known to have Dalai Lama”. It is unknown whether they staged peaceful solo protests in 2015: protested individually or together. They were immediately taken into custody.221 Their • On 15 July 2015, Wangmo, a 22-year old whereabouts remain unknown. mother, walked along the main road of Meuruma Town holding a portrait of the • In the afternoon of 10 September 2015, Dalai Lama.225 She was immediately arrested Lobsang, a 22-year old monk from Kirti and detained for one week. Monastery walked along a street of Ngaba County town calling for Tibetan freedom and • On 15 August 2015, WoekarKyi, a 23-year old long life of Dalai Lama. Police immediately mother, walked in Meuruma Town shouting took him away.222His whereabouts remain “the repression on us has gone beyond limit” unknown. and calling on the Chinese government to grant freedom to Tibet and allow the return • On 23 September 2015, LobsangJamyang, 15- of Dalai Lama. Police immediately took her year old monk from Kirti Monastery walked away.226 along the main road of Ngaba County town calling for freedom in Tibet and the return • On 20 August 2015, Dorjee Dolma, a 29- of the Dalai Lama. Within minutes police year old mother walked along the main street in took him away. His whereabouts remained Ngaba County Town shouting slogans against the unknown.223 Chinese government. A group of approximately 10 policemen detained her and took her away.227 • On 26 October 2015, Tashi, a 31-year old layman, walked along the main street of Ngaba 224 China detains yet another peaceful solo protester in troubled 220 No ‘Golden Age’ for peaceful Tibetan protesters: two more Ngaba, TCHRD, 1 Nov. 2015, available at: http://www. solo protesters beaten up and detained. TCHRD, 14 Sept. tchrd.org/china-detains-yet-another-peaceful-solo- 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/no-golden- protesters-in-troubled-ngaba/ age-for-peaceful-tibetan-protesters-two-more-solo- 225 Tibetan Mother Disappeared for Peacefully Protesting protesters-beaten-up-and-detained/ against Government Repression, TCHRD, 22 Jul. 2015, 221 China detains 15-year old solo Tibetan protester, details on available at http://www.tchrd.org/tibetan-mother- previously detained protesters emerge. TCHRD, 5 Oct. 2015, disappeared-for-peacefully-protesting-against- available at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-detains-15- government-repression/ and http://www.tchrd. yr-old-solo-tibetan-protester-details-on-previously- org/china-detains-yet-another-tibetan-woman-for- detained-protesters-emerge/ peaceful-solitary-protest/ 222 No ‘Golden Age’ for peaceful Tibetan protesters: two more 226 China detains yet another Tibetan woman for peaceful solo protesters beaten up and detained, TCHRD, 14 Sept. solitary protest, TCHRD, 18 Aug. 2015, available at: http:// 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/no-golden- www.tchrd.org/china-detains-yet-another-tibetan- age-for-peaceful-tibetan-protesters-two-more-solo- woman-for-peaceful-solitary-protest/ protesters-beaten-up-and-detained/ 227 Tibetan protesters detained less than a month ago identified, 223 China detains 15-year old solo Tibetan protester, details on special anti-riot police force deployed in Ngaba, TCHRD, previously detained protesters emerge, TCHRD, 5 Oct. 2015, 17 Sept. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ available at: http://www.tchrd.org/china-detains-15- tibetan-protesters-detained-less-than-a-monk- yr-old-solo-tibetan-protester-details-on-previously- ago-identified-as-special-anti-riot-police-force- detained-protesters-emerge/ deployed-in-ngaba/

50 51 3. Lithang County 29-years old, walked long a road in Kardze County town throwing paper flyers in the air and calling A solo protest also took place in Lithang (Ch: for Tibet’s freedom and the long life of the Dalai Litang) County, Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan Lama. Video of his protest shows police several Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province. On police officers jumping on him from behind and 18 August 2015, LobsangThubten, also known pushing him to the ground.231 His whereabouts are as Thubpe, a 17-year old nomad, stood outside unknown. A second video shows a large security a police station at TrungtrungKarmo carrying team quickly removing all the leaflets from the a thangka painting of the Dalai Lama and street. shouted “Tibet needs freedom. His Holiness the Dalai Lama should be invited to Tibet.” Police A local Tibetan reported that the solo protest was immediately took him to a detention centre where driven by JampaSengge’s “deep distress” at being he was interrogated and tortured.228 unable to see the Dalai Lama at least once in his lifetime.232 Freedom of religion and freedom Following LobsangThubten’s detention, the p r c of movement are human rights that the p r c is increased its repression on the already heavily obliged to protect. In the case of JampaSengge, the restricted Lithang community. The p r c increased violation of his rights to freedom of religion and the number of security forces and espionage freedom of movement led him to stage a protest. 229 groups in the area. Photos from Lithang County By supressing his protest and arresting him, the p r c show rows of military trucks and combat vehicles further violated his rights to freedom of expression, manned by the People’s Armed Police force. freedom of assembly, and freedom from arbitrary Restive Lithang County is known for its protest arrest. Through its own policies, the p r c has put against the p r c regime. High profile political itself in a position where it is constantly violating prisoners hail from this area, including Tenzin human rights instead of improving human rights Delek Rinpoche, who died in detention in July for Tibetans. 2015230 and RonggyeA’Drak, who was released on 31 July 2015 after serving 8 years in prison for 5. Acts of Desperation expressing his views at a horse-racing festival in in 2007. Like self-immolation protests, the wave of solo peaceful protests in Tibet can be seen as an act of 4. Kardze County desperation and a cry for help to the international community. These peaceful protests are occurring Kardze County Town, Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan in places already under heavy repression by p r c Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, was authorities. Ngaba, Lithang and Kardze are all also the site of peaceful solo protest. On November 231 Tibetan man detained incommunicado after staging a peaceful 28, 2015, JampaSengge (alternatively, Sangay), protest, TCHRD, 1 Dec. 2015, available at http://www. tchrd.org/tibetan-man-detained-incommunicado- 228 Tibetan youth detained for solo protest identified after a week after-staging-a-peaceful-protest/. Videos available via of his protest, TCHRD, 25 Aug. 2015, available at: http:// TCHRD link. See also Tibetan man is detained following solo www.tchrd.org/tibetan-youth-detained-for-solo- protest in Kardze. Radio Free Asia, 30 Nov. 2015, available protest-identified-after-a-week-of-his-protest/ at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/solo- 229 Tibetan youth detained for solo protest identified after a week 11302015142320.html of his protest, TCHRD, 25 Aug. 2015, available at: http:// 232 Tibetan man detained incommunicado after staging a peaceful www.tchrd.org/tibetan-youth-detained-for-solo- protest, TCHRD, 1 Dec. 2015, available at http://www. protest-identified-after-a-week-of-his-protest/ tchrd.org/tibetan-man-detained-incommunicado- 230 tibetan youth detained for solo protest identified after a week after-staging-a-peaceful-protest/. See also Tibetan man of his protest, TCHRD, 25 Aug. 2015, available at: http:// is detained following solo protest in Kardze. Radio Free Asia, www.tchrd.org/tibetan-youth-detained-for-solo- 30 Nov. 2015, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ protest-identified-after-a-week-of-his-protest/ news/tibet/solo-11302015142320.html

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known as centres of strong Tibetan identity and B. Special Targets: artists and protest against the p r c regime. Each location intellectuals has been under severe restrictions for prolonged periods of time, including heavy police presence, “At present, we do not have freedom of expression. extensive surveillance and movement restrictions. Not even a grain of it.” There is no space for the exercise of human rights in these places. As expressed by peaceful solo ~ Lomik protester WoekarKyi, “the repression on us has gone beyond limit”.233 In 2015, the p r c continued to arrest and torture singers, writers, artists and intellectuals in Notably, the known solo protesters were all 31 violation of international law and its Constitution. years old or younger and all but three were 23 Especially since widespread protests swept Tibet in years old or younger. All were born decades after 2008, the p r c has jailed scores of Tibetan writers, the p r c invaded Tibet and grew up under Chinese artists, singers and educators for asserting Tibetan rule. They would have known that their decision and cultural identity and language rights.235 to protest carried life altering consequences in the form of immediate and perhaps indefinite t c h r d documented the arrest and detention of detention and torture at the hands of the police. four Tibetan artists and poets in 2015: By carrying out a solo peaceful protest, they were • PemaRigzin, a music producer and musician in effect exchanging their life for their cause. Like from Ngaba was released from prison on 23 self-immolation protests, these are acts of last October 2015 after serving nearly 11 months resort and indicative of the desperation felt by of a more than 2 year sentence for producing Tibetans under the p r c in these areas. banned patriotic Tibetan songs. No reason 236 Instead of addressing the root causes of the was provided for his early release. protests, the p r c has heightened the already severe • Dolma Kyab, writer and teacher, was restrictions in the communities where the protests released from prison on 8 October 2015 took place. In September, the situation in Ngaba after serving a sentence of 10.5 years.237 County deteriorated as police increased arrests and He was arrested on 9 March 2005, tried in deployed armed police and special anti-riot police secret on 30 November 2005 and convicted at major roads and intersections in Ngaba County of ‘endangering national security’.238 He was town. With the exception of official government offices and institutions, all internet lines were 235 authorities Free Tibetan Musician Who Produced Songs disabled, blocking the flow of information within for Popular Singer, Radio Free Asia, 23 Oct. 2015, available 234 at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/musician- or out of Ngaba County. 10232015170617.html 236 authorities Free Tibetan Musician Who Produced Songs for Popular Singer, Radio Free Asia, 23 Oct. 2015), available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/musician- 10232015170617.html 233 china detains yet another Tibetan woman for peaceful 237 Prominent Tibetan writer and teacher Dolma Kyab released solitary protest, TCHRD, 18 Aug. 2015, available at: http:// after completion of over 10 years’ sentence, TCHRD, 10 Oct. www.tchrd.org/china-detains-yet-another-tibetan- 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/prominent- woman-for-peaceful-solitary-protest/ tibetan-writer-and-teacher-dolma-kyab-released- 234 Tibetan protesters detained less than a month ago identified, after-completion-of-over-10-years-sentence/ special anti-riot police force deployed in Ngaba, TCHRD, 238 tibetan Writer released from Prison, Radio Free Asia, 9 17 Sept. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ Oct. 2015, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ tibetan-protesters-detained-less-than-a-monk- news/tibet/tibetan-writer-released-from-prison- ago-identified-as-special-anti-riot-police-force- 10092015130155.html deployed-in-ngaba/

52 53 writing a book about the natural geography contributed articles to popular Tibetan of Tibet as well as an article entitled “A language websites such as Story Shackled by Letter Addressed to All Tibetan Brothers”, Iron Chains, Weapons Target Writers of Ngaba, which p r c authorities viewed to be Tibetan and Until I Die, I will express my views. nationalist and therefore criminal.239 Lomik participated in panel discussions at the Qinghai Nationalities University • Shokjang, also known as Druk-lo, a and organized debates in his hometown of intellectual, blogger and writer known for Meuruma.243 his reflective and thought-provoking articles on issues of contemporary concern such as many Tibetan artists remain unlawfully ethnic policy and settlement of nomads.240 imprisoned, including PemaTrinley, He was arrested on 16 March 2015, days Chakdor, ShawoTashi, Ugyen after he wrote a blog post reporting that Tenzin, AmchokPhulchung, Choksal, soldiers were frisking Tibetans in Rebkong TrinleyTsekar.244 Their condition is and questioning the p r c ’s “social stability” unknown. In 2015, t c h r d received updates tactics.241 regarding the following two imprisoned Tibetan singers: • Lomik, is a writer and monk in Ngaba (ch: Aba) Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous • Gonpo Tenzin, a singer from Diru, was Prefecture, Sichuan Province, in the Tibetan sentenced on 15 April 2015 to 3.5 years province of Amdo.242 He was arrested on imprisonment after 1.5 years of secret 12 April 2015. The official reason for his detention that included severe interrogations, arrest is unknown. However, soon after his beatings and torture. Gonpo Tenzin’s songs detention, some 20 Tibetan writers jointly promoted Tibetan culture, literature and authored an article suggesting that Lomik’s language. In the year of his arrest, he released arrest was based on his recent essays about an album titled “No for Tibet”. The the “suppression of freedom, expression, title song resonated among many Tibetans destruction of Tibetan environment, 2008 who felt that celebrating Losar would be Tibetan uprising, self-immolation protests” inappropriate given the dire situation inside and for participating in a panel discussion Tibet. The song was a bit hit and Gonpo on issues affecting Tibetans. Lomik authored Tenzin’s popularity increased prior to his books such as The Yellow Fog (2010, ), arrest.245

239 tibetan Writer released from Prison, Radio Free Asia, 9 243 china detains yet another Tibetan writer for writing against Oct. 2015, available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/ repression, TCHRD, 21 Aug. 2015, available at: http://www. news/tibet/tibetan-writer-released-from-prison- tchrd.org/china-detains-yet-another-tibetan-writer- 10092015130155.html detained-for-writing-against-repression/ 240 “The teeth of the storm”: lack of freedom of expression and 244 authorities Free Tibetan Musician Who Produced Songs cultural resilience in Tibet, International Campaign for Tibet for Popular Singer, Radio Free Asia, 23 Oct. 2015, available (2015) at p. 11, available at: http://www.savetibet.org/ at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/musician- the-teeth-of-the-storm-lack-of-freedom-of-expression- 10232015170617.html. See also International Campaign and-cultural-resilience-in-tibet-2/ for Tibet’s 2015 Special Report: “The teeth of the storm”: 241 tcHRD Condemns Arbitrary Detention of Tibetan Writer lack of freedom of expression and cultural resilience in Tibet. Shok-Jang, TCHRD, 21 Apr. 2015, available at: http://www. Available at: http://www.savetibet.org/the-teeth-of-the- tchrd.org/tchrd-condemns-arbitrary-detention-of- storm-lack-of-freedom-of-expression-and-cultural- tibetan-writer-shok-jang/ resilience-in-tibet-2/ 242 china detains yet another Tibetan writer for writing against 245 tibetan singer sentenced to prison after prolonged secret repression, TCHRD, 21 Aug. 2015, available at: http://www. detention, TCHRD, 21 May 2015, available at: http://www. tchrd.org/china-detains-yet-another-tibetan-writer- tchrd.org/tibetan-singer-sentenced-to-prison-after- detained-for-writing-against-repression/ prolonged-secret-detention/

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• Lo Lo, a singer, is currently serving six years custody. of imprisonment. In 2015, it was reported that he is mistreated and suffering declining By targeting Tibetan artists and intellectuals, the health in prison. He was sentenced on 23 p r c is trying to control every aspect of Tibetan February 2013. The basis of his conviction culture and identity. Artists and intellectuals play is unknown but preceding his detention an important role in Tibetan culture because they he released the album “Raise the Tibetan “express a sense of loss, dispossession and grief flag, Children of the Snowland”. Monk about the situation of Tibetans due to China’s LobsangJinpa was sentenced at the same repressive policies and the current restrictions. time. LobsangJinpa had written lyrics for They also celebrate a shared national and cultural one of the songs sung by Lolo about the identity, encourage a sense of solidarity, and disappearance of the 11th incarnation of the express hope for the future”.248 Panchen Lama.246 The p r c knows that to conquer Tibet, they must The following Tibetan artists were released in conquer Tibetan language, culture and religion. 2015: Hence the ferocious campaign against the Dalai Lama and the influence of exiledT ibetans. This is Music, writing, and art are protected forms reminiscent of Mao Zedong, who famously referred of expression under Article 19 of the ICCPR. to a “cultural as well as an armed front”, saying that Expressions of Tibetan culture are also protected “[Literature and art] can act as powerful weapon in under Article 15(1)(a) of the International uniting and educating the people while attacking Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural and annihilating the enemy.”249 Therefore, any Rights (ICESCR), which recognizes the right expression of Tibetan identity, culture or religion of everyone to “take part in cultural life.” The in Tibet must be approved by the Communist Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Party of China. This is most apparent in Lhasa, Rights has stressed that the right to take part where the p r c has exploited Tibetan culture as in cultural life entails right of participation in, part of the “disneyfication” ofT ibet.250 Any other access to, and contribution to cultural life, and expression is considered “splittist”, i.e. a criminal encompasses the right of everyone “to seek and act, and thus enables the p r c to respond with the develop cultural knowledge and expressions and to full force of the state. share them with others, as well as to act creatively and take part in creative activity.”247 248 “The teeth of the storm”: lack of freedom of expression and The treatment of the artists upon arrest also cultural resilience in Tibet. International Campaign for Tibet (2015) at p. 2. Available at: http://www.savetibet.org/ constitutes several human rights violations. the-teeth-of-the-storm-lack-of-freedom-of-expression- Torture, secret detentions and secret trials are and-cultural-resilience-in-tibet-2/ prohibited by international law. Detained artists 249 mao Zedong’s ‘Talk at the Yan’an Conference on Literature and intellectuals are not afforded their rights upon and Art’, a translation of the 1943 text with commentary, Bonnie MacDougall 1980, 57 - 58 Center for Chinese Studies, detention, due legal process or basic care while in University of Michigan. Citied in “The teeth of the storm”: 246 tibetan singer held under tight security amid fears for failing lack of freedom of expression and cultural resilience in Tibet. health, TCHRD, 4 May 2015, available at: http://www. International Campaign for Tibet (2015) at p. 2. Available at: tchrd.org/tibetan-singer-held-under-tight-security- http://www.savetibet.org/the-teeth-of-the-storm-lack- amid-fears-for-failing-health/ of-freedom-of-expression-and-cultural-resilience-in- 247 uN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, tibet-2/ General Comment No. 21: Right of everyone to take part in 250 culture Clash: Tourism in Tibet, Tibet Watch, Oct. cultural life (art. 15, para. 1(a), of the International Covenant 2014, available at: http://www.tibetwatch.org/ on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) 21 December 2009 uploads/2/4/3/4/24348968/culture_clash_-_ E/C.12/GC/21 tourism_in_tibet.pdf

54 55 C. Expression and the Internet Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province, at least two Tibetans were detained for exercising Through its control of the internet and media, the their right to disseminate information: p r c restricts the flow of information and exchange of ideas in Tibet in contravention of Article 19 of • Tsering Dondrub, 25-years old was detained the ICCPR. In their annual report, Freedom House on or about 21 June 2015 for posting images of rated the p r c as the worst country in the world for the Tibetan flag and the Dalai Lama on WeChat. internet freedom. Dropping lower than previous His detention was part of intensified restrictions years, Freedom House documented instances of on the Tibetan community surrounding the Dalai “acts of unconcealed aggression against internet Lama’s 80th birthday.254 freedom” that indicated a “renewed emphasis on information control”.251 • Chophel, a 46-year old monk from , was detained on 10 July 2015 on The p r c controls access to information available suspicion that he kept photos of the Dalai Lama on the internet. The p r c cuts-off internet access as on his mobile phone and shared with friends a means of controlling a population. In response online. At the time of reporting, 9 September to a wave of peaceful solo protesters in Ngaba 2015, Chophel was still in custody at the detention County, internet was cut off for several months. centre in Dragmar, Rebgong County.255 This restriction prevents Tibetans from receiving information and also from sharing local conditions with the outside world. IV. Freedom of Movement

The p r c is known for limiting or changing the In 2015, the People’s Republic of China’s (p r c ) content of information available on the internet. continued to violate Tibetans’ right to freedom of The p r c uses technologies and employs thousands movement. of people to monitor, censor and manipulate content.252 Censorship methods are increasingly Tibetans have been denied the right to leave their sophisticated, making it harder for the average country because the p r c refuses to issue them passports. Without passports, Tibetans cannot user to detect.253 In 2015, the p r c expanded surveillance and cracked down on privacy tools, travel internationally and are denied opportunities thus expanding their ability to track peoples’ abroad. In Han Chinese majority areas passport internet activity. applications are straightforward and passports are routinely issued. Through its control over the internet, the p r c has increased the number of arrests and amount of Tibetans’ face restrictions on their ability to move intimidation in Tibet. In Rebkong (Ch: Tongren) within Tibet. Checkpoints continue on major County in Malho (Ch: Huangnan) Tibetan roadways, particularly surrounding places and events that the p r c considers sensitive or liable to 251 china Freedom on the Net 2015, Freedom House, 2015, available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- 254 tcHRD concerned over detention of Tibetan man for net/2015/china celebrating Dalai Lama’s 80th Birthday, TCHRD, 25 Jun. 2015, 252 china Freedom on the Net 2015, Freedom House, 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/tchrd-concerned- available at: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- over-detention-of-tibetan-man-for-celebrating-dalai- net/2015/china lamas-80th-birthday/ 253 Stricter and subtler: how China has ramped up instant 255 tibetan Monk detained on suspicion of possessing and sharing messaging censorship. Pao-Pao Index (23 October 2014). the Dalai Lama’s photos, TCHRD, 9 Sept. 2015, available Available at Index at: https://www.indexoncensorship. at: http://www.tchrd.org/tibetan-monk-detained- org/2014/10/line-app-implements-stricter-advanced- on-suspicion-of-possessing-and-sharing-dalai-lamas- censorship-technology/ photos/

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unrest. Travel for non-state sanctioned religious morals and the rights and freedoms of others.259 purposes is highly restricted or prohibited in Restrictions must be consistent with other human certain regions. rights and international legal obligations of the State. Restrictions may never involve discrimination The p r c continues to forcibly displace Tibetans. solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, Nomadic and rural Tibetans continued to be forced religion or social origin.260 It is essential that a into housing settlements in violation of their right restriction remains an exception to the general to choose their place of residence. Monks and rule that people enjoy freedom to move as they nuns reported instances of forced eviction from wish. The right to freedom of movement must not their monasteries. be stifled through unnecessary administrative or bureaucratic processes.261 The p r c claims that Tibetans enjoy equal treatment as citizens of the p r c . However, discriminatory p r c policies and local practices have the effect of B. Discriminatory Passport Policies enabling Han Chinese to travel internationally and domestically in record numbers while denying the Why can’t we travel abroad? Why can’t our children 262 same to Tibetans. This variation in policy has the study abroad? effect of denying Tibetans freedom of movement Chinese are travelling the world in record in violation of the p r c ’s obligations under i c e r d . numbers.263 The same cannot be said for Tibetans living in the p r c . In Tibetan-majority areas, passport A. The Right to Freedom of Movement applicants are subject to onerous application requirements and often wait years for a passport Everyone has the right to move freely. This or are denied without explanation. As remarked includes the right to leave or return to any country, by Tibetan writer, Woeser: “for Tibetans, applying including one’s own.256 Freedom of movement is for a passport is a forlorn undertaking”.264 This is an essential condition for the free development stark contrast to Han-majority areas, which use a and dignity of a person.257 Human rights are simple and straightforward application process on interrelated, interdependent and indivisible; a guaranteed quick turnaround. therefore restrictions on a person’s ability to move freely will necessarily impact their exercise other basic human rights.258 259 iccPR, supra, at art. 12(3) 260 iccPR, supra, at art. 4. See also art. 1 Restricting a person’s ability to move freely can 261 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment only be justified on an exceptional basis if strict No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement) at paras. 9 - 10. conditions are met. It must be provided for by 262 PemaNorzin, 24 February 2015. Translated into English by law and be necessary and proportionate to protect www.highpeakspureearth.com and posted on 18 March 2015. Available at http://highpeakspureearth.com/2015/ national security, public order, public health or why-cant-we-travel-abroad-by-pema-norzin/ 263 “China’s White Paper on Human Rights is significant for 256 uN General Assembly, International Covenant on Civil and its omissions”, TCHRD, 13 Jun. 2015, available at: http:// Political Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, Treaty www.tchrd.org/chinas-white-paper-on-human-rights-is- Series, vol. 999, p. 171 [ICCPR] at art. 12(2) significant-for-its-omissions/]. According to China’s 2015 257 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment white paper on its human rights record, the number of Chinese No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement), 2 November citizens that traveled abroad for private purposes increased by 1999, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9 at para. 1 almost 20% to just over 110 million people. 258 UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights 264 Woeser, “Tibetans Face a Passport Dilemma”, High “What are Human Rights” (accessed 29 November 2015) Peaks Pure Earth, 20 Mar. 2015, available at http:// available at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/ highpeakspureearth.com/2015/tibetans-face-a- WhatareHumanRights.aspx passport-dilemma-by-woeser/

56 57 As of 2014, 89% of the prefecture-level areas in the purposes.274 Prohibitive fees are often required. p r c received permission to implement “passport application on demand.”265 This is a simplified Applicants regularly wait years to learn whether passport process that requires only a valid identity a passport will be issued. According to Human card, a household registration document (Ch: Rights Watch, applicants under the old system are hukou), a completed application form and the “subjected to extremely long delays, often lasting relevant processing fees.266 The entire process is several years, before passports are issued, or are handled by the local Exit and Entry Administration routinely denied passports for no valid reason.”275 and passports must be issued within 5 to 15 days In Serthar (Ch: Seda) County in Kardze (Ch: of the application. The applicant is entitled to an Ganzi) Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan explanation if there is any delay.267 The passport Province, Tibetans were banned from being issued application on demand process exists mostly in a passport for seven years, starting in 2008.276 In areas that are majority Han Chinese.268 Some areas early 2015, the ban was reportedly lifted although have used the passport application on demand monks and nuns continue to be denied travel process since 2002.269 documentation. Former monastics must affirm All but one of the remaining 11% of prefecture- in writing that they have no connection with level administrations have a substantial Tibetan or any monastery. Although the ban has been lifted, Muslim population.270 No Tibetan autonomous obtaining a passport remains unlikely because the prefecture is allowed to use the passport application application process requires payment of high fees on demand system.271 This means that most to government-approved travel agencies and final Tibetans must apply under a passport system that approval by an office of overseas in the prefectural combines the archaic pre-2002 passport regime and seat. Tibetans are required to turn in the passport local policies imposed by regional authorities.272 to authorities upon their return.

Tibetans are regularly required to provide Administrative processes should enable Tibetans to extensive documentary materials and submit to obtain a passport, not prevent it. In Tibetan areas, “political examination” prior to consideration of the administrative procedure is so cumbersome it their application.273 Additional restrictions are amounts to a denial of passports. Administrative routinely imposed, such as only granting passports requirements, including associated fees, that have for group travel with government-sanctioned the effect of restricting a person’s free movement travel companies or for government-sanctioned amount to violation of the right. 265 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign The unnecessary administrative barriers that Travel by Tibetans and Others, Human Rights Watch(2015) at p. restrict freedom of movement for Tibetans are 8. Available at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/07/13/ one-passport-two-systems/chinas-restrictions-foreign- particularly evident in the Tibet Autonomous travel-tibetans-and-others. 274 Ibid. 266 Ibid., at p. 8 - 9 275 Ibid., at pg. 1. Human Rights Watch reported numerous cases 267 Ibid., at p. 1, citing Shunyi government internet of Tibetans in Qinghai and Sichuan provinces waiting for up portal, 16 July 2014, available at: http://www.bjshy.gov. to five years to be issued a passport, with out explanation for cn/Item/678. the delay as well as numerous cases of Tibetans in Sichuan 268 Ibid., at p. 1 and Qinghai provinces who have not been allowed a passport 269 Ibid., at p. 8 despite completing the application process and have not been 270 Ibid., at p. 11 given any valid explanation for the refusal of the application. 271 ibid at p. 1. See also pg. 14. 272 Woeser “Tibetans Face a Passport Dilemma”, supra. 276 “Tibetan Monks, Nuns are Denied Passports in Serthar”, 273 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign Radio Free Asia, 16 Jan. 2015, available at: http://www.rfa. Travel by Tibetans and Others, Human Rights Watch (2015) org/english/news/tibet/passports-01162015130900.ht supra at p. 10 ml?searchterm:utf8:ustring=passport

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Region (t a r ). Officials in t a r confiscated or passport regime(called “Guiding Opinions”).284 cancelled the passports of all t a r residents in 2012 The Guiding Opinions declared that “attending without reissue.277 Since then, t a r authorities have a religious event abroad, namely teachings by the not issued any new ordinary passports. The only Dalai Lama … was considered to be a subversive people who have succeeded in getting passports and political activity.”285 The Guiding Opinion travelling since 2012 have received “public affairs directed t a r authorities to use “the opportunity” passports”. The people from t a r travelling on of the national launch of an ePassport system these passports are almost all politically connected to confiscate passports held by t a r residents, businessmen or government officials.278 Without a regardless of their date of expiration. Passports passport, nearly all of the three million residents in that were not handed over to local authorities the t a r have not been able to travel internationally were cancelled.286 since 2012 and are unable to exercise their right to leave their country.279 The Guiding Opinions mandated that passports in the t a r would only be issued pursuant to a process The 2012 cancellation of passports was motivated, of “strict review and approval”, which indicated at least in part, by the p r c crackdown on Tibetans that obtaining a passport would be rare.287 Under travelling internationally for non-state sanctioned the new passport regime, the application process religious purposes.280 Only a few months prior, is onerous, requiring approval from 10 distinct thousands of Tibetans who had been issued official offices.288 The applicant must sign a passports for travel to Nepal continued to India contract promising not to harm the p r c ’s “security to attend teachings of the Dalai Lama at the or interest”. Within seven days of their return Kalachakra Initiation.281 Upon their return, p r c from their travels, the passport-holder must hand authorities detained them claiming that their over their passport to the local Public Security travel onto India for the Dalai Lama teachings Bureau and submit to an interrogation.289 There is constituted participation in “splittist” activities.282 no processing timeline or avenue of appeal.290 Thousands of the Tibetans were sent to detention facilities for “re-education” for up to three Whether by decision or design, passports are not months.283 issued to Tibetans in the t a r . The passports that were confiscated in 2012 have not been returned Approximately four months later, the Secretariat and no new ordinary passports have been issued Office of t a r Party Committee issued two notices which ordered the confiscation and cancellation 284 “Discriminatory Chinese Passport Regulations Violate Tibetan’s Right to Travel”, TCHRD, 5 May 2015, available at: of all passports in the t a r and set out a new http://www.tchrd.org/discriminatory-chinese-passport- regulations-violate-tibetans-right-to-travel/. Human 277 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign Rights Watch also translated the Guiding Opinions, an Travel by Tibetans and Others. Human Rights Watch (2015), English translation is included as an appendix to their report supra, at p. 2 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign 278 Ibid., at p. 4 Travel by Tibetans and Others, supra. 279 Ibid. 285 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign 280 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign Travel by Tibetans and Others, Human Rights Watch (2015), Travel by Tibetans and Others. Human Rights Watch (2015), supra at p. 16 supra at pg. 15 286 Ibid., at p. 3 281 Ibid., at p. 15 - 16 287 Ibid., at p. 39 282 Ibid., at p. 16. The report notes that approximately 700 288 “Discriminatory Chinese Passport Regulations Violate Han Chinese passport-holders also attended the Kalachakra Tibetan’s Right to Travel”, TCHRD, 5 May 2015, available at: Initiation in India. None are known to have been detained or http://www.tchrd.org/discriminatory-chinese-passport- punished upon their return to China. regulations-violate-tibetans-right-to-travel/ 283 Ibid. 289 Ibid. 290 Ibid.

58 59 since 2012.291 The onerous bureaucratic process legitimate aim. The cancellation and refusal to makes obtaining a passport impossible. Requiring issue passports to an entire population over an that people who travel be interrogated by the Public extended period of time is grossly disproportionate Security Bureau may discourage many Tibetans and has far-reaching consequences for Tibetans from even attempting to obtain a passport. Even unrelated to national security.296 The wording of people travelling on “public affairs passports” can the Guiding Opinion is vague and broad, leaving only do so for state-sanctioned activities and must Tibetans unsure of what activity constitutes the turn in the passport upon their return.292 crime of “splittist activities.” This falls short of the requirement that any restriction be ‘provided Rather than justify the ban on passports, t a r by law.’ The passport policy is inconsistent with authorities claim passports have not been issued other human rights and violates Tibetans’ right because of delays in processing.293 This does not to freedom of religion. Denying passports to the explain why the t a r authorities confiscated or entire population of t a r , thus denying then any cancelled all existing passports. Administrative or and every international opportunity for over three technical problems that prevent people receiving years cannot be justified. passports still violate freedom of movement. The inability of the t a r authorities to issue a single ordinary passport in three years combined with C. Restrictions on Movement within the confiscation of all existing passports amounts Tibet to an unjustified and impermissible violation of freedom of movement. The p r c imposes unjustified restrictions on Tibetans’ ability to travel, purpose of travel and International law recognizes the right to freedom choice of residence within Tibet, in violation of of movement as a human right. It may only be the right to freedom of movement. restricted to protect the legitimate aims set out in the ICCPR and in accordance with the principles The p r c controls road travel in Tibet through a of international law. The Guiding Opinions forbid system of checkpoints. Tibetans are required to t a r residents from leaving the country to participate stop and present government issued identification 297 in “splittist activities” held by the “Dalai Clique”.294 to police or paramilitary officers. Failure to It is not enough for the p r c to allude to concerns comply can have violent consequences. In 2015, a for national security. A restriction of the right to Tibetan youth from Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) Tibetan freedom of movement on the basis of national Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan province was security must be necessary for its protection.295 shot by police for failing to stop while driving to 298 A state can only impose the most narrow and a prayer ritual. minimal restrictions necessary to protect the

291 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign 296 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment Travel by Tibetans and Others. Human Rights Watch(2015), No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement), supra, at para. supra, at p. 2. 16. 292 Ibid., at p. 21 - 22 297 Pearl Sydenstricker, “The Disneyfication of Tibet: how 293 One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign tourism has become a tool of occupation”, Washington Travel by Tibetans and Others. Human Rights Watch (2015), Monthly (January/February 2014) available at: http:// supra, at p. 4 citing“The problem of getting a passport and www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/ HK travel permit with a Lhasa residence permit”, Lhasa City january_february_2014/ten_miles_square/the_ government internet portal (1 April 2014) available at: http:// disneyfication_of_tibet048349.php?page=1 www.lasa.gov.cn/Government/Letter/LetterView. 298 “Chinese Police Shoot Tibetan Youth Who Refused aspx?LetterId=1981 (accessed June 24, 2015) Traffic Stop”, Radio Free Asia, 10 Mar. 2015, available at: 294 Ibid., at p. 43 http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/shooting- 295 iccPR, supra, at art. 12(3) 03102015181357.html

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It is difficult for eastern Tibetans to access “stability preservation measure” against Tibetans.306 t a r as access is controlled through the use of County authorities prohibited monastics from checkpoints.299 In Lhasa, Tibetans are heavily travelling for study purposes and forbid villagers monitored and subject to restrictions such as from leaving their villages.307 Tibetans have the registration requirements, frequent identification right to move freely within Tibet. Like the right checks and heavy surveillance.300 The reports of to leave one’s country, internal travel must not be “severe lockdown” coupled with the dismantling dependent on a traveller’s intended destination of visible security barriers to create the illusion of or the purpose for their travel, except in strict a peaceful Lhasa for the November 2015 visit of a accordance with the legitimate aims set out in the U.S. Congressional Delegation is indicative of the i ccp r .308 repressive climate in Lhasa for Tibetans.301 1. Special Target: Non-State Sanctioned The same is not required of Han Chinese who Religious Travel travel to Lhasa each year by the millions.302 Chinese tourism in Lhasa and t a r has developed By restricting Tibetans’ freedom of movement, the into a multi-billion dollar industry303; Very few p r c has also constrained their ability to exercise their Tibetans benefit from tourism or the HanC hinese right to religious freedom. Since 2012, Tibetans exercising rights that are denied to Tibetans.304 have been prevented from travelling to “border areas” for religious purposes.309 Restrictions on In other parts of Tibet, travel restrictions change pilgrimages to one of the most sacred of Tibet’s constantly depending on the local authorities and pilgrimage sites, Mt. Kailash, have been imposed the political climate.305 In restive Diru (Ch: Biru) at different times over the past ten years and County, travel bans and restrictions are used a intensified in 2014 in advance of the Kalachakra teaching of the Dalai Lama in Ladakh, India.310

299 Anastasia Corell, “Tibet’s Tense New Reality”, The Atlantic, Presumably to prevent any Tibetans from crossing 13 Dec. 2013, available at http://www.theatlantic. 306 Mass Expulsion of Nuns and Land Grabbing in Tibet’s com/china/archive/2013/12/tibets-tense-new- Diru County, TCHRD, 13 Oct. 2015, available at: http:// reality/282338/ www.tchrd.org/mass-expulsion-of-nuns-and-land- 300 Woeser, “Enjoying the Privileged ‘Sunlight City Walk’, grabbing-in-tibets-diru-county/ High Peaks Pure Earth, 21 Jan. 2014, available at: http:// 307 Document exposes Intensification of State-Sanctioned highpeakspureearth.com/2014/enjoying-the- Religious Repression in troubled Tibetan County, TCHRD, privileged-sunlight-city-walk-by-woeser/ 9 Nov. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ 301 “China placed Lhasa under severe Lockdown during US document-exposes-intensification-of-state- Congressional Visit”, Central Tibet Administration, 20 Nov. sanctioned-religious-repression-in-troubled- 2015, See also “US Lawmakers Shown False ‘Peace and Calm” tibetan-county/ and Discriminatory Chinese Passport in Lhasa During visit to Tibet”, Radio Free Asia, 20 Nov. 2015, Regulations Violate Tibetan’s Right to Travel,TCHRD, 5 May available at: http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/ 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/discriminatory- pelosi-11202015170710.html. chinese-passport-regulations-violate-tibetans-right-to- 302 “Tibet sees record high tourist arrivals in 2014”, Xinhua, 11 travel/ Jan. 2015, available at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/ 308 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment english/china/2015-01/11/c_133911210.htm No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement), 2 November 303 Ibid. 1999, CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.9 at para. 5 304 Pearl Sydenstricker, “The Disneyfication of Tibet: how 309 Discriminatory Chinese Passport Regulations Violate tourism has become a tool of occupation”, Washington Monthly Tibetan’s Right to Travel, TCHRD, 5 May 2015, available at: (January/February 2014), supra http://www.tchrd.org/discriminatory-chinese-passport- 305 Culture Clash: Tourism in Tibet. Tibet Watch 2014 regulations-violate-tibetans-right-to-travel/ at p. 5 available at: http://www.tibetwatch.org/ 310 China tightens control, prevents pilgrimage, before major uploads/2/4/3/4/24348968/culture_clash_-_ Dalai Lama teaching in exile, International Campaign for tourism_in_tibet.pdf Tibet, 12 Jun. 2014, available at: http://www.savetibet. org/china-tightens-control-prevents-pilgrimage- before-major-dalai-lama-teaching-in-exile/#5

60 61 into India, the p r c imposed a broad restriction in The right to freedom of movement includes denying all Tibetans access to the entire region.311 the right to choose one’s residence.316 The right protects against all forms of forced internal In Rebkong (Ch: Tongren) County, Qinghai province, it is a crime to travel outside the province displacement, except in accordance with the 317 to attend religious events. Local authorities issued a legitimate aims set out in the i ccp r . In Diru 4-page document of 20 “illegal activities related to County, local authorities expelled around 100 the independence of Tibet.312 One of the prohibited nuns from Jada Gaden Khachoeling Nunnery activities was “legally or illegally travel[ling] outside against their will.318 of the state to participate in any religious events.” The document further states that anyone violating The forced resettlement of nomads and farmers the directive will be punished according to law. continued in 2015. In the t a r , over 2 million Those organizing or leading one of the prohibited farmers and herders have been involuntarily activities will be “severely” punished according to “rehoused” since 2006 through p r c housing law and all family benefits will be stopped.T hose projects.319 On the eastern part of the Tibetan involved in one of the illegal activities through plateau, hundreds of thousands of nomads have force or incitement by others will be re-educated been forcibly relocated or settled in “New Socialist followed by a period of surveillance and subject to Villages.”320 movement restrictions.313 Tibetans have the right to travel as they wish. The p r c claims that the resettlement of nomads 321 The right to freedom of movement may not be has successfully lifted them out of poverty. In made dependent on any specific purpose.314 reality, they are forcedto abandon their sustainable Restrictions that do not meet the requirements set lifestyle and livelihood in exchange for debt and 322 out in the i ccp r are unlawful. Criminalizing travel economic instability. In January 2015 a group for religious purposes violates Tibetans’ right to of around 10 nomads were detained while holding freedom of religion in addition to their right to a peaceful vigil in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan freedom of movement. Province calling for protection to pasture areas and 323 2. Right to Choice of Residence: Internal opposing illegal land acquisition. Displacement Continues “Homes are being occupied. We have no home to 316 iccPR, supra, at art. 12(1) 315 go.” 317 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment 311 A policy alienating Tibetans: The denial of passports to No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement), supra, at para. Tibetans as China intensifies control. 2015 International 7 Campaign for Tibet at p. 10 available at http://www.savetibet. 318 Mass Expulsion of Nuns and Land Grabbing in Tibet’s org/a-policy-alienating-tibetans-the-denial-of-passports- Diru County, TCHRD, 13 Oct. 2015, available at: http:// to-tibetans-as-china-intensifies-control/ www.tchrd.org/mass-expulsion-of-nuns-and-land- 312 china issues 20 “illegal activities related to the independence of grabbing-in-tibets-diru-county/ Tibet, The Tibet Post, 25 Feb. 2015, available at: http://www. 319 World Report 2015: China, Human Rights Watch, available at: thetibetpost.com/news/tibet/4436-china-issues- https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country- 20-illegal-activities-related-to-the-independence- chapters/china-and-tibet of-tibet# 320 Ibid. 313 Ibid. 321 China’s White Paper on Human Rights is significant for its 314 UN Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment omissions, TCHRD, 13 Jun. 2015, supra. No. 27: Article 12 (Freedom of Movement), supra, at para. 322 ‘Wasted Lives’: New report offers fresh insights on travails of 8. Tibetan nomads, TCHRD, 30 May 2015, available at: http:// 315 Tibetan nomads hold vigil in Chengdu to protect the www.tchrd.org/wasted-lives-new-report-offer- grasslands, International Campaign for Tibet, 29 Jan. 2015, fresh-insights-on-travails-of-tibetan-nomads/ available at: http://www.savetibet.org/tibetan- 323 Tibetan nomads hold vigil in Chengdu to protect the nomads-hold-vigil-in-chengdu-to-protect-the- grasslands, International Campaign for Tibet, 29 Jan. 2015, grasslands/ supra.

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D. Systemic Discrimination against Tibetans have the right to move freely within Tibet Tibetans and to choose their place of residence. The p r c practices of denying and delaying travel through Tibetans are subject to policies and practices that checkpoints, forcing nomads and monastics out of restrict their freedom of movement simply because their homes, and criminalizing religious travel are they are Tibetan. This is a form of discrimination violations of the right to freedom of movement and that is prohibited by international law. contravene the p r c ’s international obligations.

Racial discrimination has the effect of preventing Restricting movement has the effect of cutting a person from exercising equal rights because of Tibetans off from each other and from their their race, nationality, or ethnic origin.324 Unlike livelihoods and important sources of their religious most majority-Han areas, no Tibetan areas and cultural identity. The p r c ’s restrictions on are allowed to use the passport application on movement are unjustified and discriminatory, demand process. Instead, Tibetans must navigate in violation of their international obligations. complicated and expensive procedures, like those The restrictions have enabled violations of other in t a r and Serthar County, to hope to receive a human rights. In restricting Tibetans’ right to passport. Even then, it is unlikely they will receive freedom of movement, the p r c has developed an a passport and be allowed to travel abroad. effective tool in their campaign to control every aspect of Tibetan life. Similarly, Tibetans face systemic discriminatory policies and practices when travelling within Tibet. For example, Han-Chinese are permitted unrestricted travel to Lhasa while Tibetans face numerous barriers only because they are Tibetan. This variation in policy has the effect of denying Tibetans freedom of movement because they are Tibetan in violation of the p r c ’s obligations under i c e r d .

E. Conclusion

The right to freedom of movement means that Tibetans have the right to leave their country, to move freely within it and to reside where they wish. The onus is on the p r c to justify any restrictions to the right, which they have not done.

Tibetans have the right to leave their country. The p r c is obliged to enable the exercise this right through issuing Tibetans passports in a timely, accessible and non-discriminatory manner. Tibetans should have access to the passport application on demand system used by millions of Han-Chinese.

324 icERD, supra, at art. 1.1

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I. United States Congressional Prefectures ineligible for visas to the u s .328 By 4 August 2015, the bill had 34 co-sponsors.329 On 8 Action July 2015, the u s House of Representatives passed a resolution calling on the p r c to allow unrestricted In 2015, a seven-member u s Congressional access to Tibetan areas and called upon the u s Delegation led by Nancy Pelosi, the minority leaders government to strongly urge substantive dialogue, in the United States House of Representatives and without preconditions, between the p r c and the a fierce critic of the People’s Republic of China’s Dalai Lama to address Tibetan grievances and (p r c ) human rights record, made an unannounced secure a negotiated agreement for the Tibetan visit to Tibet Autonomous Region (t a r ), organized people.330 The resolution also called for the release by the Chinese government.325 It was the first visit of political prisoners, including the Panchen Lama, by a U.S. Congressional Delegation to Tibet since Tenzin Delek Rinpoche and KhenpoKartse.331 the 2008 Tibetan uprising.326 The visit came after

p r c denied 35 of 39 requests made by US Embassy The u s Congressional Delegation did not give or Consulates to visit t a r . In response to the p r c ’s any statements to the press until they returned general refusal to allow access to t a r in 2015, H.R. to the u s . When they returned, the delegation 1112, the Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act, was members talked about the heavily controlled trip 327 introduced in the u s House of Representatives. to Tibet, of being accompanied by more than 30 The proposed bill noted the p r c ’s refusal to allow u s citizens, journalists and diplomats into Tibetan 328 Text of Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2015, areas and would make people in senior leadership govtrack.us, 26 Feb. 2015, available at: https:// www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/114/hr1112/text/ positions in t a r , Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, and ih#link=5&nearest=HEEF80DB5FEAC4C7C96 Qinghai Provinces, and in Tibetan Autonomous 9403C00F5E439B. 325 Nancy Pelosi makes unannounced visit to 329 H.R. 1112: Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act of 2015, Tibet,International Campaign for Tibet, 12 govtracker.us, available at: https://www.govtrack. Nov. 2015, available at: https://www.savetibet. us/congress/bills/114/hr1112. org/nancy-pelosi-makes-unannounced-visit-to- 330 Text of Calling for substantive dialogue, without tibet/#sthash.bW38cz4p.dpuf. preconditions, in order to address Tibetan 326 Pelosi, McGovern Press Conference with grievances and secure a negotiated agreement for Congressional Delegation Following Historic the Tibetan People, govtracker.us, 8 July 2015, Visit to China and Tibet, 18 Nov. 2015 Press available at: https://www.govtrack.us/congress/ Release, available at: http://mcgovern.house.gov/ bills/114/hres337/text/eh. media-center/press-releases/pelosi-mcgovern- 331 Text of Calling for substantive dialogue, without press-conference-with-congressional-delegation- preconditions, in order to address Tibetan following] grievances and secure a negotiated agreement for 327 Nancy Pelosi makes unannounced visit to Tibet, the Tibetan People, at para. 3(C), govtracker.us, 8 International Campaign For Tibet, 12 Nov. 2015, July 2015, available at: https://www.govtrack.us/ available at https://www.savetibet.org/nancy- congress/bills/114/hres337/text/eh#link=3_C_~T pelosi-makes-unannounced-visit-to-tibet/#sthash. 1&nearest=HC6AC8FD6293B416498F242063E bW38cz4p.dpuf] F9D4B8.

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Chinese security officials and taken to prearranged Despite the congressional visit and a handful of places to see a sanitized picture of Tibet. While other guided tours arranged for international the delegation members praised the Chinese media in 2015,334 the p r c has never allowed a real government for allowing the visit, they also investigation of the ground situation in Tibet. maintained that much needed to be done to bring Instead, the p r c has put restrictions on all travels to concrete, positive changes in Tibet. Congressman Tibet by international visitors, including ordinary Jim McGovern, a member of the delegation and tourists, particularly to the Tibet Autonomous sponsor of the Reciprocal Access to Tibet Act, Region. Many parts of Tibet remain closed for said, “We must find ways to build on this visit, and years due to self-immolation and other forms of make the reforms needed for meaningful change, protest.335 such as: one, allowing the United States to open a consulate in Lhasa, Tibet; two, allowing more Alongside the deploring human rights situation Members of Congress, more journalists, more in Tibet, a disturbing pattern has emerged in members of parliament from other nations, and recent years of democratic governments bending more people in general – including Members of to Chinese pressure to sacrifice human rights in the Tibetan community here in the United States favor of trade interests.336 This view was reinforced – to travel freely to Tibet; and three, renewing when the UK government arrested three peaceful the dialogue with the Dalai Lama to resolve protesters in October 2015 and charged them with longstanding issues of Tibetan autonomy, religious groundless accusations during Chinese president practice, culture and heritage.”332 Xi Jinping’s visit to London. However, as seen in court rulings in Denmark and France, the aggrieved Unknown to the delegation members, the Tibetan party was able to access due process and challenge capital Lhasa was placed under severe lockdown unlawful state actions by means of independent in late October and early November 2015 in judiciary, which is impossible in the p r c . anticipation of the visit.333 Any signs of heavy surveillance and police presence were temporarily On 26 February 2015, Congressmen Jim removed. In a letter smuggled out of Tibet, a McGovern (D-MA) and Joseph Pitts (R-PA) Lhasa resident recounted how the number of 24- introduced bipartisan legislation to promote hour police presence was suddenly reduced and new doors replaced the old surveillance-fitted 334 Natalie Thomas, China deploys mass surveillance to secure streets around ancient Tibetan temple, ones at one of the usual entrances to the Reuters, 30 Nov. 2015, available athttp://www. Temple. reuters.com/article/us-china-tibet-surveillance- idUSKBN0TJ13420151130 and Facts belie The US Congressional visit accentuated the long- China’s claims as Indian journalists visit Lhasa, standing problems surrounding p r c ’s unwillingness Tibetan Review, 6 Jul. 2015, available at http:// www.tibetanreview.net/facts-belie-chinas-claims- to allow free and unfettered visits by international as-indian-journalists-visit-lhasa/ agencies to ascertain the real situation inside Tibet. 335 New crackdown campaign introduced in Tibet ahead of sensitive anniversary celebrations, TCHRD, 332 Nancy Pelosi makes unannounced visit to 26 Aug. 2015, available at http://www.tchrd.org/ Tibet,International Campaign for Tibet, 12 new-crackdown-campaign-introduced-in-tibet- Nov. 2015, available at: https://www.savetibet. ahead-of-sensitive-anniversary-celebrations/ org/nancy-pelosi-makes-unannounced-visit-to- 336 Jacob Mchangama and Aaron Rhodes, How tibet/#sthash.bW38cz4p.dpuf. Sacrificed the Right to Peaceful Protest 333 China Placed Lhasa Under Severe Lockdown for Good Relations With China, Huffington During US Congressional Visit, Central Tibetan Post, 4 Dec. 2014, available at http://www. Administration, 20 Nov. 2015, available at http:// huffingtonpost.com/aaron-rhodes/how-europe- tibet.net/2015/11/china-placed-lhasa-under- sacrificed-the_b_5132809.html?ir=India&adsSit severe-lockdown-during-us-congressional-visit/] eOverride=in

64 65 travel by Americans to Tibetan areas where access Act339 and allows the US president to create a is routinely denied by Chinese authorities. The list of people who are responsible for significant introduction of the bill, H.R. 1112, the Reciprocal corruption, extrajudicial killings, torture, and Access to Tibet Act of 2015, operates on the other gross human rights abuses. People on the list principle of reciprocity that Chinese authorities will be banned from the United States and have continue to put restrictions on international their financial assets in the United States frozen. travels to Tibet particularly TAR, the US will Human rights organizations have welcomed respond in the same way by restricting visits by the groundbreaking legislation.340 If the Global Chinese officials responsible for governingT ibetan Magnitsky Act passes the President could impose areas.337 targeted sanctions for Chinese officials responsible for extrajudicial killings, torture, and other human On 15 June 2015, at a side panel to the U.N. rights abuses in Tibet. Human Rights Council, Sarah Sewall, Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and TCHRD’s 2013 report, Ending Impunity: Crimes Human Rights and US Special Coordinator Against Humanity in Tibet recommended that for Tibetan Issues, pointed out thatforeigners the international community impose travel bans wishing to visit TAR are required to obtain a and freeze the assets of Chinese officials that were special entry permit from the Chinese authorities, involved in crimes against humanity, including which is not required for travel to any other torture and murder, in Tibet. Since the report was province in the PRC. She said over the last four released, the torture and killing of Tibetans have years, 35 of 39 requests made by US Embassy or only escalated. These are still part of a systematic Consulates to visit TAR were denied. The Foreign attack on Tibetan activists and human rights Correspondents Club in China routinely warns defenders.341 reporters on covering sensitive areas such as Tibet and Xinjiang where foreign reporters have their movements monitored.338 II. Detention of Tibetan

Towards the end of January 2015, less than a month Protesters Abroad before the bill H.R. 1112 was introduced, the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability A. United Kingdom Act was introduced in the US Senate (S.284) and House of Representatives (H.R.624). The During Chinese President Xi Jinping’s visit to bill builds upon the success of the Magnitsky the United Kingdom (u k ) in October 2015, 339 Joseph K. Grieboski, Global Magnitsky Act is a human rights paradigm shift, , 10 337 Remarks Delivered at the “Lockdown in Tibet” The Hill Event in Geneva, Switzerland by Sarah Sewall, Sept. 2015, available at http://thehill.com/ Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, blogs/pundits-blog/international/252636-global- and Human Rights and Coordinator for Tibetan magnitsky-act-is-a-human-rights-paradigm-shift Issues, available athttp://tibet.net/2015/06/ 340 TCHRD welcomes introduction of targeted remarks-delivered-at-the-lockdown-in-tibet-event- sanctions bill for violators of human rights, in-geneva-by-sarah-sewall-special-co-ordinator-for- TCHRD, 6 Feb. 2015, available athttp://www. tibetan-issues-under-secretary-for-civilian-security- tchrd.org/tchrd-welcomes-introduction-of- democracy-and-human-rights/] targeted-sanctions-bill-for-violators-of-human- rights/ 338 Reporters’ Guide, Foreign Correspondents Club of China, available at http://www.fccchina.org/ 341 TCHRD’s new report on ‘Ending Impunity: reporters-guide/sensitive-areas-and-topics/ Crimes Against Humanity in Tibet’, TCHRD, 1 Sept. 2013, available at http://www.tchrd.org/ tchrds-new-report-on-ending-impunity-crimes- against-humanity-in-tibet/]

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the London Metropolitan Police detained and any trouble. The idea that this was a conspiracy searched the homes of three protesters. Tibetan to breach the peace would not have stood up in activists SonamChoden and JamphelLhamo, and court.”343 Chinese democracy activist and survivor of the Tiananmen Square massacre Dr. Shao Jiang were On 26 October, the treatment of the peaceful arrested and charged with breach of peace as well protesters was raised in the House of Commons as “conspiracy to commit threatening behaviour” via an Urgent Question submitted by m p Fabian and seized their computers, iPad, and u s b drive Hamilton. The 30-minute debate saw 15 m p s from their house. criticizing and questioning the government over the arrests. For example, m p Anne McLaughlin On 21 October 2015, London police manhandled asked if Mike Penning, the Minister for policing and dragged SonamChoden, JamphelLhamo, could “think of any reason ... why somebody and Dr. Shao Jiang from the protest sites. Dr. waving their country’s flag should lead to them Jiang stood in front of traffic along Xi Jinping’s being arrested, put behind bars and having motorcade route wearing Tibetan flag and their mobile phone and PC taken from them?” holding banners that read ‘End Autocracy’ and During the third day of the visit, an emergency ‘Democracy Now.’ The police also arrested Tibetan parliamentary session was granted to m p s who activists, SonamChoden and JamphelLhamo, who demanded to know whether David Cameron attempted to wave Tibetan flags at Xi Jinping’s had raised human rights issues with Xi Jinping. motorcade. All three of them were held in police Foreign Office Minister Hugo Swire refused to custody overnight before being released on bail. say if specific human rights cases had been raised A week after the arrests, all charges were dropped during the State Visit, instead referring to the and seized belongings returned. Tibetan activists raising of issues and cases in April during the u k - SonamChoden and JamphelLhamo have filed China annual human rights dialogue. an official complaint with the u k ’s Independent Police Complaints Commission calling for a full London-based human rights groups surmised that investigation into this case. the British government never publically raised human rights with the visiting Chinese president The London Metropolitan Police were heavily even after 16 m p s and Lords wrote an open criticized for the arrests of peaceful protesters, letter to David Cameron asking him to “express especially because the police failed to give any British values” on human rights, freedom and explanation for the conspiracy charge.342 The democracy on the eve of the visit.344 The letter, charging of peaceful protesters with conspiring to written by m p Fabian Hamilton and co-signed by commit threatening behaviour was the first in the 15 MPs and Lords, called on David Cameron “to u k in 40 years, according to the lawyer, Bill Nash, send a clear and public message to the Chinese for the Tibetan activists. government: their violations of basic human rights are unacceptable; their control and regulation of On the dropping of charges against the protesters, 343 Hannah Al-Othman, Charges dropped against British Member of Parliament (m p ) Fabian Tibetan protesters arrested in London for ‘waving Hamilton said, “There were no charges to answer. flags at Chinese President’s passing car’, London They were protesting peacefully, legally, without Evening Standard, 30 Oct. 2015, available at http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/charges- 342 Peter Walker, Xi Jinping protesters arrested and dropped-against-tibetan-protesters-arrested-in- homes searched over London demonstrations, london-for-waving-flags-at-chinese-presidents- The Guardian, 23 Oct. 2015, available at http:// a3102961.html www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/23/ 344 Britain’s Great Kowtow to China, Tibet Society, activists-condemn-arrest-tibetan-pair-waving-flag- 30 Oct. 2015, available at http://www.tibetsociety. xi-jinping-met-police-chinese-president com/content/view/571/#open-letter

66 67 civil society intolerable; and their punishment of Copenhagen Police had unlawfully detained a peaceful dissent inexcusable.”345 pro-Tibet demonstrator during Chinese President Hu Jintao’s visit in June 2012. The activist was During the first State visit to the u k by a Chinese unlawfully detained for an hour and forced to put President in 1999, the London Metropolitan down his Tibetan flag. Police conceded its officers had acted unlawfully.346 During then-President Jiang Zemin’s 1999 visit, Known as “The Tibet Case” in the Danish press, it police confiscated Tibetan flags and placards and involved the treatment of six pro-Tibet protesters blocked the view of protests.347 Xi Jinping’s four- during the then-President Hu Jintao’s visit to day State visit was the first by aC hinese President Denmark.351 The Danish police confiscated since Hu Jintao in 2005. The arrests in October Tibetan flags, detained and removed protesters 2015 were clearly an escalation of the London from places where Hu Jintao planned to visit. The police actions against peaceful protesters.348 The protestors were ordered to leave Parliament Square, London police actions violated the right to privacy and video footage showed police confiscating and freedom of expression of the protesters, Tibetan flags.352 and were attempts at intimidation of peaceful protesters.349 Luna Pedersen, one of the six activists, was detained and searched as she stood holding a Tibetan flag, which she wanted to show the Chinese president in B. Denmark support of the resistance against China’s policies in Tibet. Claus Bonnez, defence lawyer for Pedersen, A Danish court ruling in September 2015 put accused police of abusing their power by arresting the Copenhagen Police under renewed scrutiny Pedersen for waving a Tibetan flag, and providing for suppressing pro-Tibet demonstrations false testimony in court. The police officer that during a 2012 Chinese state visit to the Danish detained and searched Perdersen had testified in capital.350 The Easter High Court ruled that the court that the activist was suspected of carrying 345 Britain’s Great Kowtow to China, Tibet Society, illegal drugs when the original police report 30 Oct. 2015, available at http://www.tibetsociety. showed that the suspect was searched because she com/content/view/571/#open-letter “wanted to show the flag of Tibet to the Chinese 346 John Sweeney and Martin Bright, How democracy took a beating in the Mall, The Guardian, 24 Oct. leaders.” Five other activists were detained and 1999, available at http://www.theguardian.com/ forcibly removed during the protests. uk/1999/oct/24/theobserver.uknews1] 347 John Sweeney and Martin Bright, How democracy On 28 September 2015, days after the court took a beating in the Mall, The Guardian, 24 Oct. 1999, available at http://www.theguardian.com/ ruling, the Copenhagen Police asked the police uk/1999/oct/24/theobserver.uknews1] ombudsman, the Independent Police Complaints 348 Conor Sullivan and Andrew Bounds, UK police Authority, to launch an investigation into the criticised for reaction to Xi protests, The Financial Times, 23 Oct. 2015, available at http://www. 351 Lawyer calls police testimony “untrue” in Tibet ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/95508dd8-795d-11e5-a95a- activist case, Online Post, 8 Jan. 2014, available at 27d368e1ddf7.html#axzz3xByrhoy7 http://cphpost.dk/news14/international-news14/ 349 TCHRD condemns detention and intimidation of lawyer-calls-police-testimony-untrue-in-tibet- peaceful protesters in UK, TCHRD, 28 Oct. 2015, activist-case.html available at http://www.tchrd.org/tchrd-condemns- 352 Jacob Mchangama and Aaron Rhodes, How detention-and-intimidation-of-peaceful-protesters- Europe Sacrificed the Right to Peaceful Protest in-uk/ for Good Relations With China, Huffington 350 Police face enquiry over Tibet flag suppression,The Post, 4 Dec. 2014, available at http://www. Local Denmark, 29 Sept. 2015, available at http:// huffingtonpost.com/aaron-rhodes/how-europe- www.thelocal.dk/20150929/copenhagen-police- sacrificed-the_b_5132809.html?ir=India&adsSit face-enquiry-over-tibet-flag-supression] eOverride=in

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three-year-old case. In his statement, Copenhagen C. Australia police commissioner ThorkildFogde also pointed to difficulties identifying the police officers The death of a prominent Tibetan monk Tenzin involved in suppressing the protesters. But one Delek Rinpoche in a Chinese prison on 12 July of the accused officers subsequently surfaced in 2015 sparked protests worldwide.355 In Australia, a magazine interview saying he was “shocked” on 22 July 2015, a group of 50 Tibetan students to hear Copenhagen Police say that it had been and former political prisoners staged a protest unable to identify him and the other officers.T he at the Chinese consulate in Sydney. During the accused officer said the authorities knew about protest, police arrested eight Tibetan protesters, them and in fact, he had been interviewed about including one who had scaled a flagpole to pull the case in March 2015. down the Chinese flag, and charged them with a range of offences, including trespass. A 38-year- On 2 October 2015, Denmark’s Justice Minister old woman was also charged with common assault SørenPind released a document containing the after allegedly assaulting a consular official.356 details of specific orders given by the Danish Security and Intelligence Agency (PET) to Danish Media interviews with Tibetan protesters reveal police officers to ensure that “demonstrators that the protest was organized peacefully except cannot be seen” or “have the opportunity to be in when some protesters overcame with grief and a position that is visible” to Hu Jintao’s convoy.353 anger ran into the embassy gates following a Emphasizing the importance of making the moving truck. protesters invisible to the visiting Chinese president, the PET order read, “It is PET’s understanding that The Chinese government lost no time in the Chinese aren’t worried about the president’s characterizing the spontaneous actions of security during his time in Denmark but that it the protesters as ‘violent attacks by Tibetan 357 is very essential to them that ‘they don’t lose face’ separatists’. In his press statements, the Chinese via a confrontation with protestors or something deputy consul general Tang Ying alleged that similar.”354 Before the document was released the the protesters “tried to crash through the glass police had made statements to the Justice Ministry door of the main building and some of them 358 and the parliamentary Legal Affairs Committee pelted stones.” This narrative provides a denying these orders existed. Following the 355 Chinese troops open fire, beatT ibetan protestors revelations, Justice Minister SørenPind announced after death of revered lama in prison, International the establishment of a committee to unearth the Campaign for Tibet, 14 Jul. 2015, available at real reasons behind the unlawful police actions https://www.savetibet.org/chinese-troops-open- against peaceful protesters and whether the Danish fire-beat-tibetan-protestors-after-death-of-revered- lama-in-prison/#sthash.X6i2NFOe.dpuf authorities had adequately protected fundamental 356 Jane Wardell, Australian police arrest Tibetan democratic freedoms of the protesters. protesters at Chinese consulate, Reuters, 22 Jul. 2015, available athttp://uk.reuters.com/ article/2015/07/22/uk-australia-china-tibet- idUKKCN0PW1AH20150722] 357 Shannon Tiezzi, Pro-Tibetan Protesters Storm Chinese Consulate in Australia, The Diplomat, 353 Danish police ordered to not let China ‘lose face’, 25 Jul. 2015, available at http://thediplomat. The Local Denmark, 2 Oct. 2015, available at com/2015/07/pro-tibetan-protesters-storm- http://www.thelocal.dk/20151002/danish-police- chinese-consulate-in-australia/ told-chinese-president-could-not-lose-face 358 Australia vows to protect foreign missions in wake 354 Danish police ordered to not let China ‘lose face’, of Chinese consulate break-in, Xinhua, 24 Jul. The Local Denmark, 2 Oct. 2015, available at 2015, http://news.xinhuanet.com/ http://www.thelocal.dk/20151002/danish-police- available at english/2015-07/24/c_134443515.htm told-chinese-president-could-not-lose-face

68 69 ground for justification for a series of security In February 2012, during the then Chinese vice and anti-terrorism laws targeted at Tibetans and president Xi Jinping’s visit to Ireland, officers from Uyghurs.359 the Irish police force (Garda Siochana) confiscated banners and Tibetan flags, and stopped protesters D. Other European States from reaching the protest site, while excessive force was used to remove another protester.361 Activist The u k , Denmark and Australia are not the Sinead Ni Gairbhith, in a complaint lodged only Western democracies to suppress pro-Tibet with the Irish police watchdog Garda Siochana protests. As PRC exercise more influence and Ombudsman Commission, accused police officers leverage in international dealings, particularly of using excessive force to remove her preemptively in terms of economic matters, more democratic from a protest site on 19 February. Ms. Ni governments are bowing to Chinese pressure on Gairbhith said four garda officers confiscated matters of human rights and democracy. In recent and broke her protest sign, then twisted her arm years, pro-Tibet activists living in Belgium, Ireland behind her back to remove her from the area. At and Hungary have witnessed hostile police actions another protest site, the Irish police confiscated flags and banners of three pro-Tibet protesters, that violated their right to freedom of expression checked their identification, and then forced them and freedom of peaceful assembly. to follow the guards out of the protest site to get On 1 April 2014, the Belgian police confiscated their flags back. Following a complaint filed by Tibetan flags and detained 16 pro-Tibet protesters the husband of one of the protesters, the garda for hours, in Bruges, during Chinese president ombudsman ruled that the police treatment of Xi Jinping’s visit. The police broke up the the three protesters did not amount to a breach of protest and detained the protesters despite valid discipline “in any shape or form.” permission given by the Mayor of Bruges. Among In 2011 in Hungary, two years after p r c ’s deadly those detained were three Belgian citizens. Some crackdown on 2008 Tibet uprising, the local police Tibetans were detained inside a police van before subjected pro-Tibet protesters to preemptive they reached the protest. IngeHermans, musician restrictions during Chinese premier Wen Jiabao’s at the Anvers Opera and President of Vrienden visit to Budapest.362 Pro-Tibet protesters and van Tibet, was held in a ‘cold, damp cell’ for Chinese dissident groups were blocked from several hours, and told by police that during the holding peaceful protests on 24 and 25 June 2011. visit of Xi Jinping, “There was no democracy” in Tibetans living legally in Budapest were singularly Belgium as “the rules had changed.” Reports later targeted for their status as refugees, and were surfaced that the chief of police of Bruges had made to report to the immigration office on the received requests from the Chinese security forces day of the Chinese state visit.363 In a debate over to ensure that the Chinese president did not see 361 Barry Duggan, Gardai won’t be reprimanded for any display of Tibetan flags or photos of theD alai stopping pro-Tibet protest, Irish Independent, 27 Lama.360 Dec. 2012, available at http://www.independent. ie/irish-news/gardai-wont-be-reprimanded-for- 359 James Leibold, How China Sees ISIS Is Not stopping-protibet-protest-28951674.html How It Sees ‘Terrorism’, The National Interest, 7 362 Dennis Barbion, Hungary Bans Peaceful Tibet Dec. 2015, available at http://nationalinterest. Protest Because of the Visit of Wen Jiabao, 1 Jul. org/feature/how-china-sees-isis-not-how-it-sees- 2011, http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/ %E2%80%98terrorism%E2%80%99-14523 available at DOC-629285 360 Illegal detentions of protesters in Belgium during 363 US State Department’s Bureau of Democracy, the visit of Chinese president, International Human Rights and Labor, Country Reports on Campaign for Tibet, 7 April 2014, available at Human Rights Practices for 2011, http:// https://www.savetibet.org/illegal-detentions-of- available at www.state.gov/documents/organization/186571. protestors-in-belgium-during-the-visit-of-chinese- pdf, president/

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the suppression of Tibet protest in the Hungarian and development policy as well as into Common parliament, Prime Minister Viktor Orban Security and Defence Policy and the external defended the decision to prevent the protests dimensions of employment and social policy and and likened the protesters to ‘troublemakers’. the area of freedom, security and justice, including Mr Orban said, “Freedom of expression is okay, counter-terrorism policy.” scandals or trouble-making is not.”364 However, Hungary’s Parliamentary Commissioner for Civil Rights, Dr.MátéSzabó, criticized the treatment III. Business and Human of Tibetans adding that it not only violated the Rights rights of free expression and human dignity, but the right not to be discriminated against. In December 2014, TCHRD participated in the UN Forum on Business and Human Rights Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, Belgium, and the in Geneva. Mr. John Gaudette, TCHRD’s legal UK are members of the Council of European research officer took part in the forum. The trip Union and parties to the European Convention to the UN Forum built upon discussions Mr on Human Rights. The European Convention Gaudette conducted with human rights NGOs, on Human Rights guarantees basic human rights, lawyers, and businesses in Washington DC, and fundamental freedoms including freedoms Colorado, and California, as part of his research of expression, thought, conscience, association, for a report on Code of Conduct for businesses and peaceful assembly. The Convention and operating inside Tibet. its Protocols have become the most important European human rights protection for all European In June 2015, TCHRD released the code of conduct countries.365 report, which highlights the major human rights issues in Tibet and their human rights obligations. It is clear that in suppressing peaceful protests, the In 35 articles divided into eight categories, the abovementioned Western democratic governments code of conduct outlines how businesses can avoid violated fundamental rights enshrined in their contributing to or participating in human rights own constitutions, European, and international abuses in Tibet.366 The code of conduct draws upon law. Most notably, the EU Strategic Framework existing legal standards and standards accepted on Human Rights and Democracy was adopted in and endorsed by the People’s Republic of China 2012; it commits EU to placing human rights at the (PRC) including Chinese Chamber of Commerce core of its foreign policy. The Strategic Framework of Metals, Minerals and Chemicals Imports and reads, “The EU will promote human rights in all Exports (CCCMC) Guidelines for Chinese areas of its external action without exception. businesses operating outside of the PRC. Even In particular, it will integrate the promotion of though the CCCMC Guidelines are not official human rights into trade, investment, technology government standards, they have been endorsed and telecommunications, Internet, energy, by the PRC and held as an example of the PRC’s environmental, corporate social responsibility commitment to corporate social responsibility. 364 Orbán defends decision to prevent demonstration in support of Tibet during Chinese premier’s visit, Despite the human rights issues and risks, The All Hungary Media Group, 28 Jun. 2011, businesses are increasing investments in the PRC. available at http://www.politics.hu/20110628/ orban-says-hungary-to-protect-state-interests- 366 TCHRD calls on businesses to refrain from regarding-foreign-visits/ contributing to human rights abuses in Tibet, 365 Accession by the European Union to the European TCHRD, 30 Jun. 2015, available at: http://www. Convention on Human Rights, Council of Europe, tchrd.org/tchrd-calls-on-businesses-to-refrain- 1 Jun. 2010, available at http://www.echr.coe.int/ from-contributing-to-human-rights-abuses-in- Documents/UE_FAQ_ENG.pdf tibet/

70 71 For example, in Apple’s 2015 mid-quarterly Starbucks did not respond to TCHRD’srepeated report, its sales in ‘Greater China’(a designation emails and phone calls for information. Letters used for marketing that includes mainland China, sent by international Tibet support groups to Hong Kong, and Taiwan) grew by 112% to Starbucks’ CEO Howard Schultz and Senior Vice US$13.2 billion. The code of conduct is designed President John Kelly for Global Responsibility & to provide solutions to the major challenges facing Public Policy remained unresponded.370American business operations in Tibet, which will benefit businesses investing in the PRC involves a careful both businesses and Tibetans. The PRC is also balance between gaining access to the largest trying to encourage more investment in Tibet— market in the world and fulfilling their obligations particularly in extractive industries and tourism. In to respect human rights. The PRC has tried to the past, opposition to the expansion of businesses use its size to force companies to follow Chinese to Tibetan areas has been opposed in broad terms. laws371 that violate human rights. These broad complaints have called for total boycotts and if a company responds, the response Starbucks is required to carry out human rights involves a superficial appeal to human rights and due diligence assessment to ensure that none of international expectations. Because the Code of its shops contribute to human rights violations. Conduct is based on existing international legal This requirement is enshrined in the UN Guiding standards it gives human rights advocates a means Principles for Business and Human Rights, of grounding their demands from businesses. which is the most widely accepted and definitive Additionally, it puts them in a position to respond statement of existing international law. It is also to vague allusions to legal standards with specific part of the UN Global Compact, which preceded questions and demands. the UN Guiding Principles and Starbucks signed in 2004.372 Under both of these standards, Starbucks As more multinational corporations are increasing must support, respect and not be complicit in their investment in the PRC and Tibetan areas,367it human rights violations. Additionally, businesses is crucial that they fulfil their human rights must be able to “know and show” that they are obligations and do not become complicit in human respecting human rights. rights abuses in Tibet. On 11 September 2015, Starbucks opened two new stores in Xining,368 the On 8 April 2015, the Government of Canada’s capital city of Qinghai Province on the Tibetan National Contact Point (NCP) for the OECD Plateau and in the Tibetan region of Amdo. Despite Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises [2] Starbucks’s voluntary commitments to respect released its findings on alleged human rights human rights and benefit local communities violations resulting from the operations of China there is no evidence that Starbucks has taken Gold International Resources, in which the any measures to ensure that it is not complicit in Chinese state-owned enterprise China National nor benefitting from human rights violations.369 Gold holds largest share, at Gyama (Ch: Jiama) 370 Private communication with Alison Reynolds, 367 KFC prepares to open first outlet in Tibet, The Executive Director of International Tibet Network Guardian, 10 Dec. 2015, available at: http:// at http://tibetnetwork.org/ www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/10/kfc- 371 Paul Mozur, China Tries to Extract Pledge of prepares-to-open-first-outlet-in-tibet Compliance From U.S. Tech Firms, New York 368 Starbucks opens on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xinhua, Times, 16 Sept. 2015, available at: http://www. 11 Sept. 2015, available at: http://news.xinhuanet. nytimes.com/2015/09/17/technology/china-tries- com/english/2015-09/11/c_134616119.htm to-extract-pledge-of-compliance-from-us-tech- 369 Starbucks and disneyfication ofT ibetan culture in firms.html Amdo,TCHRD, 26 Sept. 2015, available at:http:// 372 See UN Global Compact at http://www. www.tchrd.org/starbucks-and-disneyfication-of- starbucks.com/responsibility/learn-more/un- tibetan-culture-in-amdo/ global-compact

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mine in Medrogungkar (Ch: Maizhokunggar) The NCP’s findings have led to the Canadian County, Lhasa PrefectureTibet Autonomous government ending all government support to Region (TAR).373 China Gold in foreign markets, in light of Canada’s revised Corporate Social Responsibility strategy The NCP is a committee made up of seven introduced in November 2014. The revised government departments such as Department of strategy includes provisions regarding refusal Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada, to participate in an NCP review process such as Environment Canada and Industry Canada. The “withdrawal of [Trade Commissioner Service] and NCP’s final statement was a response to a request other Government of Canada advocacy support for review submitted in January 2014 by Canada abroad.”378 Tibet Committee, a Montreal-based NGO.374 It is the first ever Tibet-related case reviewed under the OECD Guidelines.375 The statement IV. Spanish Tibet Lawsuit revealed that China Gold refused to respond to repeated requests for review by the NCP despite The Supreme Court of Spain on 22 April 2015 controversies over death of workers at one of its upheld the rejection of two judicial investigations mines in Tibet. China Gold acquired rights to into crime-against-humanity allegations in Gyama mine in 2010. In 2013, official Chinese Tibet.379 In mid-2014, a Spanish High Court media reported on a landslide at the mine that dropped a judicial investigation into alleged killed 83 workers bringing international attention genocide and human rights violations against a to the project.376 China projected the tragedy as number of Chinese leaders in Tibet. The High a natural disaster although research and evidence Court said the case did not comply with new pointed to a manmade disaster.377 legislation that limits Spain’s ability to investigate crimes against humanity committed abroad.380 373 Government of Canada NCP releases final Spain had amended its universal justice law to statement on China Gold International Resources deny its courts the power to try such cases, leading in Tibet’s Gyama Valley, Canada Tibet Committee, to both the cases being dismissed and to appeals 9 Apr. 2015, available at: http://www.tibet.ca/en/ against the dismissals.381 library/media_releases/370] 374 Request for Review Submitted to Canada’s National Contact Point Pursuant to the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, Canada Tibet Committee, 28 Jan. 2014, available at: http:// 378 SnehDuggal, Tibet Mine Probe Bans Vancouver- www.tibet.ca/_static/NCP.CGIR.jan2014.pdf]. based firm from export help,Embassy News, 29 Apr. 375 See Canada’s National Contact Point (NCP) for 2015, available at: http://www.ryerson.ca/content/ the Organisation for Economic Co-operation dam/csrinstitute/news/Tibet-Mine-Probe.pdf and Development (OECD) Guidelines for 379 José Manuel Romero, Supreme Court Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) at http:// upholds dismissal of Tibet genocide www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements- investigation, El Pais, 22 Apr. 2015, available accords-commerciaux/ncp-pcn/index. at: http://elpais.com/elpais/2015/04/22/ aspx?lang=eng&menu_id=1&menu=R] inenglish/1429711400_446213.html] 376 Edward Wong, Fatal Landslide Draws Attention 380 Spain drops ‘genocide’ case against China’s Tibet to the Toll of Mining on Tibet, New York Times, leaders, BBC News, 24 Jun. 2014, available at: 2 Apr. 2013, available at: http://www.nytimes. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china- com/2013/04/03/world/asia/deadly-tibetan- 28000937 landslide-draws-attention-to-mining.html 381 Spanish Supreme Court upholds dismissal of 377 Assessment Report of the Recent Landslide Event Tibet genocide lawsuits, Tibetan Review, 24 Apr. in the Gyama Valley, Environment & Development 2015, available at: http://www.tibetanreview.net/ Desk of Central Tibetan Administration, 1 Apr. spanish-supreme-court-upholds-dismissal-of-tibet- 2013, available at: http://tibet.net/wp-content/ genocide-lawsuits/ uploads/2013/04/AR-Gyama-9-April.pdf

72 73 A Tibetan monk, Thubten Wangchen, who gained in the justice cascade382 that led to the creation Spanish citizenship after he left Tibet, brought the of the International Criminal Court (ICC) Spain Tibet lawsuit. ThubtenWangchen filed a and most recently the prosecution of former complaint in 2006 against the Chinese government Chadian dictator HisseneHambre in Senegal. As for torturing dissidents and introducing martial international law has adopted and started to move law, forced displacements and mass sterilization forward from Spain’s example, Spain took a step campaigns in Tibet. back, or as the world progressed Spain regressed. At the ICC and elsewhere (for example at the Pressure from Beijing in 2014 compelled Spain UNHRC investigation of North Korea, and the to change the law to limit the judiciary’s powers prosecution of Hambre) the victim’s right to be to investigate human rights abuse cases in other heard is increasingly important. By changing the countries. The bill changing the universal law to block the case, the Spanish government jurisdiction law was passed with the support of denied Tibetans their chance to be heard and right the ruling party, the PP (“People’s Party”). The PP to a remedy. spokesman Alfonso Alonso said the law needed to be changed because it “only brings conflict.” But the law recognizes existing conflicts, and ignoring V. Tibet at the UN Tibetans does not make their conflict for human rights disappear. By changing the law Spain has In 2015, PRC’s human rights record came under avoided conflict with China and guaranteed continued scrutiny and criticisms from UN conflict forT ibetans. member states particularly Western governments. At the 30th session of the UNHRC in September, Limiting the universal jurisdiction law drew a lot the EU delegation deplored the mass arrest of of international criticism. Most of the criticism Chinese human rights lawyers and called on PRC focused on Spain bowing to the Chinese pressure to address the root causes of instability and to begin and putting economic interests above justice. dialogue with the Dalai Lama.383 Other member Spain’s Universal Period Review was in January states such asCanada, the Czech Republic, France, 2015 and Amnesty International mentioned Germany, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, the limiting of the law as a violation of Spain’s Switzerland, the US and the UK also called on obligations under the Convention Against Torture PRC to respect human rights. and the Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances. In March 2015, TCHRD highlighted pressing human rights issues at the UN Human Rights Spain’s universal jurisdiction law put Spain at Council session, and in October 2015, submitted the forefront of the international effort to end an alternative report on torture ahead of PRC’s impunity. Spain’s law led to the Pinochet case, Fifth Periodic Review before the UN Committee which involved the former Chilean dictator being Against Torture. TCHRD’s report to CAT focused held in the UK on an arrest warrant and possible on the death of political prisoners due to torture extradition to Spain. The resulting case was a landmark international law case that concluded 382 Kathryn Sikkink. The Justice Cascade: How Human he could be extradited. Pinochet was sent back to Rights Prosecutions are Changing World Politics, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. March 2012. Argentina for “medical reasons” but the precedent Print. from the case is still important and developments 383 China’s Human Rights Violation Criticised at in domestic prosecutions. By truly leading by UNHRC Session, Central Tibetan Administration, example in ending impunity, Spain participated 23 Sept. 2015, available at http://tibet.net/2015/09/ chinas-human-rights-violation-criticised-at-unhrc- session/

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and lack of medical care.384 On 13 March, making a sword.387 In response to questions, Mr. Bielefeld an oral intervention on the situation of health and emphasized that the law must be used to protect , TCHRD’s legal research officer people from the government rather than enabling John Gaudette, spoke on behalf of International repression. The Special Rapporteur specifically Fellowship for Reconciliation (IFOR).385 The oral highlighted attempts at administratively statement highlighted PRC’s failure to provide controlling reincarnation as an absurd practice. access to education, childhood mortality, and In response to the question of pending country maternal health in majority Tibetan areas.386 visit to China, he said, “long time has arrived for another visit”. At a side event organized by IFOR on “Religious Repression in East Asia”, the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion A. PRC’S Fifth Periodic Review Before and Belief HeinerBielefeldt criticized China’s UN Committee Against Torture efforts to control the reincarnation of Tibetan monks, arguing that the Chinese government On 9 December 2015, the Committee Against was “destroying the autonomy of religious Torture (c a t ) issued the concluding remarks for communities, poisoning the relationship between the p r c ’sfifth periodic review.The c a t ’s concluding different sub-groups, creating schisms, pitching remarks demonstrated that it is not fooled by the off people against each other in order to exercise p r c ’s propaganda.In the concluding observations, control.” Mr.Gaudette, the other panelist, spoke the c a t echoed many of the concerns raised by about the on-going religious repression in Tibet human rights organizations. The Committee and the targeting of religious leaders who speak criticized the p r c for failing to provide information up for their community. During the question and about 24 of 26 Tibetan cases that the Committee answer session at the event, a Chinese diplomat specifically asked thep r c about. The c a t noted the accused Mr.Gaudette of mixing criminal and p r c ’s denial of any “unfair or cruel treatment” of religious issues. Both Mr.Gaudette and Mr. ethnic minorities, before citing “credible sources” Bielefeld emphasized that a genuine rule of law and the p r c ’s failure to provide information the involved giving citizens a shield from government c a t requested. The Committee reminded the p r c intrusion rather than arming the government with of its obligations to not allow torture under any circumstances and that laws be applied to people regardless of their ethnicity. Twice, the Committee 384 TCHRD’s Written Submission to Committee Against Torture Ahead of its Review of China’s expressed concern and urged the p r c to investigate Fifth Periodic Report, October 2015, available instances of death in custody, allegations of torture, at http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CAT/ and the refusal to provide medical treatment. Shared%20Documents/CHN/INT_CAT_CSS_ CHN_22105_E.pdf The c a t was not willing to simply believe the 385 TCHRD highlights human rights violations in Tibet at ongoing UNHRC session, TCHRD, 14 p r c ’s assertions that it was fulfilling its obligations Mar. 2015, available at http://www.tchrd.org/ under the Convention Against Torture. In tchrd-highlights-human-rights-violations-in-tibet- seven short points, the Committee listed all of at-ongoing-unhrc-session/ the positive conduct by the p r c . Many of the 386 TCHRD report documents crisis of maternal and child health in Tibet, TCHRD, 4 Mar. 2015, positive aspects were undermined by issues of available at: http://www.tchrd.org/tchrd-report- concern raised by the Committee. For example, documents-crisis-of-maternal-and-child-health- in-tibet/ 387 TCHRD highlights human rights violations in Tibet at ongoing UNHRC session, TCHRD, 14 Mar. 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/ tchrd-puts-the-spotlight-on-tibet-at-ongoing- unhrc-session-in-geneva/

74 75 the Committee welcomed the implementation of In 2008, the p r c acknowledged that the eradication audio and video recording for the interrogation of of torture required time and effort. In 2015, the criminal suspects in major cases, the recognition c a t shamed the p r c for failing to put in the effort that infliction of mental suffering is torture, and to end widespread torture. the abolition of re-education through labour. However, the Committee then expressed concern that the p r c ’s definition of torture only applied VI. Tibet Elections to extracting confessions. The Committee also expressed concern about the p r c holding people On 18 October 2015, Tibetans in the diaspora incommunicado in secret places. The positive went to the polls to vote for the (‘Tibetan steps taken by the p r c were undermined and political leader’) and members of the 16th Tibetan overshadowed by other actions by the p r c that Parliament in Exile (TPiE). This is a crucial test failed to end impunity for torture and people at for the leadership of SikyongLobsangSangay, a risk of being tortured. Harvard-trained academic after he became the first elected Tibetan political leader in 2011after the The Committee was not willing to believe not Dalai Lama announced his decision to withdraw only because of the credible evidence that the p r c completely from political life. could not rebut, but also because the p r c has been caught lying to the Committee. In 2008, during In the aftermath of Chinese occupation of Tibet, the widespread protests throughout Tibet the p r c in exile the Dalai Lama carried forward the had another periodic review before the Committee democratization process he had already initiated in Against Torture. Similar to what the p r c attempted Tibet. The Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) in 2015, the p r c dismissed claims of torture as popularly known as the Tibetan government in exile 388 “groundless” and failed to provide practical or was set up on the principles of democracy. With statistical information about the implementation a modest beginning, the democratization process of the Convention Against Torture. The p r c also gradually and firmly strengthened year after year. claimed that security personnel were acting in After the direct election of the KalonTripa (now accordance with the law. The Committee was not called ‘Sikyong’) in 2001, the logical conclusion of deceived by the p r c and issued recommendations the process was to separate religion from politics. that called for accountability for the events in Although initially the Dalai Lama officially did Tibet. The extent of the p r c ’s lies were revealed not mention anywhere regarding separation of by evidence after the periodic report, including religion and politics, dissolution of the erstwhile an official autopsy report from Lhasa that showed GandenPhodrang government with its spiritual Tibetan protesters were killed with automatic genesis gave definite impression that religion is weapons. being separated from politics and in his message to the Tibetan parliament in May 2011, he called The first subject of concern raised by the for an end of the GandenPhodrang government Committee in 2015 was the p r c ’s failure to of Tibet. implement the recommendations to provide statistical information and create accountability According to the exile Tibetan Charter – for the crackdown in Tibet. The Committee thesupreme law governing the functioning of 389 also brought up Tibet regarding information the CTA, there were nine executive powers in about specific allegations of torture, the denial of 388 See TCHRD Special Report: Democracy in medical treatment, and the death of Tenzin Delek Exile (2012), available at http://www.tchrd.org/ democracy-in-exile-2012-report/ Rinpoche. 389 See Charter of the Tibetans in Exile at http://tibet. net/about-cta/constitution/

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Article 19 that the Dalai Lama enjoyed as the required number of votes will qualify for the final Head of State. When the Dalai Lama steadfastly election on 20 March 2016.393 During the election, rejected all the appeals to hold on to power and TCHRD along with International Campaign for continue as the Head of State, there was no Tibet hosted a solidarity and monitoring mission option but to make amendments to the Charter from three network-based Asian NGOs: Asia to legally formalize the devolution of political Democracy Network (ADN)394, Asian Forum powers. Altogether about 40 amendments were for Human Rights and Development (FORUM- made to the Charter to make the devolution legal ASIA)395, and Asian Network for Free Elections and institutional.390 Of all the relevant articles, (ANFREL)396. In their preliminary findings of article 19 of the Charter went through maximum the 2016 primary election, the mission members amendments as it deals with executive powers that congratulated the exile Tibetan community for politically empower the Dalai Lama. holding the election under difficult circumstances and offered recommendations on improving the The TPiE has 45 members. U-Tsang, Do-toe and regulations on campaign spending limits and Do-med, the three traditional provinces of Tibet finance reporting requirements, simplification elect 10 members each including two reserved of the voting process, and uncoupling of the seats for women members for each province, while requirement on pay voluntary contribution from the four schools of Tibetan Buddhism and the the right to vote.397 indigenous religion elect two members each. Four members are to be elected by Tibetans in The mission lauded the inclusive nature of the the West: two from Europe and two from North voting process, in which the Tibetan Chief America, and one from Australsia (Australia and Election Commission (EC) through its local parts of Asia outside India, Nepal and Bhutan).391 ECs organized more polling booths for Tibetans There are several clauses for the election of the residing in smaller qualifying numbers than before Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the TPiE. The and called on larger and more established Election TPiE members are elected through two rounds of Commissions in other countries to follow this voting, primary and final. model.

The 2015 Tibetan primary election saw members In the previous 2011 elections, Nepal police of the engage more actively and seized 18 ballot boxes, which held about 1600 deeply in the electoral process, as evident in the ballot papers, at two polling booths viz., Boudha more vigorous debate, discussion, and campaigning Exile, Central Tibetan Administration, 4 Dec. 2015, evident during the pre-election period and a available at: http://tibet.net/2015/12/election- decent turnout of voters.392 Candidates garnering commission-declares-result-of-preliminary- election-for-sikyong-and-tibetan-parliament-in- 390 Parliament Amends Charter on Devolution of exile/ His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s Formal Authority, 393 Election Commission Declares Result of Preliminary Central Tibetan Administration, 29 May 2011, Election of Sikyong and Tibetan Parliament-in- available at: http://tibet.net/2011/05/parliament- Exile, Central Tibetan Administration, 4 Dec. 2015, amends-charter-on-devolution-of-his-holiness-the- available at: http://tibet.net/2015/12/election- dalai-lamas-formal-authority/ commission-declares-result-of-preliminary- 391 Parliament amends charter for one new seat in election-for-sikyong-and-tibetan-parliament-in- Parliament for Australasia and Asia, Central Tibetan exile/ Administration, 28 March 2015, available at http:// 394 http://adn21.asia/ tibet.net/2015/03/parliament-amends-charter-for- 395 http://www.forum-asia.org/ one-new-seat-in-parliament-for-australasia-and- 396 http://anfrel.org/ asia/ 397 Borderless Democracy: Election for Tibetans in 392 Election Commission Declares Result of Preliminary Exile Inspires and Offers Lessons for the Future, Election of Sikyong and Tibetan Parliament-in- Asia Democracy Network, 20 Oct. 2015, available at: http://adn21.asia/?p=2579

76 77 and Swayumbhu, even though the Tibetans international human rights regime, as more states had permission from the Kathmandu District in developing world choose to prioritize economic Officer.398 A total of 5,588 of the 11,620 registered development over human freedoms.403 The soft- Tibetan voters went to polls in Nepal but the handed approach by democratic governments ballot papers remained unaccounted for due to toward PRC has only contributed to heightened their confiscation.I n Bhutan, requests by Tibetans repression in Tibet and elsewhere in the PRC. to the local Bhutanese officials to hold polls were In 2015, it became increasingly apparent that not answered and the polls did not take place. In China’s participation in international conferences Bhutan there are seven Tibetan Settlements and and agreements was aimed at entrenching its own the EC received 1097 registered Tibetan voters in interests over established international norms Bhutan. and values. This duplicity became obvious most recently at the UN Human Rights Council404 and the World Internet Conference405. VII. Conclusion & Tibet has remained off-limits to independent Recommendation visitors and journalists for years as the PRC continues to commit gross human rights violations The PRC has signed many important international and crimes against humanity.406 Although the treaties and interacted with various international international community has increasingly moved human rights institutions.399 At the same time, towards establishing greater visibility407 and it has brushed off with contempt all criticisms leverage to human rights in its foreign policy against its human rights record as interferences in dealings,408 a more proactive approach is needed if Chinese domestic affairs400 or an attack on Chinese concrete changes are to be expected in Tibet in the sovereignty.401 A growing number of countries in the developing world are turning to PRC’s no 403 Andrew J. Nathan,China’s Challenge, Journal of strings attached aid support.402 Human rights Democracy,Jan. 2015, Vol. 26, Issue 1, p.156-170, groups fear that this trend may jeopardize the Print. 404 Sui-Lee Wee and Stephanie Nebehay, At U.N., 398 Nepalese authorities confiscate Tibetan ballot China uses intimidation tactics to silence its critics, boxes, CNN, 5 October 2010, available at: http:// Reuters, 6 Oct. 2015, available at: http://www. edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/04/ reuters.com/investigates/special-report/china- china.tibet.elections/ softpower-rights/ 399 Ratification of International Human Rights 405 Hannah Beech, Xi Jinping, Leader of World’s Treaties – China, available at https://www1.umn. Largest Online Censor, to Address World Internet edu/humanrts/research/ratification-china.html Conference, TIME, 9 Dec. 2015, available at: 400 Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei’s http://time.com/4142305/xi-jinping-china- Regular Press Conference on November 20, 2015. censorship-world-internet-conference/ Available at http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ 406 See TCHRD’s Special Report on Ending Impunity: xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/ Crimes Against Humanity in Tibet (2013), available t1316837.shtml at http://www.tchrd.org/tchrds-new-report-on- 401 Chen-shen J. Yen, Sovereignty, Human Rights ending-impunity-crimes-against-humanity-in- and China’s National Interest: A Non-Zero Sum tibet/ Game, Foreign Policy Research Institute, Feb. 2011, 407 EU Special Representative for Human Rights visits available at: http://www.fpri.org/articles/2011/02/ China, European External Action Services (EEAS) sovereignty-human-rights-and-chinas-national- 16 Nov. 2015,available at:http://eeas.europa.eu/ interest-non-zero-sum-game statements-eeas/2015/151116_03_en.htm 402 Sonya Sceats and Shaun Breslin, China and the 408 Council adopts new EU action plan on human International Human Rights System, Chatham rights and democracy, “Keeping human rights at House, Oct. 2012, available at: https://www. the heart of the EU agenda”, European Council, chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/ 20 Jul. 2015, available at: http://www.consilium. public/Research/International%20Law/r1012_ europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/07/20-fac- sceatsbreslin.pdf human-rights/

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next few years. Human rights must be placed at the center of any foreign policy dealings with PRC, thus allowing accountability from the Chinese government. Bilateral human rights dialogues with PRC should have more substance than mere rituals.409 Because PRC has failed to prevent the commission of crimes against humanity for decades in Tibet, the international community should intervene, but not use force, to prevent the commission of crimes against humanity in Tibet. The international community should intervene by publically condemning the PRC for its policies in Tibet and pursuing criminal prosecutions,410while at the same time encouraging PRC leaders to engage in meaningful dialogue with the envoys of the Dalai Lama to resolve the long-standing issue of Tibet.

409 US-China Rights Dialogue: An Exercise in Insanity?Dui Hua, 29 Aug. 2013, available at: http://duihua.org/wp/?p=8130 410 TCHRD participates in conference on Responsibility to Protect, TCHRD, 2 May 2015, available at: http://www.tchrd.org/tchrd- participates-in-conference-on-responsibility-to- protect/

78 79 APPENDIX: I

COMPLETE LIST OF SELF-IMMOLATION PROTEST SINCE 2009 IN TIBET

78 79 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Survived Deceased Deceased Survived Had legs amputated but whereabouts unknown Hospitalised Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased

TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP,Sichuan Province County, Tawu Kardze Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin August 2011 Immolation Date 27 February 2009 16 March 2011 26 September 2011 26 September 2011 3 October 2011 7 October 2011 7 October 2011 15 October 2011 17 October 2011 15 Protest Location Ngaba County Ngaba County County Tawu Ngaba County Ngaba County Ngaba County Ngaba County Ngaba County Ngaba County Near Mame Nunnery, Ngaba County Kirti Kirti Kirti Kirti Kirti Kirti Nyitso Tawu Kirti Kirti Mame Dechen Occupation Monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Former monk, Monastery Former monk, Monastery Former monk, Monastery Nun, Chokhorling Nunnery 24 21 29 18 19 17 19 18 19 20 Age M M M M M M M M M F Sex

Name Tapey Phuntsog Norbu Tsewang Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Kelsang Kelsang Wangchuk Choephel Khaying Norbu Dramdul Wangmo Tenzin No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

80 81 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Survived Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Survived but legs amputated TAR TAP, Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP,Qinghai Kardze County, Kardze Sichuan Province County, Tawu Kardze TAP,Sichuan Province Jingdhung Village, Chamdo County, Chamdo Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Darlag County, Golok Province NgabaCounty, Ngaba Sichuan Province Meuruma Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, TAP,Sichuan Province Triwang Yulshul Qinghai Province Origin Immolation Date 25 October 2011 3 November 2011 9 February 2012 1 December 2011 6 January 2012 6 January 2012 8 January 2012 14 January 2012 8 February 2012 TAP Yulshul Township, Township, Township, Township, Protest Location Kardze County County Tawu Khamar Chamdo County Ngaba County Ngaba County Darlag Ngaba Ngaba County, Meuruma Ngaba County Triwang Kyegudo County, TAP Kardze Labrang Gaden Occupation Monk, Monastery Nun, Jangchup Choeling Nunnery Former monk of Karma Monastery Former monk of Kirti Monastery Former monk of Kirti Monastery Reincarnated monk, Darlag Monastery Former monk of Andu Monastery Former monk of Kirti Monastery Monk, Monastery 38 35 46 20s 20s 40s 22 19 Mid 30s Age M F M M M M M M M Sex Tsering Name Dawa Palden Choetso Tenzin Phuntsok Tsultrim Tennyi Sonam Wangyal Lobsang Jamyang Rinzin Dorjee Sonam Rabyang No. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

80 81 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased

Tsonub TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP TAP, TAP, TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Themchen County, Qinghai TAP, Province Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Machu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin Immolation Date February 2012 11 13 February 2012 17 February 2012 19 February 2012 3 March 2012 4 March 2012 5 March 2012 10 March 2012 14 March 2012 16 March 2012 Tsonub Township, Ngaba Township, Protest Location Near Mame Nunnery, Ngaba County Ngaba County Themchen County, TAP Near Dzamthang Gochen Monastery At a vegetable market, Machu County Military camp near Kirti Ngaba County Monastery, Local Government office, Cha County Choejema Ngaba County Dolma square, near Rongwo Monastery,Rebkong County Ngaba County Occupation Nun, Mame Dechen Choekhorling Nunnery, Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bongtak Monastery Layperson Student, Machu Middle Tibetan School Widowed Mother Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Rongwo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery 18 19 38 18 20 32 18 18 34 20 Age F M M M F F M M M M Sex Gyatso Tsultrim Name Choedon Tenzin Lobsang Dhamchoe Sangpo Nangdrol Kyi Tsering Rinchen Dorjee Gepey Jamyang Palden Losang 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. No.

82 83 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Cha Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Dartsedo County, Kardze Sichuan Province Dartsedo County, Kardze Sichuan Province Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin April 2012 April 2012 April 2012 April 2012 Immolation Date 6 19 19 27 May 2012 27 May 2012 17 March 2012 28 March 2012 30 March 2012 30 March 2012 6 Temple, Temple, Township, TAR TAR Township, Ngaba Township, Protest Location Monastery, Dartsedo County Close to local government office, Barma Dzamthang County Close to local government office, Dzamthang County Outside Jokhang Lhasa city, Outside Jokhang Lhasa city, Rongpo Rebkong County Cha County Ngaba Barkham County, TAP Ngaba Barkham County, TAP Dartsedo County Tibetan Tsodun Tsodun Dzogchen Sertha Occupation Buddhist Institute Farmer Monk, Ganden Tenpelling Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Reincarnated monk, Monastery Nun, 44 20 22 21 47 25 20s 20s 19 25 Age M M M M M F M M M M Sex Tseten Name Atse Sonam Choepak Kyab Dorjee Dhargye Sonam Dhargyal Lobsang Sherab Dargyal Tenpa Chime Palden Thubten Nyandak 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. No.

82 83 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased TAR TAR Tsodun TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Truldul TAP, Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Chentsa County, Malho Qinghai Province Menphuk Township, Zurtso Nyalam Village, Shigatse County, Prefecture, County, Trindu Yulshul Sichuan Province County, Yushu Yulshul Qinghai Province Damshung Lhasa County, Prefecture, Kholachang Village, Township, Barkham County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin August 2012 Immolation Date 30 May 2012 15 June 2012 20 June 2012 20 June 2012 27 June 2012 7 July 2012 17 July 2012 6 Trindu Trindu Yulshul TAP TAP Dzamthang Yulshul Yulshul Township, Township, Protest Location Near Jonang Gochen Monastery, County Infront of local police office, Chentsa County Dzatoe County, Dzatoe County, Kyegudo County, TAP Lhasa Damshung County, Prefecture Ngaba Barkham County, TAP Ngaba County Occupation Nomad Nomad Layperson Former monk, Zilkar Monastery House wife Nomad Monk, Gyalrong TsodunMonastery Monk, Kirti Monastery 36 64 22 24 40s 22 18 21 Age F M M M F M M M Sex Thar Name Rikyo Tamding Ngawang Norphel Khedup Tenzin Dekyi Choezom Dorjee Tsewang Lobsang Lozin Lobsang Tsultrim 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. No.

84 85 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased TAR TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Nawu Township,Tsoe Kanlho County, Gansu TAP, Province Meruma Township,Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Choejema Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Ngaba County,Ngaba Sichuan TAP, Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province County, Yulshul Yulshul Qinghai Province Karma Chamdo County, Chamdo Prefecture, Origin August 2012 August 2012 August 2012 August 2012 August 2012 August 2012 Immolation Date 7 10 13 13 27 27 13 September 2012 29 September 2012 TAP, County Tsoe Township, Yulshul Protest Location Gaden Choeling Tsoe Monastery, Meuruma Ngaba County Ngaba Kirti Monastery, County Ngaba Kirti Monastery, County Near the eastern gate of Kirti Monastery, NgabaCounty Near the eastern gate of Kirti Monastery, NgabaCounty Beijing, China Main Road, Dzatoe County, Qinghai Province Occupation Housewife/mother Nomad Monk, Kirti Monastery Former monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Former monk, Kirti Monastery Laywoman Businessman 26 24 20 21 18 17 62 27 Age F M M M M M F M Sex Tso Name Dolkar Choepa Lungtok Tashi Lobsang Kelsang Lobsang Dhamchoe Passang Lhamo Yungdrung No. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55.

84 85 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased TAR TAR TAR Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Diru County, Nagchu Prefecture, County, Tsoe Kanlho Gansu Province Drong che Village, Khasag County, Tsoe Kanlho Gansu Province Bora Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Gyoegya Township, Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Nagro Phampa Diru Village, Nagchu County, Prefecture, Nagro Phampa Diru Village, Nagchu County, Prefecture, Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Origin Immolation Date 4 October 2012 6 October 2012 13 October 2012 20 October 2012 22 October 2012 23 October 2012 25 October 2012 25 October 2012 26 October 2012 County Tsoe Township, Gaden Choeling Tsoe Gaden Choeling Tsoe Protest Location Nagchu Nagchu County, Prefecture Near monastery, Near County Monastery,Tsoe Near Bora Monastery, Sangchu County Near , Sangchu County Main street of Gyugya market Near a government building, Nagchu Prefecture Near a government building, Nagchu Prefecture Amchok Sangchu County, Occupation Writer Layperson Layperson Farmer Nomad Layperson Monk, Bekar Monastery Layperson 43 27 52 27 60 57 20 25 24 Age M M M M M M M M M Sex Tseten Name Gudrup Sangay Gyatso Dorjee Tamdin Lhamo Kyab Dhondup Dorjee Rinchen Tsepo Tenzin Lhamo 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. No.

86 87 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Deceased Deceased to Taken the Hospital by Police but current whereabouts unknown to Taken the Hospital by Police but current whereabouts unknown Deceased TAP, TAP, Township, Ruming Village, Sangkhog Sangchu County, County,Kanlho Gansu TAP, Province Chuma Village, Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Village, Tsodrug Gomang Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Village, Tsodrug Gomang Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Village, Tsodrug Gomang Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Dorongpo Village, Dowa Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Origin Immolation Date 26 October 2012 4 November 2012 7 November 2012 7 November 2012 7 November 2012 7 November 2012 Township Protest Location Near the bus stand, Setri Sangkok Village, South Street, Taklung Rebkong County In front of Ngatoe Gomang police station, Ngaba County Infront of the Ngatoe Gomang police station, Ngaba County, Infront of the Ngatoe Gomang police station, Ngaba County Dowa Dorongpo Village, Rebkong Township, County Occupation Layperson Farmer Monk, Ngoshul Monastery Monk, Ngoshul Monastery Monk,Ngoshul Monastery House wife 23 24 15 16 16 23 Age M M M M M F Sex Tso Name Thubwang Kyab Dorjee Lhundup Dorjee Samdup Dorjee Kyab Tamding 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. No.

86 87 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased TAP, TAR Township, Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Village, Tingser Bekar Driru County, Nagchu Prefecture, Rebkong County, Kanlho Qinghai Province Lushoe Village, Ngagod County, Tsoe Kanlho Gansu Province Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Dowa Rebkong Township, Malho County, Qinghai Province Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Goge Village, Tsenmo Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Khagya Village, Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province Origin Immolation Date 7 November 2012 8 November 2012 10 November 2012 12 November 2012 12 November 2012 15 November 2012 15 November 2012 17 November 2012 TAP, Township, Rebkong Township, Protest Location Bekar Village, Tingser Township Outside Rongpo Rebkong Monastery, Kanlho County, Qinghai Province Infront of a monastery, County Tsoe Rebkong County Dowa County Rebkong County Tsenmo Rebkong County Dolma square, Rebkong County Occupation Farmer Nomad Farmer Nomad Nomad Nomad Monk, Rongwo Monastery 27 18 19 24 18 18 23 Age M M M M M M F F Sex Tashi Tsering Name Tsegyal Kalsang Jinpa Gonpo Nyingkar Nyingchak Bum Khabum Gyal Dolma Tenzin Chakmo Kyi 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. No.

88 89 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Gansu TAP, Dokarmo Township, Rebkong County, Malho Qinghai Province County, Yazi Tsoshar Qinghai Province Chugan Village, Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Dowa Rebkong County, Kanlho Qinghai Province Palgur Nagri Luchu Village, Kanlho County, Gansu TAP, Province Makor Village, Dokarmo Township, County, Tsekhog Malho Qinghai Province Serthar County, Kardze Sichuan Province Bharkor Village, Dokarmo County, Tsekhog Malho Province Origin Immolation Date 17 November 2012 19 November 2012 20 November 2012 22 November 2012 22 November 2012 23 November 2012 26 November 2012 25 November 2012 Township Township, Township, Protest Location Tsekhog Rebkong County Near Kangtsa Gaden Choephelling Monastery, County Yazi Kanlho Sangchu County, TAP Main street of Dowa Rebkong Township, County Luchu County Luchu river, Dokarmo County Tsekhog In front of the Golden Horse Statue, Serthar County town In front of the local government office,Dokarmo Occupation Layperson Nomad, Former monk of Shitsang Monastery Former monk Nun 24 25 34 18 23 29 20s 17 Age M M M M M M M F Sex Tsering Name Sangdak Tsering Wangchen Norbu Tsering Dhondup Lubum Kyab Tamding Dorjee Tamding Wangyal Sangay Dolma No. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86.

88 89 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown. Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Pema County, Golok Qinghai Province Amchok Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Kyangtsa Dzoege Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Sangkhog Township, Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province County, Tsoe Kanlho Gansu Province Luchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Bora Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Origin Immolation Date 3 December 2012 26 November 2012 26 November 2012 27 November 2012 27 November 2012 28 November 2012 29 November 2012 30 November 2012 2 December 2012 Township Township, Township Protest Location Near the Eight-Petal Lotus Monument,Pema County Amchok Luchu County Outside a government office, Kyangtsa Sangkhog Sangchu County County Tsoe Near local Chinese government office, Luchu County Ngaba County Near Bora Monastery, Sangchu County Troedrelling Penag Occupation Layperson Monk, Kadak Monastery, 18 24 24 18 21 31 29 17 29 Age M M M M M M M M M Sex Tashi Tsering Name Kunchok Tsering Gonpo Kalsang Kyab Sangay Khar Wande Tsering Namgyal Kunchok Kyab Sungdue Kyab Lobsang Gedun No. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95.

90 91 SELF IMMOLATIONS Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Status Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Gonda Dewa Dringwa Village, Dzoege Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Luchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province County, Tsekhog Malho Qinghai Province Amchok Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Bora Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Dzoege County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Lushu Kyi Village, County, Tsoe Kanlho Gansu Province Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Origin 2012 December 2012 Immolation Date 8 December 3 February 2013 8 December 2012 9 12 January 2013 18 January 2013 22 January 2013 13 February 2013 17 February 2013 TAP Amchok Township, Sangchu Township, Protest Location Lhamo Kirti Taktsang Dzoege County Monastery, Outside Public Security Bureau office, Dzoege County Near Shitsang Monastery, Luchu County Dokarmo Nomadic area, County Tsekhog Main street of Town Marthang Drachen Village, Ngaba County, Bora County Amchok Kanlho Sangchu County, TAP Main street of Labrang near Labrang Town, Sangchu Monastery, County Dringwa Kirti Occupation Monk, Sumdo Monastery Farmer Monk, Monastery Farmer 24 23 17 22 28 26 37 26 49 Age M M F M M M M M M Sex Tsering Tashi Name Kunchok Phelgye Pema Dorjee Bhenchen Kyi Tsering Drupchok Kunchok Kyab Lobsang Namgyal Drukpa Khar Namlha 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. No.

90 91 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Deceased Unknown Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Tsoshar Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, Kyangtsa Village, Dzoege County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Kyangtsa Village, Dzoege County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Dowa Village, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Luchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Bayan Khar County, Prefecture, Qinghai Province Village, Taktsa Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Barwa Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Meshul Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Origin Immolation Date 19 February 2013 19 February 2013 25 February 2013 25 February 2013 24 February 2013 13 March 2013 16 March 2013 24 March 2013 25 March 2013 Township, TAP Protest Location Dzoege County Dzoege County Ngaba County In front of Shitsang Gonsar Luchu County Monastery, Jhakhyung Monastery, Prefecture Tsoshar Ngaba County Ngaba Near Jonang Gonchen Dzamthang Monastery, County Meshul Sangchu County Kirti Occupation Farmer Farmer Monk, Monastery Nomad Forest guard 17 18 Late 20s Early 20s 31 28 30 43 Age M M M M M F M F M Sex Name Rinchen Sonam Dhargyal Sangdak Kyab Tsesung Phagmo Dhondup Kunchok Wangmo Lobsang Thokmey Kalkyi Lhamo Kyab 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. No.

92 93 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Hospitalized, Survived Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Yulshul Yulshul TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Yultso Adel Luchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Kyegudo County, Yulshul Qinghai Province Barma Village, Dzamthang Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Dzoege County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Dzoege County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Kham Village, County, Qinghai TAP, Province Dragthog Village, County, Tawu Kardze Sichuan Province Dzoege County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin April 2013 April 2013 April 2013 Immolation Date 24 24 20 July 2013 26 March 2013 Late March 2013 16 27 May 2013 June 2013 11 Yulshul Dzoege County Thangkor Soktsang Protest Location Dzoege County Dzoege County Near Monastery, Near Mokri Monastery, Luchu County Kyegudo County Near Jonang Monastery, Dzamthang County Gyaring area, County Near Nyitso Monastery, County Tawu Monastery Kirti Kirti Thangkor Mokri Occupation Monastery House wife Monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Nomad Nun Monk, Sogtsang Monk, Close to 40 20 20 23 Early 30’s 31 18 28 Age F F M M M F M M Sex Tenzin Tsomo Name Kunchok Kunchok Chuktso Lobsang Dawa Kunchok Woeser Sherab Tenzin Wangchen Dolma Kunchok Sonam No. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 114.

92 93 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Unknown Tsang Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Qinghai TAP, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Pema County, Golok Qinghai Province Meuruma Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Dokarmo County, Tsekhog Malho Province Chukle Gongma nomadic area, Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province County, Tsekhog Malho Qinghai Province Thonglaka Bathang family, Kardze County, Sichuan TAP, Province Origin Immolation Date 28 September 2013 November 11 2013 3 December 2013 19 December 2013 5 February 2014 13 February 2014 16/03/2014 16/03/2014 29/03/2014 Bathang Ngaba County Township, Township, Township, Protest Location Ngaba Gomang Village, County Pema County town Meuruma Ngaba County Amchok Kanlho Sangchu County, Gansu Province TAP, Dokarmo County Tsekhog Main road, town Ngaba County Outside Sonag Gedun Choling Monastery, Tashi County Tsekhog Outside Ba Choede Monastery, County Kirti Gedun Tailor Kirti Sonag Amchok Occupation Father, Monk, Jonang Akyong Monastery Nomad/father Monk, Monastery Buddhist Tantric practitioner Former monk, Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Choling Tashi Monastery Nun 40 20 30 44 27 25 20 29 31 Age M M M M M M M M F Sex Tseten Tenzin Name Shichung Gyal Tsering Kunchok Gyatso Tsultrim Phagmo Samdup Lobsang Dorjee Lobsang Palden Jigme Dolma 122. 123. 124. 125. 126 127 128 129 130 No.

94 95 SELF IMMOLATIONS Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Hospitalized Tawu Township, TAP, TAP, TAP, Township, TAP, TAP, Township, Khangsar Township, Kardze County, Sichuan TAP, Province Gade County, Golok Qinghai Province Amchok Village, Bora Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Amchok Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province Nomadic camp no 4, Meuruma Ngaba Township, Ngaba County, Sichuan TAP, Province Thewa County, Tawu Kardze Sichuan Province Village, Trotsuk Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Origin April 2014 Immolation Date 16 December 2014 22 December 2014 23 December 2014 6 March 2015 15 16 September 2014 17 September 2014

Town Tawu TAP, Tawu Township, Township Protest Location In front of the Local Public Security Bureau office, Amchok Main road, Meuruma Entrance gate of a local police station, County In a hay barn,Trotsuk in Ngaba County Village Khangsar County Outside Police town, station,Tsangkor Gade County, OutsidePublic Security Bureau headquarters in Kanlho City, Tsoe Gansu Province Tsoe Nyitso Occupation Monastery Layperson Layperson Student, Middle School Nomad Nomad Monk, 32 42 22 34 19 38 40 Age M M M M F M F Sex Yeshi Tashi Name Sangye Khar Tsepey Kalsang Norchug Thinley Namgyal Kunchok Lhamo 134 135 136 137 131 132 133 No.

94 95 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 Status Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Deceased Town, Tawu Tsonggo TAP, TAP, TAP, TAP, Drangsur Village, Drango Township, Kardze County, Sichuan TAP, Province Soruma Village, Choejema Ngaba County, Ngaba Sichuan Province Khangsar Township, Kardze County, Sichuan TAP, Province Chone County, Kanlho Sichuan Province Kyegudo, Yulshul Qinghai Province Ngulra Village, Sangchu County, Kanlho Gansu Province. Origin April 2015 August 2015 April 2015 Immolation Date 8 15 20 May 2015 27 May 2015 9 July 2015 27 Village, Soruma Town County Tawu in Square,Kyegudo home Protest Location Near Kubushan Police Station, Kardze County At Choejema Near a government building in Khangsar Township, Outside Public Security Bureau office, Chone County Gesar Town In Ngulra Village Nganggang Occupation Nunnery Layperson Layperson Mother Monk Nomad Nun, 45 35 36 26 55 47 Age M M F M F F Sex Tso Topgyal Name Khando Yeshi Ney Kyab Gyatso Tenzin Sangyal Sonam Kyi Tashi No. 139 140 141 142 143 138

96 97 APPENDIX: II

TIBETAN POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE

96 97 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Dechen County, Toelung TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan P Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Cha Town, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Mangra County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, PRISON Chushul PSB Detention Center Mianyang Prison Mianyang Prison Chushul PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Detention center in Rebgong Kardze PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Sensitive lyrics Leak state secrets Solo protest Slogan- Shout -Speech Reactionary Slogan-Shout- Out-Solo SENTENCE 15 years 12 years 10 years 2 years 4years 3years and 6 months 2 years 6 months 8years 3yrs and 6months 2years 8years 8 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 1-Apr-2015 1-May-2015 10-Jan-2015 15-May-2015 30-Oct-2015 15-Apr-2015 1-Feb-2015 1-May-2015 2-Nov-2015 15-May-2015 1-May-2015 1-May-2015 13-Jul-2015 19-Jun-2015 28-Mar-2015 28-Mar-2015 28-Mar-2015 20-Aug-2015 30-Nov-2015 19-Mar-2015 10-Jan-2015 7-Jul-2015 28-Nov-2015

AGE 18 48 19 38 49 31 46 29 STATUS Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Dingkha Monastery Monk, Gom Gonsar Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery Villager Monk, Ngaba Kirti Monastery Singer Driver Businessman Monk, Kirti Monastery Villager Businessman Businessman Nomad Monk, Phugu Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsenden Monastery Monk, Tsenden Layperson Nomad Monk, Kirti Monastery Student Monastery Monk, Tselo Monk Layperson SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M NAME Kalsang Bhakdo Lhundup Tenzin Tsewang Cholug Tenzin Gedun Phuntsok Gonpo Tenzin Kalsang Tsering Lhanam Lobsang Kalsang Ngawang Tashi Sonam Dharwang Lhadup Tsering Bende Khar Choekyi Choephel Dawa Choeying Choega Dorjee Dakpa Dorjee Dolma Drugdak Druklo Gedun Gyatso Gomar Choephel Jampa Sangay TCHRD-ID 2015 10 years and Above Sentence 2008-575 2014-97 2014-59 Sentence Below 10 Years 2015-71 2015-18 2013-162 2015-10 2015-54 2015-107 2015-70 2015-55 2015-56 Sentence Unknown 2015-68 2015-72 2012-54 2015-29 2015-30 2015-78 2015-106 2010-101 2015-11 2015-79 2015-104 NO. 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

98 99 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Gade County, ORIGIN Ngaba PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation Link Slogan- Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 9-Sep-2015 17-Apr-2015 5-Jun-2015 5-Jun-2015 20-Mar-2015 14-Mar-2015 14-Mar-2015 28-Mar-2015 5-Jun-2015 5-Jun-2015 13-Jun-2015 5-Jun-2015 16-May-2015 10-Sep-2015 10-Sep-2015 20-Mar-2015 30-Nov-2015 7-Sep-2015 5-Jun-2015 18-Aug-2015 14-Mar-2015 13-Jul-2015 14-Mar-2015 24-Feb-2015 1-Jan-2015 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 21 27 43 27 22 20 38 28 19 17 41 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Gyurmey Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsenden Monastery Monk, Tsenden Monastery Monk, Tsenden Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Karma Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Chakjomo Monk, Traktse Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monastery Monk, Sog Tsenden Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Choekorling Monk, Tashi Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsenden Nomad Monastery Monk, Tsenden Monk, Shak Rongpo Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Jampal Gyatso Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jinpa Jigme Drakpa Jigme Tsultrim Jigme Wangyal Kalsang Kalsang Monlam Kargyal Khyungge Jinpa Lhundrub Lobsang Lobsang Dakpa Lobsang Dawa Lobsang Gephel Lobsang Kalsang Thubten Lobsang Lodoe Tenzin Namgyal Kyab Namgyal Tsultrim Ngawang Gyaltsen Nyatri NAME 2015-81 2015-31 2015-42 2015-45 2008-1307 2015-26 2015-25 2015-28 2015-44 2015-46 2015-58 2015-43 2015-37 2015-83 2015-82 2015-20 2015-105 2015-80 2015-51 2015-77 2015-21 2015-67 2013-80 2015-19 2015-2 TCHRD-ID 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 NO.

98 99 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Gade County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Gade County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Chigdril County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pashoe TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation link HH material Immolation link Solo Protest Immolation link Immolation link HH material Immolation link Slogan-Shout- Speech Online activities Illegal assembly SENTENCE 11years 10years 10years 10 years 10 years 18 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 6-Feb-2015 19-May-2015 1-Jan-2015 4-Jun-2015 1-May-2015 10-Jun-2015 19-Dec-2015 14-Jun-2015 2-Jul-2015 1-Jan-2015 28-May-2015 14-Mar-2015 10-Jun-2015 20-Jun-2015 18-May-2015 14-Mar-2015 14-Mar-2015 15-Aug-2015 13-Mar-2015 1-Jan-2014 1-Jan-2014 18-Sep-2014 14-Jan-2014 14-Jan-2014 1-Mar-2014 AGE 17 21 20 25 26 23 26 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Monk, Gonsar Monastery Choekorling Monk, Tashi Monastery Shop owner Layperson Layperson Monk, Karma Monastery Nomad Choekorling Monk, Tashi Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsenden Choekorling Monk, Tashi Monastery Nyitso Monastery Monk, Tawu Monastery Monk, Tsenden Monastery Monk, Tsenden Nomad Layperson Monastery Monk, Tarmoe Monk, Drongsar Monastery Village leader Village leader Drong Na Monk/Chant Master, Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M NAME Pema Dorjee Pema Rithar Samdak Samten Gyatso Sonam Dhargay Tamding Wangyal Dhondup Tashi Gyaltsen Tashi Kyi Tashi Gyal Tenpa Soepa Tenzin Thabkey Lhudup Thinlay Gyatso Dhondup Tsering Tsewang Choephel Gongji Tsultrim Namgyal Tsultrim Kyi Woekar Rabgyal Yonten Dorjee Dagtsel Kalsang Choklang Lobsang Gedun Ngangtak Rigsal Thardoe Gyaltsen TCHRD-ID 2015-13 2015-38 2015-3 2015-50 2015-36 2015-52 2015-108 2015-62 2015-63 2015-1 2015-49 2015-24 2015-53 2015-47 2015-35 2015-22 2015-23 2015-76 2015-41 2014 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2010-206 2013-160 2014-289 2014-65 2014-66 2014-63 NO. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 1 2 3 4 5 6

100 101 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Diru County, Nagchu Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo City, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, ORIGIN Diru PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center Dzogang PSB Detention Center Chengdu Intermediate CourtPeople’s Barkham Intermediate CourtPeople’s Chushul Prison Sog PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? PRISON Split-nation Immolation linked Immolation linked Split-nation Immolation Link Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES 13 years 12 years 3 years 2years 2 years 1years and 6 month 5 years 4 years 2 and 6 month 3 years 3 years 2 years 9 years SENTENCE 1-Jan-2014 1-Oct-2014 3-Nov-2014 2-Jan-2014 5-Nov-2014 1-Dec-2014 6-Sep-2014 27-Nov-2014 15-Oct-2014 5-Nov-2014 7-Nov-2014 7-Nov-2014 1-Aug-2014 28-Mar-2014 3-Feb-2014 10-Mar-2014 17-Mar-2014 5-Jan-2014 6-Jun-2014 14-Mar-2014 1-Aug-2014 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 39 20 19 AGE Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Drilda Monastery Layperson Layperson Layperson Labrang Monk/Writer, Monastery Tashikhyil Singer Abbot, Jhapa Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery MonasteryMonk, Rabten Monk, Drilda Monastery Layperson Monk, Drilda Monastery Village leader Layperson OCCUPATION M M F M F M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M F SEX Trigyal Tsangyang Gyatso Dolma Tso Dorjee Rabten Gephel Jamyang Tsering Jigme Guri Kalsang Yarphel Khenpo Karma Tsewang Konme lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Tenpa Tsultrim Nyendrag Ade Asang Atrung Atse Barlo Yudrung Barma Bhudrak Bhumo NAME 2014-67 2014-294 Below 10 Years 2014-295 2014-9 2014-297 2014-314 2008-538 2013-98 2014-292 2014-296 2014-298 2014-83 2014-174 Sentence Unknown 2014-70 2014-23 2014-85 2014-60 2014-1 2014-96 2014-51 2014-192 TCHRD-ID 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 NO.

100 101 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba Town, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba Town, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province County, Yulshul Dzatoe County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, County, Pema TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center Sog PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Pema Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Palyul Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Pema Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Immolation linked Immolation linked Slogan- Shout -Speech Leaked state secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 22-Dec-2014 22-Dec-2014 7-Sep-2014 16-Mar-2014 9-Apr-2014 5-Jan-2014 1-Aug-2014 23-Aug-2014 10-Mar-2014 5-Jan-2014 1-Feb-2014 3-Jan-2014 3-Jan-2014 16-Oct-2014 22-Nov-2014 21-Apr-2014 7-Sep-2014 14-Mar-2014 18-Jan-2014 7-Dec-2014 7-Dec-2014 9-Jul-2014 17-Mar-2014 AGE 60 50 49 20 20 37 52 20 29 STATUS Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Nomad Nomad Monastery Monk, Tsenden Layperson Writer Monk, Akyong Monastery Layperson Layperson Village leader Nun Monastery Monk, Tsanden Monk, Akyong Monastery Monk Monk, Drilda Monastery SEX M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M NAME Chemi Dorjee Chenpa Choedak Choeying Kalden Dadak Daksta Dorje Rigzin Dawa Tashi Dawa Tsomo Dega Denma Tratop Dongak Tenzin Dorjee Lodoe Dorjee Lodoe Dorjee Rinchen Drori Gade Gedhi Gedun Drakpa Gelek Ghangdo Ghangha Gyalten Phelgye Gyaltsen TCHRD-ID 2014-332 2014-333 2014-202 2014-92 2014-76 2014-5 2014-181 2014-175 2014-90 2014-2 2014-52 2014-8 2014-8 2014-291 2014-323 2014-80 2014-203 2014-56 2014-14 2014-320 2014-319 2014-201 2014-61 NO. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

102 103 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Gade County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pashoe TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, ORIGIN Chamdo PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Palyul Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center Sog PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Palyul Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Online activities Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Online activities CHARGES SENTENCE 1-Aug-2014 12-May-2014 21-Apr-2014 10-Mar-2014 1-Aug-2014 3-Feb-2014 2-Feb-2014 2-Feb-2014 6-Mar-2014 1-Aug-2014 12-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 13-Apr-2014 1-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 26-Aug-2014 21-Apr-2014 1-Aug-2014 10-Mar-2014 4-Mar-2014 13-Mar-2014 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 22 30 19 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Village leader Layperson Monk, Dowa Shartsa Monastery Monk, Dowa Shartsa Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery Monk, Miru Monastery Abbot, Boyak Monastery Nun, Dokha Nunnery Village leader Monk, Drongsar Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Gyaluk Jampa Choephel Jamyang Jamyang Dorje Jamyang Sonam Jigme Kalsang Dorje Kalsang Jampa Kalsang Tsultrim Karma Rinchen Karma Rinchen Karma Tashi Khenpo Khedup Sherab Kunga Tashi Kunga Lhamo Kunsang Kyamo Lakyab Lhaje Olha Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Dhargay NAME 2014-189 2014-93 2014-82 2014-87 2014-186 2014-29 2014-22 2014-21 2014-45 2014-200 2014-121 2014-182 2014-72 2014-184 2014-180 2014-208 2014-81 2014-191 2014-89 2014-38 2014-48 TCHRD-ID 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 NO.

102 103 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pashoe Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, , TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan- Shout- Speech HH material Slogan-Shout- Speech Incitement Online activities Online activities HH material Viewing the picture of HH Dalai lama Slogan-Shout- Speech Espionage Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 27-Dec-2014 1-Aug-2014 31-Mar-2014 26-Dec-2014 2-Feb-2014 7-Dec-2014 13-Mar-2014 3-Feb-2014 27-Dec-2014 6-Mar-2014 22-Nov-2014 5-Jan-2014 6-Mar-2014 14-Jan-2014 14-Jan-2014 9-Jan-2009 ? 22-Nov-2014 28-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 3-Jan-2014 3-Jan-2014 6-Apr-2014 AGE 20 21 15 18 21 50 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dowa Shertsa Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery Layperson Student Blogger, Layperson Layperson MonasteryChoekhorling Monk, Layperson Layperson SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Lobsang Lungrig Lobsang Palsang Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Thinley Lobsang Yeshi Lokel Gyaltsen Lungtok Margong Meu Soepa Monlam Gyatso Nemed Ngora Tashi Namgyal Norbu Dhondup Norgay Norkyi Nyishek Paga Pagya gyalpo Pema Tsultrim Pema Phuntsok Namgyal Phurbu TCHRD-ID 2014-329 2014-176 2014-78 2014-330 2014-20 2014-318 2014-49 2014-25 2014-331 2014-43 2014-322 2014-3 2014-42 2014-16 2014-325 2009-55 2014-321 2104-213 2014-177 2014-7 2014-6 2014-74 NO. 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93

104 105 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Sog County, Nagchu Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Qinghai Province Golok TAP, County, Pema TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, County, Pema Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, ORIGIN Sog PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tawu Center? PSB Detention Pema Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Pema Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Palyul Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Online activities CHARGES SENTENCE 28-Mar-2014 1-Aug-2014 15-Apr-2014 6-Feb-2014 28-Mar-2014 6-Feb-2014 9-Jul-2014 1-May-2014 10-Mar-2014 26-Nov-2014 1-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 22-Nov-2014 7-Dec-2014 10-Mar-2014 1-Aug-2014 10-Mar-2014 6-Apr-2014 21-Apr-2014 1-Aug-2014 6-Mar-2014 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 50 43 22 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Layperson Shop owner Monk, Shedrubling Monastery Layperson Monk, Shedrubling Monastery Monk, Larung Gar Buddhist Institute Monk, Mange Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Drilda Monastery Village leader Monk, Drilda Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Phurtse Pugyal Rikchung Rinbo Rinchen Wangdu Selshay Shekyab Sonam Nyima Sonam Topgyal Sonam Yarphel Taga Tashi Tashi Tashi Dorjee Tashi Gonpo Tashi Gyurmey Tashi Tendar Thupga Thupten Choephel Thupten Palden NAME 2014-69 2014-194 2014-77 2014-35 2014-68 2014-36 2014-98 2014-4 2014-86 2014-300 2014-179 2014-187 2014-324 2014-317 2014-88 2014-183 2014-91 2014-73 2014-79 2014-190 2014-46 TCHRD-ID 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 NO.

104 105 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Sog County, Nagchu Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, County, Pema PRISON Sog PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Barkham PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Pema Center? CHARGES Taking Pictures of Taking the protest. Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Online activities Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation link Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 9-Apr-2014 6-Jun-2014 28-Aug-2014 30-Mar-2014 1-Aug-2014 18-Jan-2014 1-Aug-2014 14-Mar-2014 6-Mar-2014 1-Aug-2014 2-Feb-2014 1-Aug-2014 11-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 1-Aug-2014 5-Jan-2014 22-Dec-2014 1-Aug-2014 6-Feb-2014 AGE 18 20 45 51 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Layperson Village leader Layperson Layperson Monk, Dowa Shartsa Monastery Village leader Nomad Monk, Shedrubling Monastery SEX M M M M F M M M M F M M M F F F F M M M M NAME Trindu Trothar Tsekhok Tseko Tsekyan Wangmo Kyab Tselha Tsering Samphel Tsering Tharpa Tsering Tsogyal Palsang Tsultrim Wangchen Wangdak Lhamo Yangchen Palmo Yangchen Yeshi Dolma Yeshi Yibnub Sonam Yinmey kyab Yonten Yuduk TCHRD-ID 2014-75 2014-95 2014-212 2014-71 2014-196 2014-15 2014-188 2014-50 2014-44 2014-193 2014-19 2014-204 2014-122 2014-195 2014-199 2014-185 2014-197 2014-4 2014-334 2014-178 2014-34 NO. 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135

106 107 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pashoe Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Barkham Cunty, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, ORIGIN Diru PSB Detention Center Barkham PSB Detention Center? Chushul Prison Chushul [Qushui] Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center? PRISON Homicide intentional homocide CHARGES Suspended DS Suspended DS 13years 11years 11years 15years 10 years 10years 10years 12 years 13 years 10 years 13 years 10 years 10 years 4years 4years 3 years and months 6years 4years 3years 4years 5 years and 6 months 5years 6years SENTENCE 15-Aug-2013 31-Jan-2013 19-Dec-2013 31-Jan-2013 28-Feb-2013 28-Feb-2013 12-Sep-2013 31-Jan-2013 15-Jan-2013 31-Jan-2013 8-Feb-2013 28-Feb-2013 28-Oct-2013 12-Jul-2013 28-Oct-2013 8-Feb-2013 13-Apr-2013 10-Apr-2013 13-Apr-2013 18-Mar-2013 1-Aug-2013 31-Jan-2013 1-Aug-2013 14-May-2013 11-Dec-2013 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 32 18 36 47 AGE Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced STATUS Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Drongsar Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsodun Writer Monk, Zilkar Monastery Businessman Layperson Student Student Layperson Teacher Gartse Monastery Monk/Writer, Monk, Bora Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Dolma Kyab Lobsang Kunchok Choekyap Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Sonam Lhamo Dorjee Lobsang Gedun Lobsang Tsering Namsey Dhondup Pema Phagpa Kyab Tsesung Gyaltsen Tsultrim Kalsang Tsultrim Yougyal Akhu Gyatak Chagthar Choekyong Kyap Choepa Gyal Dorjee Wangchuk Drensel Dugkar Kyap Gangkye Drupa Kyab Gartse Jigme Gedun Gyatso NAME 2013 reprieve Death Sentence with 2 Years 2013-112 2012-853 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2013-180 2013-29 2013-50 2013-51 2013-93 2013-31 2012-808 2013-32 2013-40 2013-52 2013-124 2012-1044 2013-128 Sentence Below 10 Years 2013-39 2013-69 2012-984 2013-70 2013-1 2013-108 2013-28 2012-879 2013-78 2012-832 TCHRD-ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 NO.

106 107 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Yazi County, Tsoshar TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar County, Yazi Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekho Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar Qinghai Province TAP, Tsoshar TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Qinghai TAP, Tsoshar County, Tsongkhakar/Pingan Province Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, PRISON Chabcha PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Chabcha PSB Detention Center? Chabcha PSB Detention Center? Zamthang PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center Diru PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center CHARGES Split nation Sensitive lyrics Split-nation Ringleader Protest Split-nation SENTENCE 3years 3years 4years 3 years and 6 months 4years 5years 6years 6years 7years 5 years 4years 5years 3years 6years 6 years 8 years 5 years 4 years 5 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 6 months 5 years 9 years 5 years 3 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 18-Apr-2013 13-Apr-2013 18-Mar-2013 10-Apr-2013 1-Jan-2013 18-Mar-2013 18-Mar-2013 30-Nov-2013 31-Jan-2013 10-Apr-2013 18-Mar-2013 23-Feb-2013 30-Jun-2013 23-Feb-2013 13-Apr-2013 31-Jan-2013 1-Aug-2013 10-Apr-2013 1-Jan-2013 11-Sep-2013 11-Sep-2013 29-Oct-2013 30-Nov-2013 19-Dec-2013 30-Nov-2013 19-Dec-2013 AGE 43 30 40 22 STATUS Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Monk, Beudo Monastery Student Student Student Student Monk, Zilkar Monastery Monk, Drenpa Monastery Singer Layperson Student Singer MonasteryMonk, Wonpo MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Monk, Jonang Monastery Businessman Singer SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M

NAME Gedun Tsultrim Gonpo Jampa Gyaltsen Jampa Tsering Jamyang Tseten Jigme Thabkey Kalsang Dhondup Kunchok Choephel Lhamo Dhondup Lhaten Lobsang Lobsang Jinpa Lobsang Soepa Lolo Jam Tso Pema Samdup Sangay Bhum Shawo Tashi Sonam Choedar Sonam Gonpo Tamding Rangdol Tenzin Tsekar Trinley Topden Tselha TCHRD-ID 2013-73 2013-71 2014-40 2012-983 2013-2 2013-60 2013-61 2013-163 2013-30 2012-981 2013-62 2012-860 2014-37 2012-915 2013-72 2013-33 2013-109 2012-985 2013-8 2013-117 2013-118 2013-141 2013-164 2013-181 2013-140 2013-182 NO. 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

108 109 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Chabcha County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu Town, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Qinghai Province Golok TAP, Darlag County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province TAP, Yushul Nangchen County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, ORIGIN Chabcha PSB Detention Center? Barkham PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center? Driru PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? PRISON Leaked state secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Incitement CHARGES 5 years 5 years 6 years SENTENCE 10-Apr-2013 10-Apr-2013 15-Jan-2013 11-Dec-2013 15-Jul-2013 15-Jul-2013 ? 16-Dec-2013 9-Dec-2013 12-Oct-2013 15-Oct-2013 3-Sep-2013 15-Jul-2013 9-Dec-2013 15-Jul-2013 1-Aug-2013 10-Feb-2013 19-Jan-2013 1-Jan-2013 7-Jul-2013 15-Jul-2013 15-Jul-2013 29-Nov-2013 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 18 16 27 27 16 19 68 35 26 35 28 29 AGE Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained House Arrested STATUS Student Student Monastery Monk, Tsodun Monk, Jonang Monastery Layperson Layperson Layperson Monk, Jonang Monastery Monk, Drakdeb Monastery Farmer Layperson Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monastery Abbot, Tanak OCCUPATION M M M M M M F M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M SEX Tsering Tashi Tsering Tsering Wangyal Yarphel Bumchok Choedar Choedar Choedon Choepa Kyab Choksar Dawa Lhundup Dayang Dhargyal Dhelo Kyab Dhungphug Dolma Yangchen Dorjee Gachoe Gawa Sangpo Gelek Choephel Gyalhug Gyalwa Gyurmey Tsultrim NAME 2012-987 2012-982 2012-850 Sentence Unknown 2013-176 2013-81 2013-81 2013-178 2013-174 2013-125 2013-129 2013-114 2013-82 2013-175 2013-183 2013-220 2013-41 2013-26 2014-47 2013-94 2013-84 2013-85 2013-168 TCHRD-ID 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 NO.

108 109 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Nagchu County, Nagchu Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, PRISON Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Driru PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Leaking state secrets Leaking state secrets Leaking state secrets Online activities Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 15-Jul-2013 15-Oct-2013 17-Oct-2013 14-Jan-2013 14-Jan-2013 17-Oct-2013 11-Oct-2013 19-Nov-2013 7-Jul-2013 15-Jul-2013 7-Dec-2013 1-Dec-2013 14-Jan-2013 7-Jul-2013 18-Nov-2013 10-Mar-2013 14-Jan-2013 10-Mar-2013 23-Sep-2013 25-Apr-2013 9-Mar-2013 15-Jul-2013 AGE 21 20 20 20 31 38 17 31 26 29 27 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained House Arrest Detained Detained OCCUPATION Nun, Monk, Shugding Monastery Monk, Abbot, Monk, Gaden Monastery Monk, Shugding Monastery Layperson Monk, Drong Na Monastery Layperson Abbot, Jhapa Monastery MonasteryMonk, Rabten Monk, Jokhang Temple Monk, Soe Monastery monk Former Monk, Monk, Gaden Samten Dargyeling Monastery MonasteryMonk, Rabten Student Monk, Kirti Monastery SEX M F M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Jampa Jampa Jampa Lekshay Jampal Lhaksam Kalden Kalnam Kalsang Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Yignyen Karma Karma Tsewang Dakpa Konchok Lhundrub Yarphel Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Choeying Lobsang Kalsang Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Samten Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tsepak Lobsang Tsering TCHRD-ID 2013-86 2013-130 2013-131 2013-12 2013-13 2013-132 2013-122 2013-146 2013-95 2013-88 2013-173 2014-293 2013-14 2013-96 2013-159 2013-54 2013-15 2013-55 2013-120 1988-7 2011-92 2013-89 NO. 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

110 111 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Chengguan County, Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, ORIGIN Sershul PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Driru PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Incitement Propaganda Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 14-Jan-2013 29-Nov-2013 14-Jan-2013 14-Jan-2013 10-Mar-2013 14-Jan-2013 14-Jan-2013 14-Jan-2013 14-Jan-2013 21-Jul-2013 1-Jul-2013 27-Jan-2013 10-Sep-2013 19-Feb-2013 14-Jan-2013 27-Feb-2013 23-Jul-2013 1-Jul-2013 15-Jul-2013 12-Oct-2013 26-Nov-2013 10-Mar-2013 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 41 20 41 44 39 19 16 26 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Sertha Choede Monastery Monk, Choede Monastery Drepung Monk, Chant Master, Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery monk Former Monk, Monk, Jokhang Temple Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Gephel Ling Monastery Businessman Monk Drepung Chant Master, Monastery Monk Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Layperson Monk, Gaden Samten Dargyeling Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Migmar Migmar Ngawang Ngawang Donden Ngawang Gyatso Ngawang Lodoe Ngawang Lophel Ngawang Palsang Ngawang Samten Gyatso Palden Yignyen Palden Phuntsok Jungney Rinchen Dhargay Ruoba Samten Samten Sangay Palden Sherab Sichoe Sonam Dondup Sonam Dorjee Sonam Namgyal NAME 2013-16 2014-84 2013-17 2013-18 2013-56 2013-19 2013-20 2013-21 2013-22 2013-101 2013-90 2013-27 2013-116 2013-43 2013-23 2013-45 2013-102 2013-91 2013-92 2013-126 2013-161 2013-57 TCHRD-ID 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 NO.

110 111 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Chengguan County, Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Gade County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul Nangchen County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, PRISON Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Gade PSB Detention Center? Driru PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kardze Immediate CourtPeople’s CHARGES Incitement Incitement Incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Incitement Propaganda Illegal Online Activities Freedom Restoration SENTENCE Life 12 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 14-Jan-2013 27-Feb-2013 27-Feb-2013 27-Feb-2013 20-Jul-2013 8-Apr-2013 10-Mar-2013 11-Nov-2013 11-Mar-2013 10-Feb-2013 1-Nov-2013 29-Sep-2013 27-Feb-2013 12-Oct-2013 18-Sep-2013 14-Jan-2013 13-Dec-2013 16-Dec-2013 1-Nov-2013 1-Mar-2013 31-Jul-2013 25-Dec-2013 26-Apr-2012 26-Jan-2012 AGE 20 29 27 26 25 18 35 27 17 30? STATUS Detained Detained Arrested Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Monk, Sera Monastery Monk Layperson Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Mange Monastery Monk, Mange Monastery Businessman Monastery Monk, Tonkyab Monk, Drakdeb Monastery Monk, Drong Na Monastery Monk Layperson Environmentalist Monk, Jokhang Temple Teacher Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Environmentalist Layperson SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F M M M M M NAME Tashi Gyaltsen Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyalpo Tenphel Tensang Gyatso Tenzin Thabkey Thubten Gelek Gyaltsen Thupten Tritsun Dondup Tsering Gyal Tsering Gyaltsen Tsering Tagchen Tsering Tashi Tsering Dhondup Tseten Dorje Tseten Tsokyi Yangchen Yangtso Yijia Gyatso Yonten Zumgah Sonam Lhundup Chobhey TCHRD-ID 2013-24 2013-46 2013-47 2013-48 2013-100 2013-63 2013-58 2013-145 2013-59 2013-42 2013-142 2013-121 2013-49 2013-127 2014-12 2013-25 2013-177 2013-179 2014-41 2013-53 2013-103 2014-13 2012 Life Sentence 2012-927 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2014-307 NO. 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 1 2

112 113 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, ORIGIN Kardze Immediate CourtPeople’s Kardze Immediate CourtPeople’s Prison Ranga Chabcha PSB Detention Center? PRISON Freedom Freedom restoration Freedom Restoration Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Sabotage Sabotage CHARGES 10years 12years 11years 11years 11 years 13years 10years 11years 13 years 12 years 11 years 13 years 10 years 10 years 13 years 13 years 10 years 10 years 3 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 9years 5 years 8years SENTENCE 1-Jan-2012 26-Apr-2012 3-Jul-2012 26-Apr-2012 26-Jan-2012 26-Apr-2012 30-Aug-2012 1-Sep-2012 26-Jan-2012 26-Jan-2012 26-Jan-2012 26-Jan-2012 3-Jul-2012 26-Jan-2012 26-Jan-2012 26-Jan-2012 26-Jan-2012 10-Dec-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-Nov-2012 ? 1-Nov-2012 1-Jan-2012 3-Jul-2012 5-Dec-2012 1-Sep-2012 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 30 20s 22 17 AGE Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced STATUS Monk, Bongtag Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drango Monastery Monk, Bongtag Monastery Layperson Student, Malho Nationalities Middle School Student, Qinghai Communications Technical College Bongtag Monastery Director, Student Monk, Kirti Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Damdul Jewo Khedup Gyatso Kundup Kunlho Kuntho Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tsultrim Namgyal Nyima Ogyen Tsering Paldor Sangay Gyatso Sherab Sangpo Sonam Dhargay Dhargyal Tashi Thinlay Dhargay DortrugWashul Bugoh Dorjee Wangchuk Jamyang Tseten Jiga Kalsang Jangsem Bhum Kunsang Lobsang Jangchup NAME 2012-937 2012-929 2012-13 2012-933 2014-308 2012-932 2012-854 2012-841 2012-940 2014-306 2014-309 2014-303 2012-12 2014-310 2014-304 2014-305 2014-311 2008-1872 Sentence Below 10 Years 2014-111 2013-1 2013-2 2014-109 2012-11 2012-988 2012-842 TCHRD-ID 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 NO.

112 113 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Dzatoe County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Driru County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, PRISON Mianyang Prison Barkham PSB Detention Center Mianyang Prison PSB Detention Tridu Center? Kardze Immediate CourtPeople’s Zatoe [Zaduo] PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Driru PSB Detention Center ? PSB Tsekhog Detemtion Centre CHARGES Leaking state secrets Sabotage Freedom restoation Freedom Restoration Sabotage Immolation link HH material Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE 7years 3 years 4years 8 years 5 years 5 years 6 years 3 years 6 months 6 years 5 years 7 years and 6 months 6 years 9 years 9 years 7 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 18-Sep-2012 1-Jul-2012 1-Feb-2012 17-Oct-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-Oct-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-May-2012 1-Oct-2012 18-Sep-2012 1-Oct-2012 26-Apr-2012 1-Jan-2012 18-Jun-2012 1-Mar-2012 1-Mar-2012 15-Aug-2012 13-Aug-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-Jan-2012? 12-Dec-2012 13-Aug-2012 AGE 26 29 30s 36 28 47 44 47 48 STATUS Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drango Monastery Layperson Monk, Drango Monastery Monk, Drango Monastery Layperson Monk, , Drango Monastery Layperson Monk, Khashi Gephel Samtenling Monastery Lhabug Monk, Tashi Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Practioner Layperson, Tantric Layperson SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M NAME Lobsang Tashi Lodoe Logya Phuntsok Losang Norbu Pema Woeser Pema Topgyal Tashi Tsering Tashi Palsang Tenzin Thinlay Thupdor Tsewang Namgyal Wangchen Tsering Yeshi Gyatso Yonten Alo Apho Atsong Bhongo Kyi Bhuchung Nga Bhudho Buchung Nga Chagthab Chechok TCHRD-ID 2011-165 2011-94 2012-848 2012-953 2014-108 2012-938 2012-796 2012-799 2012-3 2012-797 2011-206 2012-798 2012-928 2014-107 2010-280 Sentence Unknown 2012-905 2012-1035 2012-805 2012-795 2012-784 2012-782 2012-784 2012-977 2012-794 NO. 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51

114 115 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Qinghai Province TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsonub Themchen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nyarong County, TAR Lhasa Prefectue, Chengguan County, Sichuan Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Province Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, ORIGIN Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? PSB detention Tsekhog centre Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Lhasa(General Location) Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tawu Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Chabcha PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tawu Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tridu Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Sensitive lyrics Immolation linked Propaganda Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 23-Jan-2012 12-Dec-2012 7-Aug-2012 23-Jan-2012 1-Mar-2012 29-Jul-2012 23-Jan-2012 15-Feb-2012 17-Feb-2012 1-Jan-2012 3-Dec-2012 1-Jul-2012 15-Feb-2012 16-Aug-2012 3-Feb-2012 27-May-2012 27-May-2012? 5-Feb-2012 14-Mar-2012 23-Jan-2012 10-Mar-2012 1-Jan-2012 22-Apr-2012 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 33 27 26 27 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Nun, Disciplinarion Monastery Monk, Tsoe Singer Environmentalist Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Khyamru Monastery Layperson Environmentalist Layperson Researcher Layperson Layperson Layperson Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Dzogchen Monastery OCCUPATION M F M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Chemi Lodoe Choedon Choephel Choeshe Choezom Choksal Dadhul Dakpa Dakpa Dakpa Gyaltsen Daksang Damchoe Dawa Dawa Dawa Dorjee Dolma Kyab Dolma Kyab Dorjee Drugdak Dudhul Dzomlha Khar Geylong Nyendak Gurnam NAME 2012-1026 2012-979 2012-817 2012-1009 2012-908 2012-965 2012-1017 2012-36 2012-9 2012-781 2012-870 2012-958 2012-35 2012-806 2012-58 2012-822 2012-822 2012-59 2012-17 2012-999 2012-18 2012-778 2012-921 TCHRD-ID 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 NO.

114 115 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Prefecture, Tsonub Wulan County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, County, Tsoe Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong PRISON Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Lhasa(General location) Markham PSB Detention Center? PSB Det. Ctr? [Hezuo] PSB Tsoe Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Palyul Center? [Hezuo] PSB Tsoe Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Security HH material Immolation link Immolation link Immolation link SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 23-Jan-2012 1-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 8-May-2012 3-Dec-2012 28-Aug-2012 3-Dec-2012 23-Jan-2012 3-Dec-2012 1-Mar-2012 15-Aug-2012 17-Feb-2012 16-Mar-2012 20-Sep-2012 17-Oct-2012 25-Oct-2012 22-Apr-2012 14-Jul-2012 17-Oct-2012 23-Mar-2012 16-Nov-2012 AGE 46 27 36 28 20 20 25 38 23 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Bekar Monastery Teacher Monk, Bora Monastery Layperson Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Bora Monastery Layperson Monk, Shingtri Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Dolkar Monastery Monk, Mayul Samten Choekorling Monastery Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Palyul Chant Master, Monastery Monk Monk, Bora Monastery MonasteryMonk, Rongwo SEX M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M NAME Gyasher Woeser Gyatso Jamnam Jampa Dhondup Jamyang Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Khyenkho Jamyang Lodoe Jamyang Sherab Jamyang Soepa Jamyang Tashi Jamyang Wangmo Jamyang Woeser Jang Rin Jigme Gyatso Jigme Gyatso Jinpa Gyatso Kalsang Kalsang Gyatso kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Lodroe Kalsang Sonam TCHRD-ID 2012-1025 2012-779 2012-1012 2012-1011 2012-947 2012-836 2012-858 2012-835 2012-1000 2012-834 2012-907 2012-803 2012-10 2012-14 2008-372 2012-969 2012-837 2012-922 2012-824 2012-970 2012-46 2013-184 NO. 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

116 117 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Nagchu Prefecture,TAR Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsonub Wulan County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Barkham Cunty, ORIGIN Sog PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? [Hezuo] PSB Tsoe Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Barkham PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation Linked Immolation Link HH material HH material CHARGES SENTENCE 4-Jul-2012 15-Jan-2012 15-Aug-2012 23-Jan-2012 5-Jun-2012 10-Mar-2012 23-Jan-2012 27-May-2012 23-Jan-2012 7-Mar-2012 23-Jan-2012 22-Apr-2012 ? 17-Feb-2012 17-Oct-2012 1-Aug-2012 9-Mar-2012 1-Jan-2012 14-Mar-2012 23-Jan-2012 12-May-2012 3-Dec-2012 19-Aug-2012 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 22 20 38 28 25 34 34 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Tsenden Monastery Monk, Tsenden Layperson Monk, Chamdo Rata Monastery Layperson Monk, Dza Samdrub Monastery Monk Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Monk, Bongtag Monastery Monk, Dokar Monastery Monastery Monk, Talung Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Shingtri Monastery poet Writer, Monk, Bora Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsodun OCCUPATION M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M SEX Kalsang Tenzin Kalsang Tsultrim Kalsang Yudron Kapa Jamyang Karma Rabten Karma Tharlam Kawa Nyima Khambe Khawa Tsewang Khedup Dorjee Khumig Tsultrim Khyithar Kunchok Dhargye Gyatso Kunchok Yarphel Kunchok Lhakpa Lhundup Lobsang Lobsang Gonpo Lobsang Namgyal Lobsang Phagpa Lobsang Rabten NAME 2012-960 2012-880 2012-802 2012-1020 2012-823 2012-20 2012-1021 2012-820 2012-1019 2012-21 2012-1028 2012-919 2012-6 2012-971 2012-964 2012-40 2012-791 2012-811 2012-998 2013-186 2012-833 2012-856 TCHRD-ID 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 NO.

116 117 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tawu Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Center Lhasa General Location Dege PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Propaganda HH material Slogan-Shout- Speech Social Instability SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 28-Aug-2012 14-Aug-2012 1-Feb-2012 26-Jun-2012 15-Apr-2012 1-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 15-Feb-2012 1-Mar-2012 22-Apr-2012 23-Jan-2012 25-Jan-2012 1-Sep-2012 22-Jul-2012 1-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 2-Apr-2012 23-Feb-2012 27-May-2012 1-Mar-2012 22-Apr-2012 14-Apr-2012 23-Jan-2012 16-Mar-2012 AGE 30 40 21 44 25 47 38 51 50 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Gochen Monastery Trulku, Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Environmentalist Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Layperson Businessman Monk, Bekar Monastery School principal Businessman Layperson Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Layperson Monk, Shingtri Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M NAME Lobsang Sangya Lobsang Sangye Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tsering Tsewang lobsang Lochoe Lodoe Lumbu Migmar Kalsang Migyur Namgyal Dhondup Namkha Gyaltsen Nangchen Tashi Ngawang Norbu Norbu Wangyal Nyendak Nyima Tsering Nyurgyog pagyal Pagyal Pema Choedak Pema Rigzin Pema TCHRD-ID 2012-857 2012-852 2012-845 2012-4 2012-898 2012-787 2012-1008 2012-37 2012-41 2012-792 2012-866 2012-65 2012-967 2012-793 2012-790 2012-1027 2012-34 2012-891 2012-821 2012-912 2012-39 2012-826 2012-1023 2012-15 NO. 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142

118 119 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Dege County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Chuchen County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Qinghai Peovince TAP, Yushul Dzatoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, ORIGIN Markham PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General Location Dege PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General Location Zatoe [Zaduo] PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? PSB Tsekhog DETENTION CENTRE Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? TSekhog PSB detention centre PRISON Political Song Political Slogan-Shout- Speech Incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 22-Apr-2012 8//2012 ? 15-Aug-2012 1-Mar-2012 22-Apr-2012 1-Mar-2012 1-Mar-2012 22-Apr-2012 12-Dec-2012 15-Mar-2012 1-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 23-Mar-2012 8-May-2012 23-Mar-2012 27-May-2012 1-Aug-2012 23-Jan-2012 22-Apr-2012 12-Dec-2012 7-Aug-2012 16-Mar-2012 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 23 33 30 30 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Singer Layperson Layperson Teacher Layperson Nun Layperson Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk Teacher Monk, Bora Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Centre Head, Religious Monastery Monk, Tsoe Monk, Shingtri Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Petop Phulchung Phuntsok Nyima Phurba gyal Phurbu Tsering Rabten Rhagpa Ribo Rigshe Rigzin Dorje Rinchen Rinchen Thinlay Rinzin Wangchuk Sangay Sangay Dondup Sangay Gyatso Sangdak Sangdhue Sangyal Gyatso Sangay Shawo Sherab Sherab Palsang NAME 2012-923 2012-874 2012-804 2012-909 2012-926 2012-911 2012-1037 2012-924 2012-980 2012-50 2012-789 2012-1005 2012-1030 2012-24 2012-33 2012-47 2012-818 2012-855 2012-1003 2012-38 2012-978 2012-816 2012-829 TCHRD-ID 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 NO.

118 119 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Yulgan Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Peovince TAP, Yushul Dzatoe County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Riwoche County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, PRISON Machu PSB Detention Center Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center PSB Detention Yulgan Center ? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kara PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center ? PSB Kyegudo Detention Center Chabcha PSB Detention Center Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Palyul Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? [Hezuo] PSB Tsoe Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Incitement Song and Political Skits Confiscation of the land Immolation link SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 18-Jun-2012 10-Mar-2012 1-Nov-2012 23-Jan-2012 24-Mar-2012 20-Sep-2012 23-Jan-2012 23-Mar-2012 10-Apr-2012 1-Sep-2012 23-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 5-Sep-2012 1-Dec-2012 27-May-2012 15-Mar-2012 14-Jul-2012 23-Mar-2012 1-Oct-2012 23-Jan-2012 11-Feb-2012 23-Mar-2012 AGE 34 18 20 40 36 22 21 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Layperson Layperson Singer Monk, Bora Monastery Businessman Monk, Zilkar Monastery Monk Business Woman Monk, Khyamru Monastery Layperson Layperson MonasteryMonk, Palyul Monk, Bora Monastery Monk, Dokar Monastery MonasteryMonk, Worpu SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M NAME Shonnu Palden Siga Soebhum Soegay Soga Sogtruk Sherab Sonam Sonam Sonam Gonpo Sonam Sherab Sonam Thinlay Sonam Thinlay Soyig Sungrab Gyatso Kyab Tamding Tashi Dondup Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Norbu Tashi Palden Tashi Phuntsok Tashi TCHRD-ID 2014-253 2012-19 2013-187 2012-997 2012-887 2012-968 2012-996 2012-45 2012-892 2012-859 2012-1031 2012-1016 2012-966 2012-868 2012-819 2012-49 2012-825 2012-44 2012-972 2012-1018 2012-944 2012-25 NO. 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187

120 121 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, ORIGIN Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Dartsedo Prison? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General house Diru PSB Detention Center? Barkham PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center? PRISON Propaganda Social instability Propaganda Propaganda Incitement Propaganda CHARGES SENTENCE 23-Jan-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-Jan-2012 15-Mar-2012 23-Mar-2012 15-Apr-2012 23-Jan-2012 22-Apr-2012 23-Jan-2012 25-Feb-2012 12-Apr-2012 15-Apr-2012 15-Apr-2012 26-Jan-2012 1-Mar-2012 14-Mar-2012 1-Jan-2012 1-Jan-2012 16-Aug-2012 15-Apr-2012 12-Apr-2012 23-Jan-2012 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 26 43 29 20 31 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Drango Monastery Layperson MonasteryMonk, Worpu Monk Monk, Dzogchen Monastery Monk Teacher Layperson Student Monk, Shingtri Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsodun Layperson OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M F M SEX

Tashi Rabten Tashi Sonam Tashi Thargyal Tashi Tsering Tashi Woeser Tashi Tengyal Tenpa Tenzin Dhargyal Tenzin Thabkey Tenzin Tsering Tenzin Tsering Tenzin Tsondru Tenzin Tharpa Thubten Tsomo Thubten Yeshi Thupten Dhonyoe Thupten Jampa Tenzin Thupwang Tragyal Tsamchen Thunglo Tsawas NAME 2012-1015 2012-780 2012-939 2012-48 2012-26 2012-902 2012-1007 2012-918 2012-1029 2012-890 2012-27 2012-43 2012-901 2012-66 2012-914 2012-814 2012-777 2012-786 2012-807 2012-900 2012-29 2012-1014 TCHRD-ID 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 NO.

120 121 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Diru County, Nagchu Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Peovince TAP, Yushul Dzatoe County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul County, Tridu TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, PRISON Diru PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Zatoe [Zaduo] PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General location PSB Detention Tridu Center? Lhasa General Location Diru PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tridu Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tridu Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Detention PSB Tsekhog Centre Drango PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Immolation link Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech propaganda Propaganda Propaganda Propaganda SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 14-Mar-2012 21-Mar-2012 12-Apr-2012 1-Mar-2012 1-Mar-2012 5-Feb-2012 1-Mar-2012 1-Jan-2012 5-Feb-2012 23-Jan-2012 5-Feb-2012 1-Jan-2012 14-Mar-2012 12-Dec-2012 23-Jan-2012 15-Apr-2012 15-Apr-2012 23-Jan-2012 2-Apr-2012 15-Apr-2012 16-Mar-2012 15-Apr-2012 AGE 32 49 45 36 STATUS Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Layperson Layperson county governmentFormer official Monk Monk, Bekar Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Shingtri Monastery Monk, Dorje Drag Monastery Teacher Monk, Shingtri Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M NAME Tsegon Tsekhok Tsenor Dhondup Tsering Jigmey Tsering Palden Tsering Sonam Tsering Tashi Tsering Tashi Tsering Tsering Wangchuk Zangpo Tsering Tsethar Rinchen Tsultrim Tsundue Wangchen Wangchen Wangdue Woeser Tsering Yama Choegyal Yeshi Dorjee Yeshi Jungney Yeshi TCHRD-ID 2012-16 2012-883 2012-28 2012-1036 2012-910 2012-62 2012-913 2012-788 2012-60 2012-1024 2012-61 2012-783 2012-812 2012-976 2012-1001 2012-896` 2012-897 2012-1022 2012-894 2012-895 2012-830 2012-899 NO. 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231

122 123 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Diru County, Nagchu Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Chabcha County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Tibet Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Autonomous Region Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, ORIGIN Diru PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Chabcha PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PRISON Propaganda Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation Link Immolation Link Immolation Link Immolation link Immolation link Immolation link Split- Nation Split-Nation Split nation Split nation Split nation Split nation CHARGES 13 years 10years 11 years 10 years 10 years 13 years 11 years 8 years 8 years 8years 8 years 8 years 8 years 8 years 5 years 5 years SENTENCE 1-Jan-2012 23-Jan-2012 3-Dec-2012 23-Jan-2012 15-Apr-2012 15-Apr-2012 23-Jan-2012 30-Aug-2011 30-Aug-2011 29-Aug-2011 1-Mar-2011 30-Aug-2011 30-Aug-2011 29-Aug-2011 1-Apr-2011 1-May-2011 17-Oct-2011 1-May-2011 1-May-2011 1-May-2011 1-May-2011 29-Nov-2011 29-Nov-2011 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 40 37 54 19 50 46 21 29 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced STATUS Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Khyamru Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Layperson Layperson Nomad Monk Former OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M SEX Yeshi Lodoe Yeshi Rigsal Yeshi Sangpo Yeshi Tsering Yeshi Yonten Yonten Yuduk Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Tsundue Nagten Tenzin Tamding Tsering Tsundue Choenyi Woeser Choenyi Woeser Lobsang Phuntsok Ngawang Yeshi Pema Gyalpo Pema Penpa Tsering Tsering NAME 2012-785 2012-1006 2012-869 2012-1010 2012-903 2011-167 2012-1013 2011 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2011-88 2015-14 2011-93 2014-210 2011-135 2011-148 2011-153 Sentence Below 10 Years 2014-102 2014-102 2015-110 2014-99 2014-104 2014-100 2014-101 2014-207 2011-212 TCHRD-ID 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 NO.

122 123 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Dzamthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Prefecture, Tsohar County, Yazi Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, PRISON Zamthang PSB Detention Center? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Jomda PSB Det. Ctr? Sichuan General Location Sichuan General Location Sichuan General Location Sichuan General Location Sichuan General location Sichuan General location Kardze PSB Detention Center Dege PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Sichuan Geeneral location Chengdu( General location) Sichuan General Location CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Secrets Endangering State Secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 23-Mar-2011 26-Jun-2011 2-Jul-2011 26-Jun-2011 6-Jul-2011 6-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 25-Sep-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 19-Oct-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 18-Jun-2011 1-Mar-2011 12-Jun-2011 21-Apr-2011 15-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 AGE 35 56 17 22 28 19 16 29 18 15 31 64 22 22 33 29 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Layperson Na NunneryNun, Pangri Village Representative Villager Villager Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Singer Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Writer Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Nun, Nyinmo Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nomad Monk, Kirti Monastery SEX M F M M M F M M M M M M M M M M F F F M M M NAME Ador Ani Chiga Arsong Bomo Butop Butri Choedup Choege Choegon Choejor Choekyi Gyaltsen Choelho Choepa Lugyal Choephel Choephel Gyatso Choephel Tashi Choesang Choetso Choeyang Choezin Chogyam Dakpa TCHRD-ID Sentence Unknown 2011-2 2014-105 2011-188 2011-006 2011-179 2011-183 2014-157 2014-117 2011-9 2014-158 2014-159 2014-160 2011-11 2014-161 2014-124 2014-123 2011-12 2014-150 2011-13 2014-125 2011-010 2014-163 NO. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

124 125 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province TAP, Yushul Nangchen County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, ORIGIN Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Zamthang PSB Detention Center? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Nangchen PSB Detention Center Sichuan General Location Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Detention Center Tawu Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Sichuan General Location Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center PRISON Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Incitement Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Leaking state secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 28-Jun-2011 6-Jul-2011 26-Jun-2011 19-Jun-2011 19-Jun-2011 6-Jul-2011 23-Mar-2011 1-Mar-2011 12-Jul-2011 12-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 6-Jul-2011 1-Jan-2011 19-Mar-2011 10-Jun-2011 21-Aug-2011 21-Nov-2011 6-Jun-2011 6-Jun-2011 21-Apr-2011 10-Jun-2011 16-Apr-2011 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 18 18 19 19 22 35 16 21 23 60 30 42 18 18 30 25 28 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested STATUS Nun Villager Layperson Nun, Nyima Gyatsul Nunnery Nun, Nyima Gyatsul Nunnery Monk, Zhabten Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Zurkhang Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Villager Monk, Kirti Monastery Villager Monastery Monk, Tsitsang Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Lamdrag Nunnery Nun, Bakdak Phuntsok Choeling Nunnery OCCUPATION F M M F F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F F SEX Dekyi Lhamo Delo Deyang Dolma Palmo Dolma Palmo Dorjee Dorjee Dorjee Dosa Gaya Tashi Gedun Gedun Gephel Gerig Goyang Gyaltsen Gyatso Gyurmey Sonam Gyurmey Sonam Jampa Jampa Lhatso Jampa Tso NAME 2011-194 2011-180 2011-018 2011-23 2011-23 2011-190 2011-25 2011-27 2011-28 2011-29 2014-168 2011-178 2011-32 2011-33 2011-037 2011-39 2011-166 2011-38 2011-38 2014-164 2011-43 2011-44 TCHRD-ID 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 NO.

124 125 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dzogang PSB Detention Center Sichuan General Location Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan general Location Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Sichuan General Location Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Nangchen PSB Detention Center Nangchen PSB Detention Center Sichuan General Locaiton Kardze PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSB Det centre? Kardze PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-shout- speech Incitement Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Incitement Incitement Slogan-shout- speech Incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech HH material Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 5-Jul-2011 19-Jun-2011 6-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 2-Jul-2011 5-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 1-Aug-2011 12-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 1-Aug-2011 1-Mar-2011 1-Jan-2011 12-Jul-2011 12-Jul-2011 28-Jun-2011 12-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 28-Jun-2011 2-Aug-2011 18-Jun-2011 AGE 46 20 45 62 46 26 29 22 25 17 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Nun, Nyima Gyatsul Nunnery Villager Monk, Kirti Monastery Village Representative Monk, Dargye Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Monastery Monk, Zurkhang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Monastery Layperson Monastery Monk, Tsayul Monk, Surmang Monastery Monk, Surmang Monastery Monk, Surmang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun Shop owner Monk, Khakhor Monastery SEX M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M NAME Jampa Wangchuk Jamtruk Dolma Jamyang Nyima Jamyang Tenpa Jamyang Trinle Jamyang Wangchuk Jangkho Jigmey Samten Jigtak Jinpa Kaljam kalsang Kalsang Jinpa Karma monlem Karma Samten Karma Yeshi Karma Zoepa Khesang Choezom Kunga Kunsang Choegyal Lhama Tsering TCHRD-ID 2011-45 2011-46 2011-177 2014-165 2011-186 2011-45 2014-167 2011-173 2011-53 2014-170 2011-172 2014-151 2011-56 2011-59 2011-57 2014-211 2011-58 2014-166 2011-193 2011-203 2011-068 NO. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81

126 127 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Taktse County, Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, County, Taktse Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, ORIGIN Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sichuan General Location Sichuan General location Kardze PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sichuan General locaiton Kardze PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center? sichuan general location Sichuan General location PRISON Endangering State Secrets Immolation Link Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Immolation Link Immolation Link Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation Link Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation Link slogan-shout- speech Endangering State Security Endangering State Security CHARGES SENTENCE 1-Nov-2011 6-Nov-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 5-Jul-2011 30-Mar-2011 12-May-2011 Mid Oct-2011 8-Apr-2011 22-Mar-2011 21-Apr-2011 22-Mar-2011 18-Jun-2011 28-Apr-2011 10-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 9-Jul-2011 30-Mar-2011 1-May-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 44 21 23 28 35 24 19 48 27 16 34 19 34 28 22 32 34 20 24 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Farmer Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dargyal Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Student Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Village leader Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M M M M M M SEX Lhaten Lobe Lobsang Lobsang Choedak Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Choephel Lobsang Choephel Lobsang Gedun Lobsang Gelek Lobsang Jamyang Lobsang Kalsang Lobsang kalsang Lobsang Khandro Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Lhundup Lobsang Ngawang Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Palden Lobsang Palden Lobsang Paljor NAME 2011-205 2011-168 2014-138 2014-139 2011-72 2011-73 2011-74 2011-79 2014-130 2011-199 2011-175 2014-149 2011-82 2011-196 2011-84 2014-140 2011-189 2014-133 2011-85 2014-148 2014-141 TCHRD-ID 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 NO.

126 127 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center Sichuan General Location General Ngaba Pref( Location) Sichuan(General Location) Chengdu? General Location Sichuan( General Location) Dzogang PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Sichuan general locaiton Sichuan General Locaiton Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sichuan general locaiton Sichuan General locaation Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Tawu Center Dzogang PSB Detention Center Zamthang PSB Detention Center? CHARGES slogan-shout- speech Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Immolation Linked Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 10-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 9-May-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 1-Nov-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 6-Jul-2011 22-Mar-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 18-Jun-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 13-Jun-2011 15-Jul-2011 19-Aug-2011 6-Jul-2011 23-Mar-2011 AGE 17 22 21 37 39 26 32 27 26 22 28 42 34 28 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested OCCUPATION Student Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Villager Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Mandrak Nunnery Layperson? Villager Layperson SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M NAME Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Rabjor Lobsang Rinchen Lobsang Rinchen Lobsang Samten Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tenchok Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsundue Lobsang Tsundue Lobsang Wangdrag Lobsang Yangtso Lobsang Yarphel lobsang Yeshi Lobsang Zoepa Namgyal Lhamo Ngawang Phuntsok Norbu Nyima Oezer Dorjee TCHRD-ID 2011-86 2014-142 2011-87 2014-134 2014-135 2014-129 2014-143 2014-137 2011-181 2011-93 2014-144 2014-145 2011-159 2014-146 2014-147 2014-136 2011-1 2011-198 2011-99 2011-201 2011-156 NO. 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123

128 129 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Zamthang PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sichuan General LOcation Sichuan General Location Nangchen PSB Detention Center Sichuan general location Dzoege PSB Detention Center PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation link Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation link Immolation link Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech Devotion to HHDL CHARGES SENTENCE 1-Jun-2011 18-Jun-2011 23-Mar-2011 18-Jun-2011 6-Jul-2011 5-Jul-2011 7-Jun-2011 12-Jun-2011 17-Oct-2011 19-Jun-2011 17-Jun-2011 11-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 22-Mar-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 12-Jul-2011 21-Apr-2011 1-Mar-2011 15-Jan-2011 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 21 18 40 34 37 25 31 22 28 48 39 32 30 33 30 AGE Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Khangmar Monastery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Layperson Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Businessman Writer Monk, Beri Monastery Nun, Nyinmo Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Zurkhang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Drenpa Monk, Tenzar Monastery OCCUPATION M M M F M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Pachen Rinchen Passang Pelkho Peltruk Gonpo Pema Rinchen Pema Tsering Pema Lhamo Penpa Phuntsok Phuntsok Dolma Rinchen Samdup Samdup Samdup Samten Samten Samten Khache Sherab Sherab Gyatso Sherab Gyatso Soepa Gyatso NAME 2011-170 2011-104 2011-105 2011-106 2011-202 2011-108 2011-110 2011-111 2011-113 2011-115 2011-116 2011-200 2014-153 2011-130 2014-154 2014-162 2014-169 2011-122 2014-156 2011-208 2011-218 TCHRD-ID 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 NO.

128 129 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sichuan General Location Dzogang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Dzogang PSB Detention Center Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PSB det. centre TAR Prison Amdo Tsoe Sichuan General location Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Barkham PSB Detention Center Dzogang PSB Detention Center CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation link Immolation link Immolation link Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Illegal assembly Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation link Immolation link HH material Slogan- Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 22-Mar-2011 21-Apr-2011 6-Jul-2011 13-Jun-2011 2-Jul-2011 22-Jun-2011 23-Mar-2011 8-Apr-2011 16-Mar-2011 1-Aug-2011 12-Jun-2011 18-Jun-2011 23-Oct-2011 1-Apr-2011 21-Apr-2011 28-Apr-2011 16-Mar-2011 17-Oct-2011 1-Jun-2011 3-Jan-2011 6-Jul-2011 AGE 23 60 19 27 28 27 30 25 25 23 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Kirti Monastery Villager Nun, Mandrak Nunnery Village Representative Monk, Dhargye Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Tashikhyil Monastery Nun, Nyagye Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Business Owner Monastery Palyul Monk, Writer, Villager SEX M M M F M M F M M M F F M M M M F F M M M NAME Sonam Sotse Tashi Choedon Tashi Namgyal Tashi Tsewang Tashi Gyamo- Tenzin kha Gyatso Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Lhatso Tenzin Thinlay Dolma Topden Tsakho Tsering Dadul Tsering Kyi Tsering Kyi Tsering Kyipo Tsering Tenzin Tsering Tsesong TCHRD-ID 2014-120 2014-171 2011-185 2011-132 2011-187 2011-192 2014-209 2011-136 2011-138 2011-74 2011-139 2011-143 2011-209 2011-145 2014-155 2011-147 2011-164 2011-211 2011-191 2011-150 2011-184 NO. 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165

130 131 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Tibet Autonomous Region Chamdo Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, ORIGIN Kara PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Nangchen PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Kardze Immediate CourtPeople’s PRISON Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech freedom of speech March 2008 activities incitement CHARGES Life Life life Life Suspended DS SENTENCE 6-Jun-2011 9-Jun-2011 21-Apr-2011 11-Apr-2011 1-Jan-2011 ? 1-Jan-2011 12-Jul-2011 10-Mar-2011 22-Mar-2011 22-Mar-2011 19-Jun-2011 7-Jun-2011 12-Jun-2011 1-Aug-2011 4-Nov-2011 1-Aug-2010 1-Jan-2010 1-Jun-2010 1-Jun-2010 17-Nov-2010 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 17 38 34 31 27 19 51 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced STATUS Monk, Kardze Monastery Nun Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Geshe, Shapten Monastery Luchu Private School Director, Orphanage School School Director Monk, Zurkhang Monastery Monk, Dontog Monastery Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Nun, Nyinmo Nunnery Monk, Gyalmo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Hotel owner Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson, Farmer OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Tsewang Tashi Tsewang Tseyang Tsezin Gyaltsen Tsultrim Gyatso Tsundue Gyatso Tsundue Ugen Samten Gelek Wangchen Wangchuk Wangchuk Wangyang Woeser Phuntsok Lhatso Yeshi Yonten Yonten Dorjee Tashi Dorjee Tashi Jamphel Wangchuk Rinzin Tsewang Yeshi Pema NAME 2011-152 2011-195 2014-152 2009-33 2012-32 2012-32 2011-154 2011-182 2011-131 2011-197 2011-155 2011-157 2011-160 2011-171 2011-174 2010 Life Sentence 2010-50 2010-235 2010-72 2010-234 reprieve Death Sentence with 2 Years 2010-104 TCHRD-ID 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 1 2 3 4 5 NO.

130 131 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Palyul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Palyul Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, PRISON Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? PSB Det. Ctr? Yanqi Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s Dzoege PSB Detention Center CHARGES Rioting and inciting the public Robbery Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Split-nation Leaking state secrets Slogan-shout- speech Illegal assembly SENTENCE Suspended DS 13 years 11 years 15 years 20 years 15 years 15 years 13 years 7 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 7 years 3-7 years 7years 3-7 years 3-7 years 3-7 years 3-7 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 25-May-2010 9-Apr-2010 1-Sep-2010 ? 24-Jun-2010 1-Jun-2010 1-Jan-2010 1-Jun-2010 8-Sep-2010 1-Jun-2010 13-Jan-2010 1-Aug-2010 9-Apr-2010 9-Apr-2010 25-May-2010 1-Jan-2010 25-May-2010 25-May-2010 25-May-2010 25-May-2010 3-Apr-2010 27-Jun-2010 AGE 23 42 39 22 STATUS Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Arrested Detained OCCUPATION Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson philanthropist Environmentalist, Monk, Drepung Monastery Teacher Monk, Drepung Monastery MonasteryMonk, Palyul Shak Rongpo Abbot, Trulku, Monastery Layperson Businessman Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Larung Gar Buddhist Institute Businesswoman Layperson Layperson Layperson Monk, Guru Monastery Village head SEX M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M NAME Sonam Tsering Choedar Dorjee Dagtsel Karma Samdup Nyima Kunchok Lhamo Kyab Ngawang Choenyi Gyatso Wangdue Dawa Khyenrab Wangchug Dolma Namgyal Dorjee Tsetan Jamyang Phuntsok Jigme Kelyon Ngagchung Choedon Tashi Tayang Tsewang Gyurmey Tsomo Yeshi Abo Tashi Atam TCHRD-ID 2010-74 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2009-244 2010-206 2010-6 2010-73 2010-59 2008-040 2010-40 Sentence Below 10 Years 2014-262 2010-19 2010-49 2010-24 2009-242 2010-76 2015-109 2010-75 2010-77 2010-78 2010-79 Sentence Unknown 2010-61 2014-266 NO. 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

132 133 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Diru County, Nagchu Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Region Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Qinghai Province Jyekudo TAP, Dzatoe County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhoka Prefecture, Dranang County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho County, Tsigorthang Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda Town, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, ORIGIN Diru PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Tibet Autonomous Region Ngaba PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center Barkham PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center Ngari General Location Sangchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center Chengdu( General Location) Dranang PSB Detention Center? Hualong PSB Office Dzoege PSB Detention Center Jomda PSB Detention Center Jomda PSB detention centre Jomda County PSB Detention Centre PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Immolation linked Incitement Slogan- Shout- Speech Incitement Illegal assembly Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Illegal assembly Incitement Endangering State Security reform Failed CHARGES SENTENCE 30-Sep-2010 1-Mar-2010 27-Jun-2010 17-Mar-2010 1-Jun-2010 10-Aug-2010 1-Jun-2010 24-May-2010 1-Jun-2010 27-Jun-2010 30-Mar-2010 1-Jun-2010 15-May-2010 10-May-2010 5-Jun-2010 1-Sep-2010 14-Mar-2010 27-Jun-2010 7-Jun-2010 15-May-2010 15-May-2010 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 20 26 15 19 32 29 29 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested STATUS School Headmaster Village head Student Trader Driver, Monastery Monk, Tsodun Driver Truck Trader, Monk, Gomang Monastery Driver Truck Trader, Village head Monk, Jeytrung Monastery Driver Truck Trader, Layperson Layperson Monk Monk, Monk, Ditsa Monastery Village head MonasteryMonk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Buphel Choekyong Tseten Choelho Dakden Dashi Dhargay Dhargyal Dogru Tsultrim Dorjee Thinley Dorjee Tsering Gawa Wangchen Topgyal Gedun Gonpo Lhundup Gonpo Thar Goyon Gyurmey Tenzin Jamyang Jigje Kyab Kalsang Dhargay Kalsang Gyurmey Kalsang Gyurmey NAME 2014-287 2014-249 2014-264 2010-126 2010-16 2010-89 2014-275 2009-30 2014-274 2014-270 2010-64 2014-271 2014-255 2014-256 2014-277 2014-283 2010-094 2014-268 2010-35 2014-254 2010-102 TCHRD-ID 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 NO.

132 133 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Bathang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, PRISON Dzoege PSB Detention Center Diru PSB Detention Center? Nagchu Prefecture( general Location ) Dzoege PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Jomda County PSB Detention Centre Nagchu prefecture( General Location) Diru PSB Detention Center General Location TAR Barkham PSB Detention Center Batang( general Location) Sites TAR Diru PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Jomda County PSB Detention Centre Sangchu PSB Detention Center Barkham Sertha PSB Detention Center Jomda County PSB Detention Centre CHARGES Propaganda Illegal assembly Illegal assembly Illegal assembly Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Ppolitical Song Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 7-Jul-2010 27-Jun-2010 20-Mar-2010 21-Jul-2010 27-Jun-2010 27-Jun-2010 4-Apr-2010 30-Mar-2010 15-May-2010 17-May-2010 1-Sep-2010 2010 ? 26-Feb-2010 19-Apr-2010 1-Mar-2010 30-Sep-2010 24-Mar-2010 10-Aug-2010 15-May-2010 15-May-2010 17-Mar-2010 5-May-2010 16-May-2010 AGE 22 22 19 27 21 17 23 40 38 26 18 25 40 STATUS Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Gomang Monastery Village head Layperson Monk, Shak Rongpo Monastery Village head Village head Taklung Monk, Trulku, Monastery Editor MonasteryMonk, Wara Monk, Shak Rongpo Monastery Artist Singer, Typist Monk Monk, Lungkar Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery MonasteryMonk, Wara Layperson Student Monk, Chotsang Talu Monastery MonasteryMonk, Wara SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M NAME Kalsang Tsultrim Konlho Kunchok Namgyal Norbu Kyenrab Lhago Loche Namgyal Namsay Nangsey Ngawang Jangchup Choedak Palden pasang Tso Pema Petrug Rinchen Dorjee Samten Samten Sodhar Soegon Sokho Sonam Dhondup Sonam Dorjee Sonam Gonpo TCHRD-ID 2010-55 2014-265 2010-99 2014-281 2014-267 2014-269 2010-66 2014-243 2010-081 2014-263 2014-284 2010-236 2014-241 2014-252 2010-14 2014-285 2008-1264 2010-108 2010-082 2014-258 2010-46 2010-34 2010-112 NO. 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70

134 135 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Jomda County, Chamdo Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province kardze TAP, County, Palyul TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pelbar TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dzatoe County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR , , TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, ORIGIN Jomda County PSB Detention Centre Nagchu PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center Jomda PSB detention centre Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSB detention centre (Utritru)Lhasa Prison Lhasa PSB Detention Center Ngari General Location Dzogang PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center Jomda County PSB Detention Centre Markham PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Ngari General Location PRISON Failed reform Failed Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Leaking state secrets Incitement seeking For information about the detained Rinchen Dorjee Incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed CHARGES SENTENCE 16-May-2010 8-Apr-2010 1-Feb-2010 20-Jul-2010 8-Apr-2010 17-May-2010 8-Apr-2010 7-Jun-2010 5-Jul-2010 7-Jun-2010 29-Dec-2010 29-Dec-2010 1-Jun-2010 20-Jul-2010 30-Mar-2010 5-Apr-2010 15-May-2010 18-Mar-2010 24-Mar-2010 28-Mar-2010 1-Jun-2010 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 29 22 24 22 26 22 30 35 16 20 25 45 40 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Wara MonasteryMonk, Wara Monk, Guru Monastery Layperson Layperson Monk, Guru Monastery Layperson Monk, Serma Monastery MonasteryMonk, Wara Monk MonasteryMonk, Wara Writer Monk, Ngagyur Densa Chenmo Monastery Driver Truck Trader, Monk Monk, Nedo Monastery Layperson MonasteryMonk, Wara Businessman Monk, Darthang Monastery Tibetan Language Teacher Driver Truck Trader, OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Tagyal Tashi Tashi Tashi Tashi Dhondup Tashi Gyatso Tashi Lhundup Tashi Topgyal Tashi Wangdue Tashi Lodoe Tenpa Lodoe Tenpa Tenphel Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Thagchoe Thinlay Thinlay Thubwang Topden Topgyal NAME 2010-116 2010-87 2010-027 2014-279 2010-87 2014-260 2010-62 2010-36 2010-245 2010-37 2011-213 2014-278 2014-272 2014-280 2010-63 2014-250 2010-80 2014-248 2008-290 2010-121 2014-273 TCHRD-ID 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 NO.

134 135 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Diru County, Nagchu Prefecture, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Tsekhog TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Nyemo County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jundhar County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jundhar County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yushu TAR Shigatse Prefecture, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Lhoka Prefecture, County, Tsona TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, PRISON Diru PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center Barkham PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Hualong PSB Office Chushul Prison? Chushul Prison? Chusul Prison? Chushul prison? Dingxi Prison (Lanzhou) Lhoka Intermediate CourtPeople’s CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Arson Incitement Leaking state secrets Murder Arson Arson sabotage Leaking state secrets Slogan-Shout- Speech 2008 uprising activities Political Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE Life Life Life Suspended DS Suspended DS Suspended DS Suspended DS 10 years 13 years 15 years 15 years 15 years 12 years 15 years 15 years 15 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 30-Sep-2010 15-May-2010 26-Feb-2010 2-Apr-2010 14-Mar-2010 21-Apr-2009 17-Nov-2009 21-May-2009 1-Mar-2009 21-Apr-2009 1-Mar-2009 8-Apr-2009 21-Apr-2009 22-May-2009 12-Nov-2009 22-May-2009 22-May-2009 24-Apr-2009 1-Sep-2009 22-May-2009 22-May-2009 AGE 23 20 20 23 24 17 20 42 50 40 30 37 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Layperson MonasteryMonk, Rongtha Juvenile Monk, Ditsa Monastery Layperson School cook Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery MonasteryMonk, Kolo Layperson MonasteryMonk, Kolo Monk, Samdupling Monastery Layperson Monk, Dhen Choekor Monastery Editor Teacher, Writer, Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Monk, Dhen Choekor Monastery Layperson Businessman Monk, Dhen Choekor Monastery Monk, Dhen Choekor Monastery SEX M M M M M F M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M

NAME Tsegon Tselo Dhondup Tsering Ugen Namgyal Yeshi Penkyi Sonam Gonpo Gyatso Tsultrim Lama Lhaka Penkyi Soedo Phuntsok Tenzin Chemi Jamyang Sherab Tsephel Kunchok Ngawang Tashi Nyichig Rigzin Tsering Sonam Bhakdro Dorjee Tashi Gyaltsen Tenzin TCHRD-ID 2014-286 2014-257 2010-17 2010-65 2010-13 2009 Life Sentence 2009-172 2010-84 2008-1731 Reprieve Death Sentence with 2 Years 2010-100 2009-171 2010-109 2009-31 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2009-173 2009-58 2009-123 2009-56 2009-55 2014-53 2010-69 2009-057 2009-54 NO. 92 93 94 95 96 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

136 137 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Mangra County, Tsolho TAP, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Mangra County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Kardze Prefecture, County, Pashoe Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa ORIGIN Kardze Immediate CourtPeople’s Deyang Prison ( Golog Prefecture? General Location ) Mianyang Prison Deyang Prison, Sichuan Dulan PSB Detention Center Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Chengdu General location Nyagrong PSB Detention Center PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. PSB Detention Pashoe Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu General Location Chamdo PSB Detention Center PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Sabotage Incitement Slogan- Shout -Speech of Possession Tibetan Flag during the protest Illegal possession of weapon Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Secrets Slogan-shout- speech Endangering State Secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Involvement in the activities Political Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES 15 years 12 years 16 years 7 years 7 years 8 years 7 years 8 years and 6 months 7 years 7 7years 3 years SENTENCE 21-May-2009 22-May-2009 17-Nov-2009 1-Jan-2009 ? 1-Mar-2009 1-Jan-2009 22-Mar-2009 23-Dec-2009 1-Mar-2009 29-Dec-2009 01-01-2009? 15-Dec-2009 15-Apr-2009 7-Dec-2009 15-Apr-2009 16-Feb-2009 29-Jan-2009 19-Mar-2009 7-Dec-2009 20-Jan-2009 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 36 32 50 33 41 58 23 AGE Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Lutsang Monastery Monk, Dhen Choekor Monastery School Cook Monk Monk, Nekhor Monastery Nun, Dragka Nunnery MonasteryMonk, Ragya Monk, Rinpoche Layperson Business Owner Layperson Monk, Head of Mera Monastery Layperson OCCUPATION M M M M M F M M M M M M F M M M M M M M SEX Thabkey Gyatso Palden Tsering Gyatso Tsewang Lhundup Lobsang Lhundup Nyigha Gyatso Palden Phurbu Tsering Sonam Tenpa Sonam Topgyal Tsering Tashi Dhargay Tenzin Aga Aka Dorjee Alo Amdo Gyaltsen Anam Apa Taphel Ashi Bhu Dargyal NAME 2009-174 2009-59 2010-85 Sentence Below 10 Years 2014-217 2009-1 2008-1069 2009-97 2014-206 2009-2 2009-186 2015-111 2009-299 Sentence Unknown 2009-266 2009-339 2009-86 2009-16 2009-64 2009-212 2009-336 2009-43 TCHRD-ID 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 NO.

136 137 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze tAP, Sershul County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu General Location Chamdo PSB Detention Center Dege PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Lithang PSB Det. Ctr. PSB Detention Pashoe Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center ? PSB Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Detention Center PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. Sershul PSB Detention Center Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chengdu Prison Sershul PSB Detention Center CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Security Participation in the boycott movement Slogan- Shout -Speech Leaked state secrets Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Security Slogan- Shout -Speech Leading the protest Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 12-Mar-2009 11-Mar-2009 7-Dec-2009 20-Jan-2009 27-Jan-2009 27-Mar-2009 27-Mar-2009 22-Mar-2009 7-Dec-2009 5-Mar-2009 16-Mar-2009 30-Aug-2009 15-Apr-2009 30-Aug-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 30-Aug-2009 15-Apr-2009 14-Mar-2009 8-Dec-2009 30-Aug-2009 AGE 16 23 18 41 18 16 14 38 25 STATUS Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained OCCUPATION Layperson Layperson Layperson Monk, Dege Farmer Business Owner Monk Juvenile Layperson Monk, Gephelling Monastery Layperson Monk, Chaktsa Monastery SEX M F M M M F F M M M F M M M M M M M M F M NAME Bhu Sonam Bhumo Chintso Bumo Buyang Dhargyal Choejor Palden Choekyi Choekyi Choekyong Tsering Choenga Tsering Choenyi Gyatso Choetso lo Dagyam Dakpay Damchoe Damdul Dargyal Dawa Dawa Dakpa Dawa Tsering Dechen Dolma Dechen Thinley TCHRD-ID 2009-213 2009-214 2009-337 2009-150 2009-157 2009-29 2009-29 2009-256 2009-229 2009-132 2009-73 2009-114 2009-87 2009-105 2009-17 2009-13 2009-110 2009-261 2009-71 2009-331 2009-107 NO. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

138 139 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Tsawa Dzogang County, Chamdo Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, ORIGIN

Chamdo PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chengdu General Location Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Lithang ( General Location ) Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center Matoe PSB Detention Center PSB Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Detention Center PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. Lithang (general location) Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSb Detention Center ? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Reform Fail- Illegal assembly Endangering State Security Reform Fail- Illegal assembly Failed-reform Subversive Subverisve Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Security reform Failed Endangering State Security CHARGES SENTENCE 20-Jan-2009 14-Mar-2009 21-Mar-2009 8-Dec-2009 7-Jun-2009 20-Jan-2009 7-Jun-2009 16-Mar-2009 7-Jun-2009 7-Jun-2009 15-Apr-2009 27-Jun-2009 4-Dec-2009 12-Apr-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 15-Apr-2009 27-Jun-2009 14-Apr-2009 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 23 24 40 39 46 41 30 30 26 44 AGE Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Layperson Farmer Trader Monk, Lithang Monastery Trader Trader Trader Layperson Abbot, Tsakho Former Monastery Layperson OCCUPATION M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Dhargyal Dhondup Dhunka Dorjee Dolkar Lhamo Dolkyab Dolma Dhondup Dorjee Kyab Dorjee Lhamo Dorjee Tsering Dorjee Tsering Dragbe Gage Garab Dorjee Gaypo Gedun Choephel Gedun Choephel Gelek Kunga Gonpe Gonpo Dhargyl Gonpo Tsewang NAME 2009-150 2009-72 2009-22 2009-333 2009-95 2009-216 2009-95 2009-175 2009-96 2009-96 2009-260 2009-232 2009-196 2009-321 2009-12 2009-012 2009-4 2009-265 2009-149 2009-345 TCHRD-ID 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 NO.

138 139 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Matoe County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Bathang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda Ocunty, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, PRISON Matoe PSB Detention Center Nyagrong PSB Detention Center ? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center? Machen PSB Det. Ctr? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu Prison Ngaba PSB Det. Ctr? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Bathang PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. Lithang ( General Location ) PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. CHARGES Subversive Endangering State Security reform Failed Leading the protest Subversive Slogan- Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 4-Dec-2009 15-Apr-2009 15-Apr-2009 22-Mar-2009 27-Jun-2009 5-Dec-2009 5-Mar-2009 4-Dec-2009 1-Dec-2009 27-Jun-2009 1-May-2009 5-Dec-2009 5-Dec-2009 16-Feb-2009 19-Mar-2009 5-Mar-2009 5-Apr-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 17-Mar-2009 16-Feb-2009 AGE 23 41 18 25 40 27 36 21 30 28 18 30 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Tsankho Monastery Monk, Tsankho MonasteryMonk, Ragya Township level ) Official ( Monk, Kirti Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsakho Township level ) Official ( Farmer Monastery Monk, Tse-Tsang Layperson Layperson Layperson Layperson Layperson SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M F M NAME Gowang Gyalshay Gyalshe Gyaltsen Gyaltsen Dorjee Gyata Thinley Gyatso(Mewa Gyatso) Gyebo Gyiga Gyurmey Gonpo Jamdo Jamdrel Jamdro Jampa Jampa Dhondup Jampa Lhamo Jampa Sonam Jampa Thokmey Jampa Tsering Jampa Yeshi Jampa Yonten TCHRD-ID 2009-194 2009-89 2009-262 2009-310 2009-53 2009-329 2009-69 2009-270 2009-259 2009-134 2009-36 2009-207 2009-202 2009-15 2009-21 2009-65 2009-82 2009-3 2009-9 2009-217 2009-7 NO. 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

140 141 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Lithang County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Labrang County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Mangra County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagchuka County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pashoe Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, ORIGIN

Lithang “Tsaka” PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location Kanlho PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho PSB Det. Ctr? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Mangra ( General Location ) Nyagrong PSB Detention Center Chengdu General location ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Machen PSB Det. Ctr? Chengdu General location PSB Detention Pashoe Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Subversive Endangering State Security Subversive Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech slogan-shout- speech Leading the protest Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 16-Feb-2009 5-Dec-2009 13-Apr-2009 13-Apr-2009 14-Mar-2009 4-Dec-2009 27-Mar-2009 1-Apr-2009 15-Apr-2009 1-May-2009 7-Dec-2009 5-Dec-2009 17-Mar-2009 22-Mar-2009 7-Dec-2009 29-Jan-2009 5-Dec-2009 6-Mar-2009 15-Jan-2009 28-Jun-2009 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 41 36 36 17 25 33 20 21 27 18 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Khakhor Monastery Farmer Monk, Lutsang Monastery Farmer Nun MonasteryMonk, Ragya Monk, Mera Monastery Nun, Gema Dra-wok Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Student OCCUPATION M M M M M M F M M M M M F M M M M F M M SEX Jamyang Palden Jinpa Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso karma Norbu Khenpo Khethar Gyatso Kunchok Kyalga Lhadar Lhakyi Lhamo Choedup Lhamo Dechen Lobsang Dhargyal Lobsang Dhondup Lobsang Gyaltsen Lobsang Jamchok Lobsang Khandro Lobsang Kirti NAME 2009-168 2009-203 2009-31 2009-31 2009-76 2009-328 2009-25 2009-277 2009-264 2009-181 2009-335 2009-205 2009-219 2009-255 2009-338 2009-63 2009-330 2009-20 2009-46 2009-137 TCHRD-ID 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 NO.

140 141 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Barkham County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center? PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. PSB Lithang ‘Tsaka’ Detention Center PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr Lithang PSB Det. Ctr? Barkham PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention Center Machen PSB Det. Ctr? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center Matoe PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Matoe PSB Detention center Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? CHARGES Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Subversive Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Subversive Slogan- Shout -Speech Subversive reform Failed SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 14-Mar-2009 1-May-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 16-Feb-2009 10-Mar-2009 20-Jan-2009 4-Dec-2009 22-Mar-2009 15-Mar-2009 7-Jan-2009 14-Mar-2009 30-Aug-2009 4-Dec-2009 5-Jan-2009 4-Dec-2009 27-Jun-2009 17-Mar-2009 9-Jan-2009 ? AGE 25 37 37 21 21 30 29 40 40 37 27 28 23 32 20 50 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Farmer Layperson Layperson Monk, Lithang Monastery Monk, Lithang Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsankho MonasteryMonk, Ragya Layperson Gepheling Monk, Tashi Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsakho Farmer Monastery Monk, Tsankho Nun Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M NAME Lobsang Nyendak Lobsang Palden Lobsang Phendey Lobsang Phendey Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Wangchuk Lobsang Wangchuk Lori Markyi Mengag Dorjee Namkha Gyaltsen Namkha Sonam Namsel Dorjee Nemel Ngaksung Ngawang Sonam Nobe Norlha Norlu Nyishek TCHRD-ID 2009-70 2009-145 2009-6 2009-348 2009-11 2009-5 2009-10 2009-220 2009-221 2009-295 2009-312 2009-222 2009-162 2009-77 2009-213 2009-126 2009-41 2009-127 2009-230 2009-214 2009-55 NO. 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139

142 143 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Dartsedo County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, ORIGIN Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa ( general Location ) Lhasa PSB Detention Center? ( Gutsa ) Lhasa PSB Detention Center? ( Gutsa ) Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? (Gutsa ) Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Machen PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center PRISON Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Reactionary reform Failed Illegal assembly Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Illegal assembly reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Partipation in the political protest reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech of Possession Tibetan Flag during the protest Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 25-Mar-2009 21-Mar-2009 1-May-2009 27-Mar-2009 16-Mar-2009 12-Aug-2009 7-Jun-2009 7-Jun-2009 27-Mar-2009 5-Mar-2009 16-Mar-2009 7-Jun-2009 27-Jun-2009 5-Mar-2009 14-Mar-2009 17-Mar-2009 27-Jun-2009 14-Mar-2009 22-Mar-2009 30-Aug-2009 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 30 40 19 26 15 16 23 17 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Lhagang Monastery Farmer Farmer Farmer Layperson Trader Trader Farmer Nun, Nyima Gesey Nunnery Layperson Trader Student Layperson MonasteryMonk, Ragya OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M F F M M M M M M M M M M SEX Olu Pachen Paga Palchen Rinchen Palden Norbu Passang Demay Pema Dorjee Pema Lhamo Pema Yangtso Pema Phuntsok Rabgyal Phurbu Rigchung Nyidak Rinchen Phuntsok Wangsel Rinchen Rinzin Woeser Samphel Norbu Sangay Tsering Sangpo Sheba NAME 2009-315 2009-024 2009-182 2009-28 2009-215 2009-138 2009-142 2009-189 2009-26 2009-130 2009-216 2009-94 2009-184 2009-133 2009-78 2009-217 2009-185 2009-79 2009-99 2009-118 TCHRD-ID 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 NO.

142 143 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Nyagrong County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pashoe Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, PRISON Yajiang ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location Matoe PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center Jomda PSB Det. Ctr? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Barkham (General location ) Nagchu PSB Detention Center Dege PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center Matoe PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Pashoe Center? PSB Lithang “Tsaka” Det. Ctr. ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Subversive Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Immolation link Leaking state secrets Slogan-Shout- Speech Subversive Slogan-Shout- Speech Reactionary Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 5-Dec-2009 4-Dec-2009 12-Mar-2009 30-Aug-2009 1-Apr-2009 19-May-2009 1-Apr-2009 1-May-2009 30-Aug-2009 24-Jan-2009 21-Mar-2009 27-Feb-2009 1-Dec-2009 27-Jan-2009 22-Jan-2009 4-Dec-2009 1-May-2009 22-Jan-2009 29-Jan-2009 16-Feb-2009 5-Dec-2009 AGE 25 38 40 10 56 24 25 29 33 30 16 29 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained DET Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Tsankho Monastery Monk, Tsankho Layperson Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsitsang Farmer Monk, Denma Choekhorling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dege Gonchen Monastery Layperson Monastery Monk, Tsankho Farmer Music shop owner Monk, Mera Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Sherab Dolma Sherab Nyima Sonam Sonam Sonam Gelek Sonam Gyatso Sonam Nyima Sonam Palmo Sonam Yonten Tado Taphel Tashi Tashi Dorjee Tashi Norbu Tashi Nyima Tashi Tenpa Tenzin Choephel Tenzin Sangay Tenzin Thinlay Tenzin TCHRD-ID 2009-198 2009-128 2009-234 2009-116 2009-258 2009-40 2009-236 2009-144 2009-106 2009-167 2009-83 2009-166 2009-287 2009-316 2009-45 2009-193 2009-35 2009-163 2009-62 2009-8 2009-199 NO. 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

144 145 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Dzogang County, Tsawa Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Matoe County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, ORIGIN Sershul PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location Kardze PSB Detention Center ? PSB Detention Pashoe Center? Matoe PSB Detention Center Matoe PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location Jomda PSB Detention Center ? PRISON slogan-shout- speech Pro-Independence Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Illegal assembly Slogan-Shout- Speech Espionage Slogan-Shout- Speech Partipation in the political protest Leaking state secrets Subversive Subversive Endangering State Security reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 30-Aug-2009 2-Mar-2009 20-Jan-2009 30-Aug-2009 30-Aug-2009 20-Jan-2009 30-Aug-2009 7-Jun-2009 30-Aug-2009 11-Mar-2009 25-Mar-2009 11-Apr-2009 5-Dec-2009 17-Mar-2009 7-Dec-2009 4-Dec-2009 12-Apr-2009 1-May-2009 27-Jun-2009 5-Dec-2009 1-May-2009 ? DATE OF DATE DETENTION 20 23 24 36 47 29 43 28 28 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Chaktsa Monastery Monk, Gomang Monastery Layperson Trader Monk, Numa Monastery Monk, Lhagang Monastery Monk, Zhabten Monastery Layperson Business Owner Khakhor Monk, Trulku Monastery Monk, Khakor Monastery Farmer Farmer OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Thambo Thangzin Thargyal Tharshong Thinlay Namgyal Thinlay Ngodup Thinlay Nyima Thubpa Thubpo Thuksam Thupten Thupten Thapgyal Atha Tsagye Tenzin Tse Gonpo Tsejor Tsepag Tsepak Tsering Tsering Tsering Tsering NAME 2009-218 2009-66 2009-219 2009-117 2009-250 2009-44 2009-113 2009-190 2009-192 2009-301 2009-314 2009-32 2009-206 2009-224 2009-228 2009-195 2009-129 2009-13 2009-231 2009-200 2009-183 TCHRD-ID 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 NO.

144 145 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Province Yunnan Dechen TAP, Dechen County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center? ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? ( Nyagchukha ) Yajiang General Location Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Chushul [Qushui] Prison? Dechen PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center Mankar Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chengdu General Location Sershul PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Partipation in the political protest Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-shout- speech Endangering State Security Espionage SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 5-Mar-2009 5-Dec-2009 11-Mar-2009 24-Jan-2009 5-Dec-2009 21-Mar-2009 11-Mar-2009 11-Mar-2009 1-Apr-2009 1-May-2009 ? 1-Apr-2009 11-Apr-2009 15-Mar-2009 19-May-2009 8-Dec-2009 30-Aug-2009 27-Mar-2009 18-Mar-2009 24-Mar-2009 1-May-2009 1-Oct-2009 AGE 17 17 40 17 17 20 30 38 35 33 25 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained OCCUPATION Student Layperson Monk, Denma Choekhorlng Monastery Farmer Monk, Denma Choekhorlng Monastery Monk, Zhabten Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Gephelling Monk, Tashi Monastery Farmer Nun Nun, Lamdrag Nunnery Farmer SEX M M F M M M F F M M M M M M M M M F F M M NAME Tsering Dakpa Tsering Dhondup Tsering Lhamo Tsering Palden Tsering Sangpo Tsering Wangdak Tsering Wangmo Tsering Lhamo Tsetan Sonam Tsetan Jigdrag Tsewang Tsultrim Tsundue Gyatso Tsundue Gyatso Tsundue Wangmo Yagar Yali Yangchen Dolma Yangkyi Dorjee Yeshi Namkha Yeshi TCHRD-ID 2009-235 2009-197 2009-75 2009-165 2009-204 2009-23 2009-233 2009-74 2009-257 2009-92 2009-136 2009-34 2009-225 2009-39 2009-334 2009-109 2009-27 2009-226 2009-37 2009-4 2009-61 NO. 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222

146 147 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Jomda County, Chamdo Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Lhasa Prefecture,TAR Dechen County, Toelung TAR Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chengguan County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, County, Taktse Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Yulgan TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, ORIGIN Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Nyagrong PSB Detention Center Chengdu General location Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chengdu Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Chushul prison? Chushul Prison Chushul [Qushui] Prison? Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? PRISON Connection with farming boycott Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Arson Espionage Arson CHARGES Life Life Life Life Life Life Life Life Suspended DS Less than 18 years 15 years 3-14 years 2-15 years 10years 3-14 years 15years SENTENCE 1-May-2009 ? 15-Apr-2009 7-Dec-2009 21-Jul-2009 8-Dec-2009 1-Jan-2009 ? 1-Feb-2008 1-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 16-Mar-2008 1-Feb-2008 27-Oct-2008 1-Jan-2008 1-May-2008 ? 1-Mar-2008 5-Oct-2008 1-May-2008 17-Mar-2008 29-Apr-2008 29-Oct-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 40 30 23 22 AGE Detained Detained Arrested Detained Arrested Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced STATUS Farmer Monk, Dingkhang Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Driver NGO Worker Monk, Dringwa Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsang OCCUPATION M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Yeshi Palden Yeshi Yiga Yigam Gyatso Yonten Youdon Yulshey Basang (Passang) Dawa Sangpo Gyurmey Dhondup Kalbha Kalsang Tsering Kelbha Sonam Norbu Wangdue Kangtsuk Aaru Thaya Bagdo Choephel Tashi Choephel Wangpo Chogtrin Gyatso Darchen Dhola NAME 2009-146 2009-85 2009-340 2009-191 2009-332 2009-51 2008 Life Sentence 2008-46 2009-33 2008-438 2008-568 2008-626 2008-651 2008-1416 2008-1786 Reprieve Death Sentence with 2 Years 2009-32 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2008-13 2008-41 2008-134 2008-135 2008-53 2008-174 2008-25 TCHRD-ID 223 224 225 226 227 228 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 NO.

146 147 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Lhoka Prefecture, Dranang County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Lhasa prefecture, TAR Dechen County, Toelung Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR lhasa Prefecture, Damshung County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Yulgan Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Damshul County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, PRISON Deyang Prison, Deyang Prison, Sichuan Dulan PSB Detention Center Lhasa Intermediate CourtPeople’s CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE 15years 3-14 Years 5-14 years 15 Years 15 years 14 years 15 years 10 years 10 years 15 years 15years 20 years 20 Years 5-14 years 3-14 years 3-14 years 15 years 13 years 10years 10 years 10 years 12 years 20 years less than 18 years less than 18 years 10 years 15 years 2-15 years 5-14 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 1-May-2008 29-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Feb-2008 1-May-2008 28-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 29-Apr-2008 29-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 17-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 11-Apr-2008 1-Feb-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Feb-2008 1-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 AGE 24 33 41 STATUS Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Performer, traditional Performer, Monk, Thankya Monastery Monk, Monastery Monk, Larung Gar Buddhist Inst Monk, Larung Gar Buddhist Ins Monk, Dingkha Monastery Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Drilda Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsang Monastery Monk, Tsang Monastery Monk, Tsendrak Monk, Gaden Choepheling Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery SEX M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F NAME Dolkyab Tsang Dolkyab Tsang Lama Kyab Dorjee Dhargyal Dorjee Dolma Dorjee Wangyal Dorjor Gonpo Tsekho Gyaltsen Gyurmey Trinley Gyurmey Thinley Jigme Kalbar Kalden Kalden Kalden Choedak Kalsang Nyima Kalsang Tsering Karma Dawa Khechok Khedup Gyaltsen Khedup Gyatso Kunchok Jinpa Kunchok Nyima Kunchok Sangpo Kunchok Soepa Kunchok Phuntsok Kunga Tenzin Kunga Lama Phuntsok Lamchung Lhakdon TCHRD-ID 2008-236 2008-259 2008-261 2008-284 2008-41 2008-396 2008-427 2010-439 2010-439 2008-518 2008-567 2008-72 2008-652 2008-570 2008-610 2008-628 2008-644 2008-671 2008-51 2008-673 2008-693 2009-85 2010-73 2008-719 2008-722 2008-733 2008-734 2008-765 2008-784 NO. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

148 149 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, County, Tawu TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Dranang County, TAR Prefecture, County, Kongpo TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Dechen County, Toelung TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Dechen County, Toelung Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, ORIGIN Sershul PSB Detention Center ? Deyang Prison, Sichuan Dulan PSB Detention Center PRISON Espionage Pro-independence CHARGES 21 years 2-15 years 5 to 14 years 10 years 3-14 year 3-14 years 15 years 10 years 12 years 13 years 13 and 6months 3-14 years 15+ years 14 years 11 years 3-14 years 2- 15 years 2-15 years 12 years 13 years 13 years 2-15 years 10 years 13 years 13 years 10 years 10 years SENTENCE 18-Mar-2008 1-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 10-Mar-2008 29-Apr-2008 29-Apr-2008 29-Oct-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 29-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 29-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 1-May-2008 1-May-2008 1-May-2008 1-May-2008 1-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 27-Oct-2008 1-Jun-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 36 29 AGE Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced STATUS Monk, Gaden Choepheling Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery MonasteryMonk, Wonpo MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Monk Monk, Samye Monastery Monk, Achog Tsenyi Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson Monk, Samye Monastery Monk, Samye Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk Na NunneryNun, Pangri OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F SEX Lobsang Lobsang Jampa Lobsang Khechok Lobsang Ngodup Lobsang Samten lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tsemey Lodoe Lodoe Lodup Phuntsok Lodup Yeshi Migmar Migmar Dhondup Migmar Nangrin Ngawang Ngawang Choeden Ngawang Serchen Nyima Dakpa Nyima Tashi Phuntsok Phuntsok Nyinpo Rinchen Gyaltsen Tsang Rongchok Khechok Samdup Sonam Dakpa Sonam Lhatso NAME 2009-346 2008-897 2008-874 2009-347 2008-903 2008-910 2008-921 2008-945 2008-947 2008-955 2008-956 2008-1003 2008-1002 2008-1004 2008-1025 2008-1032 2008-1033 2008-1046 2008-1074 2008-1077 2008-1089 2008-1867 2008-1227 2008-1239 2008-1249 2008-1407 2008-1415 TCHRD-ID 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 NO.

148 149 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, TAR Lhoka Prefecture, Dranang County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Lhoka Prefecture, Dranang County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Yulgan TAR Lhasa Municipality, County, Taktse Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ( General Location) CHARGES Espionage Security Espionage SENTENCE 3-14 years 10 years 12 years 10 years 3-14 years 3-14 years 5-14 years 15 years 15 years 20 years 15 years 13 years 12 years 10 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 3-14 years 3-14 years 15 years 13 years 10 years 3-14 years 10 years 15 years 3-14 years 12years 15 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 29-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 2-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Aug-2008 ? 29-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Jan-2008 ? ? 1-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Jun-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 29-Apr-2008 29-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 29-Apr-2008 17-Mar-2008 1-Jan-2008 ? 29-Apr-2008 28-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 AGE 21 25 23 40 35 54 STATUS Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Monk, Gaden Samten Dargyeling Monastery Monk, Langthang Monastery Monk, Ganden Choekhor Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Monk, Jowo Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk Monastery Monk, Tsang Layperson Doctor Former SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M F NAME Sonam Tsering Sonam Tsetan Sonam Yarphel Talo Gyatso Tashi Namgyal Tashi Dhondup Tenpa Tenzin Bhuchung Tenzin Choedak Tenzin Choedak Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Gyephel Tenzin Lhamo Tenzin Soepa Tenzin Yeshi Tenzin Terzoe Tharchin Thupten Gyatso Tsechoen Tsekho Nyima Tsering Tsetan Gyatso Tsulsang Wangdue Yargay Yeshi Choedon Yeshi TCHRD-ID 2008-123 2008-1424 2009-83 2008-1452 2008-1483 2008-164 2008-165 2008-1525 2015-12 2009-81 2009-122 2008-20 2008-1541 2008-1543 2008-180 2008-1552 2008-1554 2008-1562 2008-1602 2008-1633 2008-21 2008-1672 2008-1682 2008-1735 2009-113 2008-1813 2008-1822 2008-1827 NO. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

150 151 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze City, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze City, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Province Kanlho TAP,Gansu Machu County, Province Kanlho TAP,Gansu Machu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ( General Location ) ( Qushui Prison Chushur ) Markham PSB Detention Center ? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? PRISON Slogan- Shout- Speech Espionage Espionage CHARGES 8 years 8 years 9 years 9 years 8 years 9 years 9 years 8 years 8 years 9 years 8 years 9 years 9 years 8 years 9 years 9 years SENTENCE 1-Mar-2008 1-Sep-2008 14-May-2008 1-Jun-2008 1-Jun-2008 18-Jun-2008 1-Feb-2008 30-Oct-2008 1-Apr-2008 ? 1-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Feb-2008 20-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 24-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 36 26 54 19 33 60 AGE Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Bekar Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Beri Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ratoe Farmer Businessman MonasteryMonk, Woeser Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Achok Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery OCCUPATION M M F M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Aaatruk Phuntsok Bhuchung Norbu Bhumo Bhumo Tsega Dorjee Khando Lobsang Palden Lobsang Tsephel Ngodup Phuntsok Ngogha Phuntsok Doree Tenphel Thinlay Trintse Dorjee Tsewang Yeshi Tsewang Gyatso Tsultrim Aache Tare Aaho Aaka Aakun Aakya Aalak Dudul Aanam Nyima NAME Below 10 Years Sentence Below 10 Years 2008-19 2008-67 2009-24 2008-1864 2008-265 2008-892 2008-922 2014-215 2008-1056 2008-1120 2008-1523 2008-1573 2008-170 2008-188 2008-1700 2008-1730 Sentence Unknown 2008-3 2008-5 2008-7 2008-8 2008-9 200810 2008-11 TCHRD-ID 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 NO.

150 151 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Dzoege County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze Tap, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, PRISON Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Lithang PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? [Hezuo] PSB Tsoe Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kara PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Nangchen PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Lithang PSB Detention Center ? CHARGES Slogan-shout- speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Connection with the local protest Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 1-Apr-2008 1-Jan-2008 18-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 1-Jan-2008 15-May-2008 25-Mar-2008 17-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 3-May-2008 2-Apr-2008 22-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 30-Jun-2008 20-Mar-2008 26-Jul-2008 1-Aug-2008 21-Mar-2008 1-Jan-2008 15-Mar-2008 AGE 19 54 28 38 38 44 30 41 22 21 20 42 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Farmer Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Gyurmey Monastery Layperson? Monk, Dargye Monastery Monk, Mindrolling Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Layperson Monk, Thangsar Monastery SEX M M M F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M NAME Aatak Aaten Gyang Aati Aba Bhumo Achok Passang Gegokar Achok Thinley Aga Ago Tselo Akhu Nyi Akor Jigme Aku Ako Aku Sangay Akun Alo Chime Angyok Asang Asang Bersatsang Aten Aya Baluk Kyab Barchung Lopo TCHRD-ID 2009-15 2008-16 2008-18 2008-20 2008-23 2008-24 2008-28 2008-27 2008-29 2008-30 2008-31 2008-32 2008-33 2008-34 2008-35 2008-36 2008-37 2008-38 2008-39 2008-43 2008-45 NO. 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144

152 153 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Shigatse City, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Sog PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Shigatse PSB Detention Center PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Reactionary Slogan- Shout -Speech Failed-reform Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 18-Jun-2008 20-Mar-2008 11-May-2008 21-Mar-2008 16-Jun-2008 14-May-2008 15-May-2008 23-Apr-2008 26-Jun-2008 7-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 22-May-2008 25-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 25-Mar-2008 13-May-2008 12-May-2008 14-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 27 32 17 13 52 20 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Nun, Yarteng Nunnery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Nyinmo Gaysey Nunnery Layperson? Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Khenpa Lundpa Monastery OCCUPATION F M F M M M M F F F F M M F M F M M M F SEX Baywang(Pemo) Bende Gyal Bendetsang Yangchen Bhen Thekar Bhu Khepa Bhu Soekha Bhu Thapkhey Bhumo lhaga Bhumo Palmo Bhumo Pema Bhumo Sho Min Min Bhumo Tengha Bhuten Bhuti Botho Botsun Butuk Chamdo Dudrub Chemi Gonpo Chemi Lhazom NAME 2008-48 2008-49 2008-52 2008-54 2008-61 2008-62 2008-65 2008-71 2008-72 2008-73 2008-74 2008-75 2008-78 2008-79 2008-81 2008-82 2008-84 2008-88 2008-96 2008-98 TCHRD-ID 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 NO.

152 153 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, PRISON Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba Prison Chone PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Lanzhou Prison Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? County Prison Pema Kardze PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Security Failed-reform Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 1-Jan-2008 29-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 19-May-2008 21-Mar-2008 24-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 13-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 15-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 17-May-2008 30-Jun-2008 17-Mar-2008 30-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 17-May-2008 AGE 40 16 41 23 25 23 40 17 40 24 19 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery MonasteryWoeser Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M F M M M F M F F M M M M M NAME Cheno Khedup Chewa Kunchok Dhargyal Chignyin Cho Gyatso Choedak Choedar Choedar Choeden Choeden Choeden Choedup Choegong Choegyal Choekyi Choeley Choelha Choenga Dolma Choenyi Khedup Choepa kyab Choepa Tashi Choephak Choephel TCHRD-ID 2008-91 2008-92 2008-93 2008-99 2008-100 2008-105 2008-105 2008-106 2008-1755 2008-108 2008-110 2008-111 2008-112 2008-147 2008-114 2008-115 2008-116 2008-153 2008-119 2008-120 2008-121 2008-127 NO. 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186

154 155 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Kardze TAP, Drango County, Chogri Town, Province Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong ORIGIN Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center? County Prison Pema Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center ? [Tongren] Rebkong PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 23-Mar-2008 17-Mar-2008 17-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 17-Apr-2008 30-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 19-Apr-2008 30-Jun-2008 25-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 21-Jun-2008 22-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 13-Apr-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 26 20 16 24 30 33 15 20 21 37 31 26 28 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Rongpo Thosam Monk, Rongpo Monastery Monk, Gomang Monastery Monastery Monk, Tongkor Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Gonchen Monk, Rongwo Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M SEX

Choephel Choephel Choephel Choesang Choeyang Choeyang Gyatso Choeyang Kyab Choeying Tashi Choezin Choezin Chogri Yeshi Chokdup Chokey Dolma Chokpo Cholo Chukpo Tsering Dagul Dakho Dakpa Dakpa Dakpa NAME 2008-131 2008-125 2008-128 2008-156 2008-157 2008-140 2008-141 2008-142 2008-144 2008-143 2008-145 2008-146 2008-148 2008-149 2008-151 2008-160 2008-164 2008-288 2008-165 2008-289 2008-291 TCHRD-ID 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 NO.

154 155 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center Lhasa ( General location) Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 18-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 15-May-2008 22-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 24-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 7-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 28-Apr-2008 2-Apr-2008 20-Apr-2008 27-Mar-2008 3-Aug-2008 12-May-2008 12-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 AGE 27 19 29 22 42 38 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gyutoe Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson? MonasteryMonk, Ramoche Nun, Shugseb Nunnery Layperson? MonasteryMonk, Rongwo Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M F F F M NAME Dakpa Dakpa Dakpa Dakpa Dakpa Dakpa Chakdril Dakpa Dorjee Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Damchoe Norbu Damdul Damdul Dangdrung Darlog Dawa Dawa Dechen Wangmo Dekyi Dekyi Delek TCHRD-ID 2008-293 2008-294 2008-296 2008-292 2008-290 2008-207 2008-298 2008-166 2008-167 2008-168 2008-169 2008-193 2008-170 2008-171 2008-172 2008-175 2008-176 2008-178 2008-180 2008-181 2008-231 2008-183 NO. 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229

156 157 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Darlag County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Thewo County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba tAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, ORIGIN Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba Prison Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dingri PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? PRISON Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Reform Fail- Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Security Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 25-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 14-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 24-Mar-2008 24-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 27-Mar-2008 20-Apr-2008 19-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 16-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 19-May-2008 23-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 40 31 20 19 43 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Layperson? Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Farmer Layperson Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Monk, Mishi Thangsar Monastery OCCUPATION M M M F M M F M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M SEX Denden Denden Depa Tenpa Deyang Deyang Tashi Dhaden Dhak Tso Dhargay Dhargyal Garwatsang Dhargon Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhargyal Dhari Dharyak Dhonden Dhondup Dhondup Dhondup Dhonyoe Dhorga Chungwa Dhusang Dochoe Sonam NAME 2008-185 2008-184 2008-186 2008-187 2008-189 2008-190 2008-191 2008-195 2008-205 2008-194 2008-199 2008-204 2008-201 2008-206 2008-207 2008-214 2008-216 2008-217 2008-249 2008-222 2008-226 2008-230 2008-232 TCHRD-ID 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 NO.

156 157 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Darlag County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County,, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, PRISON Darlag PSB Detention Center Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chentsa PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Connection with protest activities Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 27-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 11-Jun-2008 21-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 3-May-2008 21-Mar-2008 3-Apr-2008 21-Mar-2008 15-Jun-2008 21-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 1-Jun-2008 25-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 21-Jun-2008 9-Aug-2008 AGE 24 21 30 21 40 23 25 55+ 15 42 28 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Student Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Sang Lung Monastery Nun, Layperson Layperson SEX M F F F M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M F NAME Dok Chopa Dolma Tsering Dolma Tsering Donga Dorjee Dorjee Dorjee Chuk Dorjee Dakpa Dorjee Dhondup Dorjee Gyaltsen Dorjee Kundup Dorjee Lorig Dorjee Rabten Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Rinchen Dorjee Tsetan Dorjee Youdon Dorlo Dradul Dragu Drangyae Yen TCHRD-ID 2008-233 2008-243 2008-297 2008-250 2008-255 2008-133 2008-258 2008-263 2008-260 2008-264 2008-267 2008-268 2008-269 2008-270 2008-271 2008-283 2008-1868 2008-1869 2008-171 2008-287 2008-302 NO. 253 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274

158 159 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Bathang County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Lhatse County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Bathang PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Lhasa ( General Location ) Nangchen PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Endangering State Security Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 18-Jun-2008 22-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 1-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 17-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 17-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 15-Jul-2008 18-Jun-2008 14-May-2008 11-Apr-2008 26-Jul-2008 21-Mar-2008 1-Oct-2008 18-Mar-2008 24-Mar-2008 15-May-2008 26-Apr-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 30 18 33 55+ 28 26 36 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Nun, Geyma Drak Nunnery Monk, Jhangyatsul Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson? Businessman Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Drepung Monastery Layperson Monk, Thangsar Monastery Nun, Monk, Thoesamling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery OCCUPATION F M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M F M M M M SEX Drashi Tso Drokho Drongkhoma Drongpo Rabten Dronsep Drugthar Drugyal Drugyal Yak Dukar Tsering Dukhor Dungkar Dungkar Tashi Gachung Bhumo Gaden Lhagyal Gado Gakhu Gangkar Gawa Gawa Gedun Gyatso Gedun Gyatso NAME 2008-303 2008-305 2008-307 2008-306 2008-310 2008-312 2008-314 2008-315 2008-322 2008-323 2008-325 2008-1871 2008-336 2008-328 2008-330 2008-331 2008-1870 2008-334 2008-335 2008-352 2008-346 TCHRD-ID 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 NO.

158 159 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, PRISON Chentsa PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Golog (Machen) PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 14-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 15-May-2008 1-Jul-2008 26-Apr-2008 28-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 10-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 26-Apr-2008 15-May-2008 26-Mar-2008 26-Mar-2008 17-Apr-2008 3-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 19-Jun-2008 23-Mar-2008 24-Mar-2008 AGE 30 28 22 30 32 27 50 70 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Gur Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Thoesamling Monastery Monk, Kathog Monastery Monk, Bada Samdupling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Lungkar Monastery Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Bada Samdupling Monastery Monk, Chogri Monastery Monk, Chogri Monastery Teacher Monastery Monk, Tongkor SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Gedun Gyatso Gedun Gyatso Gedun Gyatso Gedun Gyatso Gedun Gyatso Gelek Gelek Dakpa Gelek Gyatso Gelek Gyurmey Gelek Phelo Gelek Samdup Gelek Thapkey Gengya Tsundue Geshe Namgyal Tsering Geshe Sonam Gyurmey Geshe Tenzin Choephel Geshe Tsultrim Tenzin Ghangde Ghayou Gheshor Ghetse Dhorlo TCHRD-ID 2008-347 2008-348 2008-350 2008-351 2008-352 2008-337 2008-338 2008-339 2008-340 2008-341 2008-342 2008-343 2008-356 2008-357 2008-358 2008-359 2008-360 2008-361 2008-362 2008-363 2008-364 NO. 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316

160 161 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Thewo County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, ORIGIN Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 1-May-2008 16-May-2008 14-May-2008 20-Apr-2008 22-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 28-May-2008 18-May-2008 23-Mar-2008 17-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 24-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 1-Jan-2008 20-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 8-Jul-2008 20-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 35 26 35 20 40 23 38 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Dargye Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Layperson Nun, Drak Gonpa Nunnery Monk, Larung Nangten Lobling Monastery OCCUPATION M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Ghiling lungtok Ghoesoe Gilu Ginike Tsulkho Gomchuk Gyal Gonam Gondon Sangay Gongkar Thinley Gongpa Yak Gonpo Tsering Gonpa Gonpo Gonpo Gonpo Lhamo Gonpo Namgyal Gonpo Tsering Gonpo Tsetan Gonpo Wangyal Gudrak Gure Gurgon Kyab NAME 2008-365 2008-367 2008-368 2008-369 2008-370 2008-374 2008-376 2008-379 2008-380 2008-398 2008-381 2008-387 2008-389 2008-392 2008-393 2008-383 2008-401 2008-403 2008-406 2008-411 2008-412 TCHRD-ID 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 NO.

160 161 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Darlag County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Chamdo Town, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, PRISON Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 25-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 28-Jun-2008 26-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 16-Apr-2008 28-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Jun-2008 23-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 25-Mar-2008 24-Apr-2008 23-May-2008 25-Mar-2008 21-Jun-2008 18-May-2008 AGE 36 54 18 40 39 21 35 25 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Layperson? Monk, Nobsur Monastery Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Layperson? Monk, Horshul Monastery MonasteryLung Khenpa Monk, Layperson? Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Gephelling Monastery SEX M M M M M M F M M F M M M M M M F F F M M NAME Gurkyi Gurten Guru Guru Dorjee Gyachuk Wangchuk Gyalbha Gyalga Lhamo Gyalri Tsang Lama Tsang Gyatso Gyayul Tseyang Gyurmey Gyurmey Wangdak Hega Jamchu Jamdup Jamgha Jampa Jampa Jampa Choekyi Jampa Choephel Jampa Dorjee TCHRD-ID 2008-413 2008-414 2008-415 2008-416 2008-419 2008-423 2008-422 2008-426 2008-429 2008-431 2008-435 2008-1873 2008-440 2008-443 2008-512 2008-448 2008-454 2008-451 2008-457 2008-456 2008-459 NO. 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358

162 163 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Yulshul Nangchen County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Nangchen PSB Detention Center Chone PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 9-Jun-2008 25-Mar-2008 24-Mar-2008 14-Mar-2008 23-May-2008 9-Jun-2008 14-Mar-2008 14-Jun-2008 18-Jun-2008 14-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 26-Jul-2008 23-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 14-Apr-2008 14-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 14-Apr-2008 21-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 18 36 20 30 18 41 24 28 18 33 21 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained ? Detained ? STATUS Monk, khangmar Monastery Monk, Jammey Monastery Monk, Namtso Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ramoche Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Layperson Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Layperson Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Monk, Shetsang Monastery Geyden Monk, Yonru MonasteryRabgayling OCCUPATION M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Jampa Dorjee Jampa Gedun Jampa Gyatso Jampa Kalsang Jampa Lhamo Jampa Phuntsok Jampa Sangmo Jampa Tashi Jampa Tsundue Jamphel Gyatso Jamphel Tenzin Jamsang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang Jamyang (Chewa) Jamyang Dhondup Jamyang Gyatso Jamyang Losel Jamyang Sherab Jamyang Tenpa Jamyang Tenzin NAME 2008-40 2008-461 2008-462 2008-463 2008-464 2008-447 2008-466 2008-467 2008-468 2008-471 2008-472 2008-474 2008-475 2008-480 2008-478 2008-481 2008-483 2008-490 2008-495 2008-497 2008-499 2008-502 TCHRD-ID 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 NO.

162 163 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Marthang County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Shigatse City, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Bathang County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, PRISON Marthang PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? [Hezuo] PSB Tsoe Detention Center? Marthang PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Shigatse PSB Detention Center Chone PSB Detention Center ? [Tongren] Rebkong PSB Detention Center? Bathang PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Advocating Pro- Independence reform Failed SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 20-Mar-2008 18-May-2008 21-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 11-Aug-2008 20-Mar-2008 24-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 20-Jun-2008 21-Mar-2008 2-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 AGE 29 30 30 22 30 27 42 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Achok Monastery Monk, Samdub Monastery Nun, Mamai Nunnery Monk, Dargye Monastery Monk, Achok Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Ponkar Monk, Wangchen Monastery Monk, Sogstang Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery MonasteryMonk, Rongwo Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Abbot, Batang Choede Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ratram Monk, Shitsang Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Jamyang Toetin Jamyang Tsering Jamyang Tsultrim Jamyang Tsultrim Jamyang Tsundul Jamyang Yeshi Jawoe Jigchoe Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme Jigme (Chungwa) Jigme Dawa Jigme Dhargyal Jigme Dorjee Jigme Lotsa Jigme Tenzin TCHRD-ID 2008-503 2008-504 2008-507 2008-506 2008-510 2008-511 2008-514 2008-516 2008-517 2008-520 2008-521 2008-522 2008-528 2008-530 2008-524 2008-525 2008-529 2008-531 2008-533 2008-534 2008-1183 2008-541 2008-543 NO. 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403

164 165 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, ORIGIN Sangchu PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech CHARGES SENTENCE 23-Mar-2008 17-Apr-2008 25-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 30-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 40 35 35 22 49 18 22 AGE Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson? Monk, Akhor Monastery Lhamo Monk, Tagtsang Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Ganden Choekhor Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargayling Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson? Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson? Monk, Thangsar Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Jigme Tsephel Jigthren Jigtsoe Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Jinpa Gyatso Jinpa Gyatso Jugney Jutse Tsering Kagthar kalsang kalsang Kalsang Choedup Kalsang Choephel Kalsang Dawa Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup Kalsang Dhondup NAME 2008-544 2008-545 2008-547 2008-548 2008-557 2008-550 2008-555 2008-558 2008-559 2008-562 2008-563 2008-564 2008-565 2008-573 2008-572 2008-577 2008-578 2008-579 2008-582 2008-584 2008-583 TCHRD-ID 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 NO.

164 165 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Chone County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Bathang County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, PRISON Chone PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Chentsa PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan-shout- speech reform Failed Slogan-shout- speech Endangering State Security reform Failed reform Failed Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 23-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 22-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 18-Jun-2008 18-Jun-2008 21-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 1-Mar-2008 5-Apr-2008 14-Apr-2008 14-Apr-2008 24-Jun-2008 23-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 1-Mar-2008 22-Jun-2008 21-Mar-2008 AGE 36 25 28 42 17 17 17 27 40 40 27 29 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained ? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Jammey Monastery Monk, Gyalmo Gedhen Dhargayling Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monastery Monk, Tarmoe Monk, Gepheling Monastery Monk, Khenpa Lunga Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Ngulra Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Farmer Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Jhangkar Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Jampa Kalsang Jinpa Kalsang Khedup Kalsang Lochok Kalsang Nyima Kalsang Sonam Kalsang Tashi Kalsang Tenzin Kalsang Topten Kalsang Tsultrim Kalsang Tsundue Kalsang Yeshi Kardu Kardu Karma Choejor Karma Wangchuk Kathup Thar TCHRD-ID 2008-588 2008-592 2008-594 2008-593 2008-595 2008-600 2008-603 2008-608 2008-609 2008-618 2008-619 2008-622 2008-625 2008-629 2008-631 2008-632 2008-649 2008-639 2008-643 2008-646 2008-647 NO. 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445

166 167 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Gepasumdo County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Chone PSB Detention Center PSB Detention Tsolho Center Dingri PSB Detention Center Dingri PSB Detention Center Dingri PSB Detention Center Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Chentsa PSB Detention Center PSB Malho (Rebgong) Detention Center Chone PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dzamthang PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 14-May-2008 20-Mar-2008 11-Jun-2008 11-Jun-2008 18-Jun-2008 23-Mar-2008 13-Apr-2008 19-May-2008 19-May-2008 19-May-2008 25-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 ? 1-Apr-2008 9-Apr-2008 29-Mar-2008 26-Apr-2008 28-Dec-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 32 64 28 15 23 32 20 20 20 28 21 31 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Arrested Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Soe Monastery Monk, Ngaba Zongse Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Akhor Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsang Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Payul Monk, Chant Master, Monastery Farmer Monk, Namgyaling Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Sang Lung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery OCCUPATION F M M M F M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M SEX Khagha Khakbey Kham kho Khamgo Khando Khechok Khedup Gyatso Khenrab Nyima Khenrab Tashi Khenrab Tharchin Khetsun Tsetan Kopa Kunbo Kunchok Kunchok Kunchok kunchok Dakpa Kunchok Kunchok Dhondup Dolma Kunchok NAME 2008-657 2008-659 2008-660 2008-661 2008-662 2008-670 2008-672 2008-675 2008-676 2008-677 2008-680 2008-684 2008-688 2008-689 2008-690 2008-691 2008-692 2008-700 2008-697 2009-42 TCHRD-ID 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 NO.

166 167 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Qinghai Province Huangzhong County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Thewo County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Thewo County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Chamdo Prefecture,TAR Gonjo County, PRISON Malho (Rebgong) PSB Malho (Rebgong) Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center CHARGES Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 20-Mar-2008 5-Apr-2008 16-Mar-2008 26-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 15-May-2008 1-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 27-Apr-2008 16-Apr-2008 14-Apr-2008 14-Apr-2008 29-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 17-Apr-2008 29-Mar-2008 24-May-2008 23-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 15-Jul-2008 3-Apr-2008 AGE 33 21 38 22 21 20 22 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Ngulra Monastery Monk, Aadu Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Lo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery MonasteryMonk, Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Dargay Monastery Monk, Thangkya Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Kunchok Dorjee Kunchok Gyatso Kunchok Kunchok Jamphel Jinpa Kunchok Kunchok Lhundup Nagdo Kunchok Nyima Kunchok Pelsang Kunchok Kunchok Rabgyal Rabten Kunchok Samten Kunchok Sangay Kunchok Sangpo Kunchok Sherab Kunchok Tenzin Kunchok Kunchok Thapkhey Woeser Kunchok Kunga Kunga Kunga Tsering Kunsang Tsering Kunsang TCHRD-ID 2008-699 2008-1184 2008-702 2008-704 2008-706 2008-707 2008-709 2008-710 2008-711 2008-712 2008-713 2008-717 2008-720 2008-721 2008-724 2008-725 2008-727 2008-729 2008-730 2008-732 2008-742 2008-743 NO. 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487

168 169 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Drango County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, ORIGIN Drango PSB Detention Center ? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech Particapation in the political protest Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 25-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 2-Apr-2008 25-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 6-May-2008 14-May-2008 23-Apr-2008 2-Apr-2008 15-Jul-2008 14-May-2008 12-May-2008 12-May-2008 27-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 34 23 26 32 36 33 41 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? STATUS Layperson ? layperson? Layperson? Monk, Ganden Choekhor Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery NunneryNun, Pangri-na Nun Dragkar Nunnery Layperson? Layperson Na NunneryNun, Pangri Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M F M M F F F M M F F F M M SEX Kunyang Kyabkho Kyakha Kyara Kyegon Jigme Kyi kyi Kyi Kyipay Kyipo Kyab Kyong Lekshe Lhadue Lhagha Lhagha Lhagon Lhagyal Lhakar Lhamo Choekey Lhawang Choekyi Lhekden Lho Yeshi NAME 2008-737 2008-750 2008-748 2008-751 2008-753 2008-754 2008-755 2008-756 2008-758 2008-759 2008-769 2008-772 2008-779 2008-760 2008-781 2008-782 2008-783 2008-792 2008-195 2008-798 2008-801 TCHRD-ID 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 NO.

168 169 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsojang Kangtsa County, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Lhasa City, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, PRISON Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Marthang PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center Lhasa ( General Location) Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Diru PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Chushul [Qushui] Prison? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 21-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 1-Jan-2008 21-Mar-2008 20-Oct-2008 20-Mar-2008 3-Apr-2008 27-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 11-Jun-2008 1-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 26-Mar-2008 1-Jul-2008 1-Mar-2008 1-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 AGE 35 15 23 20 23 35 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Student Monk, Achok Monastery Monastery Monk, Tongkor MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Monk, Akhor Monastery Layperson Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Nun, Shar Bumpa Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M NAME Lhubhum Gyal Lhubhum Thar Lhumte Lhunbhum Tsering Lhundup Lhundup Yonten Lhungo Ling Dapo Ling Kyikyi Ling Namgyal Lo Yeshi Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Lobsang Choedar Lobsang Choejor Lobsang Choezin Lobsang Dawa Lobsang Dhargyal TCHRD-ID 2008-803 2008-805 2008-809 2008-806 2008-810 2008-812 2008-813 2008-815 2008-816 2008-817 2008-819 2008-121 2008-822 2008-829 2008-830 2008-828 2008-833 2008-835 2008-839 2008-841 2008-843 NO. 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529

170 171 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagchuka County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, ORIGIN Sershul PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Nyachukha PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Machen PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center Lithang PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? PRISON Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech illegal assembly CHARGES SENTENCE 31-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 28-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 1-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 14-Mar-2008 12-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 16-Apr-2008 28-Mar-2008 30-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 1-Jan-2008 24-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 35 33 38 43 34 25 35 28 19 33 29 38 23 24 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Othok Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dongri Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M F M M M M M SEX Lobsang Dhondup Lobsang Gedun Lobsang Gelek Lobsang Gelek Lobsang Gyatso Lobsang Jamyang Lobsang Jigme Lobsang Khedup Gyatso Tenpay Lobsang Khenrab Lobsang Khetsun Lobsang Kunchok Lobsang Kyab Lobsang Lhundup Lobsang Nyima Lobsang Nyima Lobsang Palmo Lobsang Phuntsok Lobsang Samten Lobsang Samten Lobsang Sherab Lobsang Sonam NAME 2008-845 2008-853 2008-851 2008-852 2008-859 2008-867 2008-869 2008-875 2008-876 2008-877 2008-880 2008-881 2008-883 2008-890 2008-891 2008-895 2008-896 2008-900 2008-901 2008-906 2008-908 TCHRD-ID 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 NO.

170 171 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSb Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan-Shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 28-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 30-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 12-Mar-2008 19-Jun-2008 30-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 5-Apr-2008 30-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 31-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 21-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 AGE 30 34 24 30 31 25 20 23 22 15 35 43 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dongri Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Layperson Monk, Dongri Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Abbot, Chogri Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Khenpa Monastery Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Lobsang Tashi Lobsang Tenzin Lobsang Thinley Lobsang Thokmey Lobsang Tsering Lobsang Tsewang Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsultrim Lobsang Tsundue Lobsang Wangchen Lobsang Wangdak Lobsang Yarphel Lobsher Lochoe Lochoe Lodhak Lodoe Lodoe Lodoe Rabten Lodoe Tenpa TCHRD-ID 2008-909 2008-915 2008-917 2008-918 2008-924 2015-6 2008-929 2008-930 2008-931 2008-932 2008-933 2008-935 2008-938 2008-939 2008-940 2008-941 2008-943 2008-944 2008-946 2008-949 2008-950 NO. 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571

172 173 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, ORIGIN Machu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? PSB Malho (Rebgong) Detention Center Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Chigdril PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center ? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 14-Apr-2008 28-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 17-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 15-Apr-2008 27-Mar-2008 9-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 1-Mar-2008 24-Apr-2008 15-May-2008 22-Mar-2008 11-Apr-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 25 42 40 25 27 18 24 25 39 20 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Lithang Monastery Layperson? Monk, Akhor Monastery Farmer Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M SEX Lodoe Wangpo Lodup Lokey Lori Loyak Lubhu Yak Lukon Lukyi Lulu Lungrig Lungrig Lungrig Lushoep Tenzin Lushul Jamgha Luthar Luwa Tamding Malle Mekang Tenpa Meshi Dakpa Metok Moti Tsang Samgha NAME 2008-952 2008-954 2008-960 2008-966 2008-970 2008-974 2008-975 2008-976 2008-973 2008-979 2008-980 2008-978 2008-981 2008-982 2008-983 2008-986 2008-991 2008-996 2008-1001 2008-994 2008-1007 TCHRD-ID 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 NO.

172 173 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Dechen County, Toelung TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Dechen County, Toelung PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Chushul PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Lhasa ? General Location Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Failed reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Incitement reform Failed SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 28-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 15-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 26-Mar-2008 26-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 16-Apr-2008 21-Mar-2008 11-Jun-2008 28-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 18-Jun-2008 1-Apr-2008 16-Mar-2008 24-May-2008 28-Mar-2008 18-Jun-2008 1-Apr-2008 13-May-2008 17-Mar-2008 AGE 25 18 40 44 30 60 42 51 17 30 38 40 26 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Monk, Chogri Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ratoe Farmer Monk, Kirti Monastery Monastery Monk, Tarmoe Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monastery Monk, Tarmoe Monk, Drepung Monastery MonasteryMonk, Woeser Monk, Dingkhang Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Namdol Namgyal Namgyal Namgyal Namgyal Namgyal Tsering Namgyal Tsetan Namkar Namlo Namse Lhamo Ngakho Ngawang Ngawang Gyaltsen Ngawang Lobsang Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Phuntsok Ngawang Sange Ngawang Serthok Ngawang Tenzin Ngawang Tharchoe TCHRD-ID 2008-1009 2008-1011 2008-1012 2008-1013 2008-1014 2008-1015 2008-1016 2008-1017 2008-1020 2008-1022 2008-1030 2008-1057 2008-1037 2008-1040 2008-1041 2008-1042 2008-1043 2008-1045 2008-1047 2008-1050 2008-1051 NO. 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613

174 175 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pelbar Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Meldro Gongkar County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Machen County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, County, Pelbar Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PSB Detention Palbar Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? ( Lhasa Prefecture General Location ) Luchu PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Chamdo PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center PSB Detention Palbar Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Sabotage Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Involving in 2008 protest Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Sabotage CHARGES SENTENCE 23-Jun-2008 24-Apr-2008 24-Apr-2008 25-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 1-Jul-2008 12-May-2008 12-May-2008 21-Jun-2008 ? 1-Apr-2008 1-Jan-2008 26-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 25-Apr-2008 24-May-2008 16-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 1-Jul-2008 11-Jun-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 25 40 22 42 35 36 27 35 34 30 25 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Layperson Layperson? Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Layperson MonasteryMonk, Pangsa Monk, Thangkya Monastery Layperson? Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Gonsar Monastery Farmer Monk, Soe Monastery OCCUPATION M F M M F M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Ngodup Dorjee Nikay Norbu Norbu Norbu Dolma Nyidor Nyilu Nyima Nyima Tashi Nyima Tenzin Nyima Wangchuk Nyinkhar Nyinkho Nyinpal Nyisar Olo Kyab Palchen Palden Palden Palden Choedak Palden Chungwa Palden NAME 2008-1058 2008-1059 2008-1061 2008-1062 2008-1063 2008-1068 2008-1071 2008-1072 2008-1078 2009-208 2008-1079 2008-1084 2008-1085 2008-1086 2008-1087 2008-1090 2008-1094 2008-1096 2008-1097 2008-1098 2008-1099 2008-1100 TCHRD-ID 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 NO.

174 175 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzamthang County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Meldro Gongkar County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, PRISON Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Chengdu ( General Location ) Sershul PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Dzamthang PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? ( Lhasa Prefecture General Location ) Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Failed reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 21-Mar-2008 11-Jun-2008 15-May-2008 2-Jul-2008 25-Mar-2008 13-May-2008 13-May-2008 31-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 3-May-2008 1-Jan-2008 18-Jun-2008 18-Jun-2008 12-May-2008 18-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 22-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 28-Mar-2008 9-Apr-2008 10-Mar-2008 11-Jun-2008 AGE 20 60 19 32 32 30 45 46 30 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Ngaba Zongse Monastery Layperson? Monk, Kardze Monastery Monk, Gepheling Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Sang Lung Monastery Monk, Khenpa Monastery Nun, Nyimo Gaysey MonasteryMonk, Pangtsa Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Darthang Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M F F M F F F F M M M M NAME Palden Dawa Palden Gyatso Palden Migmar Palden Nyendak Palden Sherab Palden Tsultrim Palden Tsundue Palden Paldor Palgon Paljor Passang Dhondup Dolma Passang Nyima Passang Tashi Passang Paylo Pelha Pema Pema Pema Dorjee Pema GarwangPema Gyaltsen Pema TCHRD-ID 2008-1101 2008-1102 2008-1104 2008-1105 2008-1106 2008-1108 2008-1869 2008-1870 2008-1111 2008-1112 2008-1124 2008-1123 2008-1125 2008-1126 2008-1131 2008-1135 2008-1136 2008-1137 2008-1138 2008-1142 2008-1143 2008-1144 NO. 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657

176 177 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Gade County, Golog TAP, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Gade County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Dechen County, Toelung Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Shigatse County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhoka Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, ORIGIN Lhasa ( General Location ) Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Shigatse PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Lhoka PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General Location PSB Detention Pema Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Lhasa ( General Location ) Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center ? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed reform Failed CHARGES SENTENCE 10-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 20-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 20-Mar-2008 1-Mar-2008 24-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 3-Apr-2008 18-Jun-2008 7-Apr-2008 21-Mar-2008 24-May-2008 11-Sep-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 30 33 21 30 21 22 27 28 26 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Lungkar Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Achok Monastery Monk, Sera Monastery Layperson? Monk, Yartang Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ramoche Monk, Thangsar Monastery Journalist OCCUPATION M M M F F M M F M M M M M M F M M M M M SEX Pema KarwangPema Tsering Pema Tsering Pema Yangtso Pema Penkyi Phagpa Thar Phagpa Tsering Phungar Phuntsok Phuntsok Phuntsok Ngode ? Phuntsok Tsewang Phurbu Phurdan Phuri Powang Rabgyal Rabsel Rangdol Rangjung NAME 2008-1146 2008-1150 2008-1860 2008-1158 2008-1861 2008-1862 2008-1863 2008-1159 2008-1864 2008-1865 2008-1866 2008-1868 2008-1869 2008-1166 2008-1167 2008-1871 2008-1161 2008-1873 2008-1874 2008-1503 TCHRD-ID 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 NO.

176 177 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho County, Tsigorthang Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Gade County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, PRISON Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? PSB Tsigorthang Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Gade PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? ( General TAR Location ) Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 25-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 15-Apr-2008 26-Mar-2008 30-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 15-Jun-2008 1-Mar-2008 22-May-2008 12-Apr-2008 28-May-2008 24-Mar-2008 24-Apr-2008 13-May-2008 28-Mar-2008 23-May-2008 24-Mar-2008 AGE 35 13 28 24 40 27 21 40 21 17 23 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Tashi Kyil Monastery Kyil Monk, Tashi Singer Monk, Thangsar Monastery Farmer Monk Nun, Nyimo Gaysey Nunnery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Student Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M F M F M F F M F M NAME Rasha Samten Rasha Choklo Rayab Gendun Rebtsa Nagdang Ribum Gyal Rigdol Rigzoe Rin Gyalmo Rinchen Rinchen Dhondup Rinchen Dhondup Rinchen Dorjee Rinchen Jamatsang Rinchen Jamcan Rinchen Lhamo Ringthoe Gurkyab Rinlo Rinyang Rinzin Rinzin Wangdon Wangpo Rongwa TCHRD-ID 2008-1875 2008-1876 2008-1878 2008-1201 2008-1205 2008-1216 2008-1217 2008-1223 2008-1224 2008-1225 2008-1226 2008-1228 2008-1233 2008-1261 2008-1234 2008-1235 2008-1237 2008-1211 2008-1238 2008-1240 NO. 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697

178 179 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Rebkong County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, County, Rebkong TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Phenpo Lhundup County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, ORIGIN Rebkong [Tongren] [Tongren] Rebkong PSB Detention Center? Lhasa Public Security Bureau (PSB Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? County Prison Pema Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dingri PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 24-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 15-May-2008 27-Apr-2008 10-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 1-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 19-May-2008 15-May-2008 25-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 30-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 21-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 31 32 32 34 25 42 13 32 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Zahog Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choedhe Monastery Monk, Gyutoe Monastery Layperson? Singer Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M M SEX Sakor Guru Samdup Samdup Samdup Yalo Samphel Samsang Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Samten Sangay Sangay Bhum Sangay Dolma Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Gyatso Sangay Khar Sangay Kyab NAME 2008-1246 2008-1247 2008-1248 2008-1253 2008-1256 2008-1258 2008-1260 2008-1263 2008-1259 2008-1262 2008-1266 2008-1762 2008-1245 2008-1280 2008-1281 2008-1284 2008-1285 2008-1286 2008-1288 2008-1292 2008-1293 TCHRD-ID 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715 716 717 718 NO.

178 179 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Luchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, PRISON Luchu PSB Detention Center ? Machu PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center Machu PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Chone PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 21-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 17-Jun-2008 13-Aug-2008 22-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 ? 1-Apr-2008 28-Apr-2008 14-May-2008 20-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 28-Mar-2008 17-Jun-2008 12-May-2008 17-Jun-2008 23-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 AGE 33 33 38 39 36 29 29 28 22 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Yartang Monastery Mindrol Tashi Monk, Tokden MonasteryKyi Monk, Labrang Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Singer Monastery Monk, Tsendrag Monk, Nobsur Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nunnery Nun, Yatsek Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nunnery Nun, Yatsek Monk layperson? SEX M M M M M M F M M F F M M F M F F F M M M NAME Sangay Rabten Sangay Wangchen Sangden Sangdok Lhawang Sangha Sangkhog Thapkey Sangmo Sangpo Sangsang Lele Sangwang Sangzin Kyi Sarpa Tsang Lodoe Sashe Se Lhamo Sekar Trintse Sengtop Seshugtin Dickyi Setruk lhamo Shedup Shegha Shepen TCHRD-ID 2008-1296 2008-1298 2008-1301 2008-1303 2008-1305 2008-1308 2008-1310 2008-1312 2008-1314 2008-1315 2008-1316 2008-1319 2008-1320 2008-183 2008-1323 2008-1326 2008-1398 2008-1329 2008-1335 2008-1337 2008-1339 NO. 719 720 721 722 723 724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739

180 181 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Chentsa County, Malho TAP, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, gansu Province Kanlho TAP, City, Tsoe Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, ORIGIN Chentsa PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Lhasa Prefecture General Location Kardze PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Chamdo PSB Detention Center Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Leaking state secrets Slogan- Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Illegal Assembly Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 22-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 25-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 22-May-2008 28-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 3-May-2008 18-Jun-2008 1-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 24-Mar-2008 22-Jun-2008 15-May-2008 5-Jul-2008 9-Jun-2008 1-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 20-May-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 40 26 30 36 40 63 26 23 30 37 18 37 27 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Farmer Gyalmo Monk, Rabtsa Monastery Layperson? Layperson Employee Retired Nun, Gewa Drak Nunnery Monk, Thangkya Monastery Layperson? Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Mingge Monastery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Layperson? Layperson Monk, Achog Monastery Monk, Dhargayling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Nun, Dargay Nyagey Nunnery OCCUPATION M M M M M F M M F M M F M M M M M M M M F SEX Sherab Sherab Sherab Sherab Chaktso Sherab Gyaltsen Sherab Yangzom Shede Shilog Shitso Sichoe Sodor Soega Soepa Soga Sogyal Solo Solu Sonam Sonam Sonam Sonam Choekyi NAME 2008-1342 2008-1343 2008-1344 2008-1350 2008-1351 2008-1357 2008-1358 2008-1359 2008-1361 2008-1865 2008-1366 2008-1368 2008-1373 2008-1379 2008-1399 2008-1381 2008-1382 2008-1384 2008-1385 2008-1386 2008-1362 TCHRD-ID 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 753 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 NO.

180 181 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Jomda County, Chamdo Prefecture, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsojang Dashi County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, County, Takste TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Qinghai Province Malho TAP, Chentsa County, PRISON Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General Location Sertha PSB Detention Center? Lhasa PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center ? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? PSB Malho (Rebgong) Detention Center CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech HH material Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 30-Jun-2008 23-Apr-2008 1-Aug-2008 26-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 31-Mar-2008 7-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 1-Jan-2008 10-Mar-2008 9-Aug-2008 15-Jun-2008 14-May-2008 12-May-2008 30-Mar-2008 17-Jun-2008 1-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 24-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 AGE 39 33 35 39 18 22 31 26 35 34 41 40 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Geshe, Chogri Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ramoche Na NunneryNun, Pangri Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Yartang Monastery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Farmer SEX M F M M M M M M M M F M F F M M M M M M M NAME Sonam Dhargyal Sonam Dickyi Sonam Gyon Sonam Jigme Sonam Nyima Sonam Nyima Sonam Rabgyal Sonam Sherab Sonam Tsering Sonam Wangdue Sonam Wangmo Sonam Wangyal Sonam Yangtso Sonam Yangtso Sopal Sotruk lhamo Sumdor Sungdue Kyab Sungrab Tabhe Tabo TCHRD-ID 2008-1404 2008-231 2008-1411 2008-1412 2008-1417 2008-1418 2008-1495 2008-1420 2008-202 2008-1425 2008-1426 2008-1427 2008-1429 2008-1428 2008-1433 2008-1434 2008-1435 2008-1436 2008-1437 2008-1440 2008-1442 NO. 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781

182 183 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Thewo County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Dege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kanlho PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dege PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Drango PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 12-May-2008 14-May-2008 17-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 14-Apr-2008 12-May-2008 19-Mar-2008 17-Apr-2008 8-Jul-2008 28-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 1-Jun-2008 16-Apr-2008 23-Mar-2008 5-Apr-2008 28-Mar-2008 24-Jun-2008 1-Jan-2008 22-Jun-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 23 36 19 20 44 30 19 14 23 30 36 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Larung Nangten Lobling Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson Monk, Zahog Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Ngulra Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Khangmar Monastery OCCUPATION F F M M F M F M M M M M F M M M M M M M M SEX Taga Takdon Takho Dhondup Taklha Choekyi Tamding Tashi Tamding Tsekyi Tamding Tsering Tamding Tsetan Tamding Taphun Tashi Tashi Dolma Tashi Dorjee Tashi Gyaltsen Tashi Gyatso Tashi Gyatso Tashi Nag Tashi Ngodup Tashi Sangpo Tashi Sherab Tashi NAME 2008-1446 2008-1447 2008-1448 2008-1449 2008-1456 2008-1457 2008-1458 2008-1459 2008-1461 2008-1464 2008-1467 2008-1468 2008-1471 2008-1472 2008-1476 2008-1478 2008-1484 2008-1487 2008-1489 2008-1491 2008-1492 TCHRD-ID 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 NO.

182 183 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Sershul County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, PRISON Sershul PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Kardze Prefecture Prison Kardze PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General location Ngaba PSB Detention Center ? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dingri PSB Detention Center Luchu PSB Detention Center Markham PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dingri PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed reform Failed Reactionary Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 14-Mar-2008 2-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 20-May-2008 10-Mar-2008 30-Mar-2008 1-Mar-2008 ? 1-Mar-2008 22-May-2008 22-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 19-May-2008 14-Apr-2008 1-May-2008 29-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 15-Apr-2008 11-Jun-2008 15-May-2008 17-Mar-2008 19-May-2008 23-May-2008 AGE 48 15 23 31 26 25 32 37 23 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested Detained OCCUPATION layperson? Nyagay Nunnery Nun, Tehor Monk, Gomang Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ratoe Monastery Monk, Tsenyi Monk, Getsul Monastery Nun, Geysay Nunnery Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Farmer Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Monk, Dargye Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Nun, Dargay Hardu Nunnery SEX M M M F M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M F NAME Tashi Sonam Tashi Tsewang Tashi Wangyal Tashi Yangtso Tashi Yarphel Tashi Tatse Tendar Tendar Tenga Tenkar Tenpa Tenpa Dhargyal Tenpa Gyaltsen Tenpa Gyaltsen Tenpa Tenzin Tenzin Dhargyal Tenzin Gyatso Tenzin Namgyal Tenzin Tsering Tenzin Wangdon Tenzin TCHRD-ID 2008-1493 2008-1595 2008-1497 2008-1445 2008-1500 2008-1501 2008-1506 2008-1505 2008-1508 2008-1509 2008-1513 2008-1764 2008-1515 2008-1519 2008-1516 2008-1524 2008-1530 2008-1535 2008-1538 2015-10 2008-1551 2008-1767 NO. 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 820 821 822 823 824 825

184 185 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, ORIGIN Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Chone PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Sertha PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center? Detention PSB Chogdril Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Chushul PSB Detention Center Sershul PSB Detention Center? Chigdril PSB Detention Center PRISON slogan-shout- speech slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Cynicism Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech CHARGES SENTENCE 25-May-2008 20-Mar-2008 18-Jun-2008 21-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 13-May-2008 21-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 16-Jun-2008 18-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 11-Jun-2008 21-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 9-Apr-2008 16-Apr-2008 10-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 19 45 30 22 35 23 28 38 24 25 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Beri Monastery Monk, Thangsar Monastery Layperson? Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Soe Monastery Monk, Akhor Monastery MonasteryMonk, Ratoe MonasteryMonk, Wonpo Farmer OCCUPATION M M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Tenzin Yeshi Tenzin Thabkey Thang Nge Thang Ya Tharchin Thinlay Thinlay Thinlay Thinlay Dorjee Thinlay Namgyal Thinlay(Junior) Thoegha Thoekay Thoepa Thoesam Thokmey Thrukpa Khar Thupchok Thupdon Thupten NAME 2008-1553 2008-1561 2008-1555 2008-1556 2008-1563 2008-1568 2008-1570 2008-1571 2008-1574 2008-1575 2008-1572 2008-1557 2008-1579 2008-1580 2008-1581 2008-1583 2008-1585 2008-1589 2008-1560 2008-1599 TCHRD-ID 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 NO.

184 185 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Nyagrong County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Chigdril County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Tibet Autonomous Region Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, County, Pema Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Dingri PSB Detention Center Chigdril PSB Detention Center ? Markham PSB Detention Center ? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? County Prison Pema Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Markham PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Endangering State Security Slogan-shout- speech reform Failed Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 10-Jul-2008 1-Mar-2008 3-May-2008 1-Jun-2008 20-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 19-May-2008 19-Mar-2008 13-May-2008 27-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 21-Mar-2008 29-Jun-2008 10-Mar-2008 18-May-2008 10-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 1-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 12-May-2008 AGE 40 26 17 35 25 74 22 22 34 15 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Monk, Dargye Monastery Monk, Bhumsar Monastery Yangdhen Monk, Trulku, Monastery Layperson Monk, Dza Bonpo Monastery Monk, Jammey Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery Monk, Lungkar Monastery MonasteryMonk, Woeser Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Thangsar Monastery Monk, Sera Monastery Monk, Gepheling Monastery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Drepung Monastery Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M F F M M M M M F M M M NAME Thupten Thupten Namgyal Thupten Nyima Thupten Phuntsok Thupten Tsering Topden Topden Topgyal Tenpa Trulku Rigsang Kyab Tsangpa Tsangyang Tsedon Tsedup Tsegyal Palbatsang Tsegyam Tsehog Tsekyab Tselu Tsensang Kyab Tsepak Namgyal Tsepak TCHRD-ID 2008-1594 2008-1607 2008-1626 2008-1684 2008-1608 2008-1615 2008-1616 2008-1618 2008-1625 2008-1629 2008-1630 2008-1631 2008-1683 2008-1640 2008-1641 2008-1642 2008-1643 2008-1646 2008-1648 2008-1651 2008-1652 2008-1653 NO. 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867

186 187 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Machu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Jomda County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Drango County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Dingri County, ORIGIN Machu PSB Detention Center? Jomda PSB Detention Center ? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center Lhasa ( General location ) Kardze Prefecture Prison? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Machu PSB Detention Center Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Drango [Luhuo] PSB Detention Center? Drango PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Dingri PSB Detention Center PRISON Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-shout- speech Endangering State Security CHARGES SENTENCE 22-Mar-2008 30-Jun-2008 17-Apr-2008 16-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 19-Mar-2008 26-Jun-2008 26-Jun-2008 18-Mar-2008 3-Aug-2008 2-Apr-2008 24-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 28-May-2008 18-May-2008 19-May-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 22 20 22 22 30 19 22 17 40 25 38 20 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Arrested STATUS Monk, Maru Monastery Monk Monastery Monk, Tsechang Monk, Maru Monastery Monk Monk, Chant Master, Gephelling Monastery Layperson? Layperson? Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Monk, Gephelling Monastery Monk, Shelkar Choede Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M F M M M M M F M M SEX Tsering Tsering Dhondup Tsering Dorjee Tsering Dorjee Tsering Gyatso Tsering Gyurmey Tsering Logya Tsering Tashi Tsering Ten Tsering Tsering Wangchuk Yangtso Tsering Phuntsok Tsetan Wangmo Tsetan Tsewang Tsewang Dhondup Gyatso Tsewang Khando Tsewang Tsewang Khedrup Tenzin Tsewang NAME 2008-1658 2008-1664 2008-1665 2008-1667 2008-1668 2008-1670 2008-1669 2008-1671 2008-1674 2008-1675 2008-1677 2008-1679 2008-1161 2008-1687 2008-1688 2008-1692 2008-1695 2008-1696 2008-1691 2008-1697 TCHRD-ID 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 NO.

186 187 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Ngaba County, Ngaba TAP, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Luchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Nagchu County, PRISON Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Luchu PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Nagchu PSB Detention Center? CHARGES Slogan-shout- speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech reform Failed SENTENCE DATE OF DATE DETENTION 20-Apr-2008 14-May-2008 27-Mar-2008 18-Mar-2008 25-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 6-Jul-2008 14-May-2008 24-Apr-2008 20-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 10-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 21-Mar-2008 14-Apr-2008 21-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 AGE 38 40 40 33 19 30 26 16 29 23 19 30 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained OCCUPATION Nun, Pangri Na NunneryNun, Pangri Layperson? Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Akhor Monastery Monk, Mishi Thangsar Monastery Monk, Achog Monastery Monk, Shitsang Monastery Monk, Sogtsang Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Shapten Monastery SEX M F M F M M M M F M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Tsewang Tsewang Thapkey Tso Tsewang Tsigpo Tsoema Tsognyi Tsognyi Tsokho Tsolo Tsomo Tsulkho Tsultop Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Tsultrim Gyatso Tsultrim Jungney Tsultrim Lodoe Tsultrim Sangpo Tsultrim Tsundue TCHRD-ID 2008-1698 2008-1699 2008-1701 2008-1702 2008-1703 2008-1705 2008-1704 2008-1709 2008-1710 2008-1715 2008-1716 2008-1717 2008-1718 2008-1724 2008-1725 2008-1727 2008-1732 2008-1738 2008-1739 2008-1742 2008-1745 NO. 888 889 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908

188 189 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Chushul County, Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Chushul County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Markham County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, TAR Chamdo Prefecture, Gonjo County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Chone County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa Prefecture, ORIGIN Chushul PSB Detention Center Chushul PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Ngaba PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Markham PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center ? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Chamdo PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Chone PSB Detention Center Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Lhasa General Location PRISON Slogan- Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech Incitement Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Espionage Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-shout- speech CHARGES SENTENCE 28-Apr-2008 28-Apr-2008 8-Jun-2008 20-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 14-May-2008 12-May-2008 17-Apr-2008 24-Jun-2008 24-Mar-2008 1-Jun-2008 25-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 3-Apr-2008 18-Mar-2008 23-Mar-2008 22-Mar-2008 28-Mar-2008 20-Mar-2008 7-May-2008 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 22 21 39 32 21 20 40 32 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Nun, Shugseb Nunnery Nun, Shugseb Nunnery Nun, Drango Nunnery Na NunneryNun, Pangri Monk, Khenpa Lungpa Monastery Monk, Beri Monastery Mon Layperson? Monk, Thangkya Monastery Monk, Ganden Choekhor Monastery Monk, Nobsur Monastery Doctor OCCUPATION F F F M M F M M M M M M M M F M M M M F SEX Tsundue Tsundue Guru Tsunma Wangchen Wangchen Gadro Wangchen Wangchuk Wangchuk Wangchuk Dorjee Wangdak Wanglo Wangpo Wangtop Wangyal Kyi Wochung Thayal Woeser Wokay Gham Yangchuk Yangdo Yangzom NAME 2008-1746 2008-1711 2008-1750 2008-1775 2008-1776 2008-1777 2008-1779 2008-1781 2008-1783 2008-1784 2008-1787 2008-1789 2008-1791 2008-1792 2008-1794 2008-1797 2008-1800 2008-1805 2008-1806 2008-286 TCHRD-ID 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 NO.

188 189 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Kardze County, Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sershul County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Sertha Kardze TAP, County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Ngaba TAP, Dzoege County, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, Qinghai Province Golog TAP, Darlag County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, Sichuan Province TAP, Lithang County, PRISON Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sershul PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center? Sertha PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Dzoege PSB Detention Center? Sangchu PSB Detention Center? Darlag PSB Detention Center? Kardze PSB Detention Center Kardze PSB Detention Center CHARGES Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan- Shout -Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech reform Failed Slogan-Shout- Speech Endangering State Security Slogan-Shout- Speech Slogan-Shout- Speech Split Nation Separatist SENTENCE 10 years 9 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 17-Jun-2008 14-May-2008 20-Mar-2008 17-May-2008 17-May-2008 28-May-2008 14-May-2008 3-Apr-2008 14-Jun-2008 31-Mar-2008 1-Apr-2008 17-Jul-2008 21-Mar-2008 27-Mar-2008 29-Mar-2008 15-May-2008 27-Mar-2008 21-Aug-2007 22-Aug-2007 AGE 34 36 43 24 26 26 27 27 34 19 20 45 32 STATUS Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained? Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Nun, Yarteng Nunnery Nun, Ganden Choeling Nunnery Monk, Sera Monastery Nun, Dragkar Nunnery Nun, Gaden Choeling Nunnery Monastery Monk, Tongkor Monk, Khangmar Monastery Herder Monk, Labrang Tashikhyil Monastery Nun Monk, Kirti Monastery Monk, Lithang Monastery Lithang Middle School Teacher, SEX F F M M M F F M M M M F M M M M M M M NAME Yelo Choetso Yeshi Dorjee Yeshi Gyurmey Yeshi Jigmey Yeshi Lhadon Yeshi Lhamo Yeshi Nyima Yeshi Palden Yeshi Yiga Yonten Tso Yonten Yougam Yungdung Zambala Zambala Zoedon Aduk Lopoe Jamyang Kunkhyen TCHRD-ID 2008-1819 2008-1828 2008-1831 2008-1833 2008-1834 2008-1771 2008-1836 2008-1837 2008-1838 2008-125 2008-1842 2008-1841 2008-1851 2008-1854 2008-1859 2008-1858 2008-1863 2007 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2007-2 Sentence Below 10 Years 2007-3 NO. 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 1 2

190 191 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Sangchu County, Kanlho TAP, Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Sangchu County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Lithang County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Driru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, County, Palgon TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Diru County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Mangra County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, ORIGIN Sangchu PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Lithang PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Driru PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Driru PSB Detention Center Kardze Detention Center Kardze Detention Center Kardze Prefecture (General Location) Kardze Prefecture (General Location) Kardze Prefecture (General Location) PRISON Shout- Reactionary- Slogans His Holiness material Pro- Independence Pro- Independence Pro- Independence CHARGES SENTENCE 16-Nov-2007 25-Sep-2007 1-Oct-2007 1-Sep-2007 ? 15-Sep-2007 20-Nov-2007 19-Apr-2007 20-Nov-2007 1-Nov-2007 ? 6-Sep-2007 1-Nov-2007 ? 1-Jun-2006 15-Aug-2006 19-Jul-2006 1-Jun-2006 ? 1-Jun-2006 ? 23-May-2006 1-Jun-2006 ? DATE OF DATE DETENTION 27 28 33 30 30 33 28 26 15 ? 22 22 30 19 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained STATUS Monk, Achok Monastery Monk, Choekorling Monastery Monk, Farmer Monk, Lithang Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Village Staff Monk, Bekar Monastery Monk, Bekar Monastery Student Monk, Bekar Monastery Nun, Geci Nunnery Monk, Gephelling Monastery Monastery Monk, Tsernga Nun, Geci Nunnery Nun, Geci Nunnery Monk, Sera Monastery Nun Former OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M F M M F F M F SEX Kalsang Gyatso Kalsang Rigsel Kham Lama Kunchok Samphel Lobsang Phuntsok Nening Phuntsok Gyaltsen Tenphel Tenzin Thade Kyab Tsokchoe Jampa Youtso Lobsang Palden Rinchen Sangpo Sonam Choezom Sonam lhamo Thupyen Samten Yiga NAME Sentence Unknown 2007-22 2007-15 2007-25 2007-16 2007-07 2007-24 2007-09 2007-23 2007-20 2007-26 2007-19 2006 Sentence Unknown 2006-1 2006-6 2006-5 2006-2 2006-14 2006-08 2006-3 TCHRD-ID 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NO.

190 191 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Qinghai Province TAP, Tsolho Thunde County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, County, Taktse Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Lhatse County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, Sichuan Province Dartsedo Kardze TAP, County, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, Sichuan Province Marthang Ngaba TAP, County, PRISON Qushui Prison Qushui Prison (Chushur ) Gutsa PSB Detention Center Hongzhong Detention Center Detention Tsolho Center Kardze Prefecture Prison Kardze Prefecture Prison Lhasa PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Nyari Detention Center Nagchu PSB Detention Center ? Kardze Detention Center ? Ngaba Prison Ngaba Detention Center CHARGES Possession of His Possession Holiness pictures and tapes Pro- Independence Tibetan National flag Displayment of Tibetan flag His Holiness material of Possession His Holiness and rinpoche Panchen picures SENTENCE 12 years 11 years 11 years 12 years 12 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 28-Aug-2005 21-Jun-2005 1-Apr-2005 1-May-2005? 20-May-2005 ? 1-Feb-2004 ? 1-Feb-2004 12-Feb-2004 21-Aug-2004 24-Sep-2004 21-Dec-2004 24-Sep-2004 23-Dec-2004 1-Jan-2003 ? 1-Mar-2003 AGE 44 30 28 22 25 25 21 21 20 24 18 30 33 35 STATUS Detained Detained Detained ? Detained ? Detained Sentenced Sentenced Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced OCCUPATION Vendor Monk, Gepheling Monastery MonasteryMonk, Pangsa MonasteryMonk, Kubhum Monk, Labrang Monastery Monk Monk Monk, Gaden Monastery Chakru Monk, Tehor Monastery Monk, Dhargayling Monastery Monk, Khangmar Monastery Monk, Khangmar Monastery SEX M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M NAME Sonam Gyalpo Chemi Gonpo Chung Tsering Jigme Dhasang Sherab Gyalpo Lobsang Khedup Choedhen Rinzin Jamgha Nyima Tenzin Phuntsok Tsering Sonam Nyidrup Sonam Phuntsok Jamyang Choephel Sherthar TCHRD-ID 2005 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2005-30 Sentence Unknown 2005-25 2005-6 2005-07 2005-14 2004 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2004-25 2004-23 Sentence Unknown 2004-1 2004-8 2004-09 2004-11 2004-10 2004-21 2003 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2003-11 2003-10 NO. 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2

192 193 POLITICAL PRISONER DATABASE Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Kardze Prefecrure, Sichuan Lithang County, Province Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Gansu Province Kanlho TAP, Machu County, Sichuan Province TAP, County,Kardze Tawu Sichuan Province Kardze TAP, Kardze County, Province Yunnan County, Tengchong Province Yunnan County, Tengchong TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, TAR Lhasa Prefecture, ORIGIN Lhasa PSB Detention Center Detention Center Tawu Ngaba Detention Center Detention Center Tawu Detention Center Tawu Sangchu PSB Detention Center Detention Center Tawu Ngapa Prison Chamdo Detention Center Chamdo Detention Center Qushui Prison (Chushur ) Drapchi Prison Qushui Prison (Chushur ) Prison Tramo Pawo PRISON Endangering State Secrets Endangering State Secrets Endangering State Security CHARGES 8 years Life Life Life 15 years 18 years 20 years SENTENCE 16-Jun-2003 2-Oct-2003 12-Feb-2003 2-Oct-2003 2-Oct-2003 11-Apr-2003 2-Oct-2003 1-Jun-2002 ? 18-Jul-2001 18-Jul-2001 19-Mar-2000 19-Mar-2000 27-Aug-1999 1-Aug-1995 DATE OF DATE DETENTION 28 45 42 52 42 39 45 40 28 40 33 48 AGE Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Detained Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced Sentenced STATUS Student, Tibet University Driver Businessman Businessman Driver Monk, Labrang Monastery Driver Monastery Monk, Tsampung Monastery Monk, Tsampung Monastery Monk, Sog Tsedhen Abbot, Bangri Monastery OCCUPATION M M M M M M M M M M M M M M SEX Bhuchung Dakpa Dedhe Gyari Choedak Gyurwa Ngawang Jigme Jamtruk Wangdue Jampa Nyamgyal khedup Tenzin Thupten Thapkey Choeying Khedup Lhagon Tsering Jigme Tenzin (Bangri Rinpoche Rinpoche ) Rinzin Wangyal NAME Sentence Unknown 2003-18 2003-5 2003-21 2003-6 2003-7 2003-2 2003-8 2002 Sentence Below 10 Years 2002-38 2001 Life Sentence 2001-14 2001-16 2000 Life Sentence 2000-14 and Above Sentence 10 Years 2000-12 1999 and Above Sentence 10 Years 1999-46 1995 and Above Sentence 10 Years 1995-100 TCHRD-ID 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 NO.

192 193 h u m a n r i g h t s s i t u a t i o n in t i b e t : a n n u a l r e p o r t 2015 ORIGIN Shigatse County, Shigatse Prefecture, TAR Shigatse Prefecture, Shigatse County, TAR Nagchu Prefecture, , TAR Nagchu Prefecture, Sog County, PRISON Shigatse Beijing ? ( General Location ) Chushul Prison CHARGES Security Security SENTENCE 22 years DATE OF DATE DETENTION 17-May-1995 17-May-1995 1-Jan-1992 ? AGE 55 6 33 STATUS Disappeared Disappeared Sentenced OCCUPATION Rinpoche, Tashi Lhunpo Rinpoche, Tashi Monastery Lhunpo Rinpoche, Tashi Monastery Farmer SEX M M M NAME Chadrel Rinpoche Gedun Choekyi Nyima Tringkar TCHRD-ID Enforced Disappearance 1995-08 1995-5 1992 and Above Sentence 10 Years 1992-156 NO. 2 3 1

194 PB