Identify Polygala Infected with Xylella

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Xylella fastidiosa HOST: POLYGALA What is Xylella fastidiosa and why is it so serious? ◆ A dangerous bacterium threatening hundreds of species of plants in the UK ◆ It is spreading across southern Europe from its origins in the Americas ◆ Can be transported by sap-feeding insects such as spittlebugs ◆ Causes plant death by blocking water transporting vessels (xylem) ◆ Currently no cure Polygala myrtifolia ◆ Evergreen, many-branched shrub up to 2.5m tall ◆ Bright green glossy oval- shaped leaves ◆ Purple, sweet pea-like flowers ◆ Flowers on and off all year round Healthy Diseased What is BRIGIT? A collaborative project aimed at reducing the risk of a Xylella introduction into the UK and mitigating the risks in the event of an outbreak. Please turn over to find out more. What to look out for ◆ Leaf scorch 1 ◆ Leaf tips turning brown 2 2 ◆ Leaf chlorosis (turning yellow) 3 ◆ Loss of leaves 4 1 Where is the plant from? ◆ Plants sourced from infected countries are at a much higher risk of carrying the 3 disease-causing bacterium How long have you had the 4 plant? CNR – Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, UOS, Bari (IT). France; 4 Diego Olmo; front main Guitou1214; “healthy” Kousvet; “diseased” Donato Boscia, Images © 1, 2 Bruno Legendre, Anses Plant Health Laboratory, Angers (FR); 3 Jerôme Jullien, NPPO ◆ Imports from the last couple of years pose the highest risk Do not panic! There are other reasons for disease symptoms to appear. Consider if the plant is under stress from: ◆ Root or stem damage ◆ Drought ◆ Hot weather ◆ Frost ◆ Nutrient imbalance How to report Xylella fastidiosa Collect together all available details including the host plant name, symptoms, origin, and import history and report your suspicions on TreeAlert at: bit.ly/2I0rwfq Please DO NOT send plant samples to the RHS. More information on BRIGIT and Xylella can be found at: bit.ly/2UZCV1E Information on the government’s response to Xylella and other pests and diseases can be found on the UK Plant Health Information Portal at: planthealthportal.defra.gov.uk.

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Biological Control Prospects for Polygala
72 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.26(2) 2011 Mechanical and chemical control tech- niques are utilized to suppress P. myrtifo- Phytophagous organisms associated with the woody lia, but are generally only successful when shrub Polygala myrtifolia (Polygalaceae) and their applied to small areas where regular fol- low-up treatments can be implemented. potential for classical biological control in Australia In Australia, few phytophagous arthro- pods occur on P. myrtifolia, and herbivory Robin J. AdairA,D, Stefan NeserB and Val StajsicC damage is low to negligible. Low herbivo- A Department of Primary Industries, Bioprotection Research Division, ry pressure in Australia may contribute to PO Box 48, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia. the success of P. myrtifolia as an environ- B Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, mental weed. In contrast, phytophagous species can cause substantial damage to Private Bag, X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. C P. myrtifolia in South Africa, and several National Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, species have potential for classical biolog- Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, Victoria 3141, Australia. ical control (Adair and Neser 1996). Al- D LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia. though P. myrtifolia has not been formally accepted as a target for biological control in Australia, this form of suppression is considered the only effective long-term Summary management option. Coastal ecosystems in southern Australia in Adelaide in 1845 (Carter et al. 1990). In this paper, the phytophagous biota have been invaded by the South African The first presumed wild collections of associated with P. myrtifolia and their po- shrub Polygala myrtifolia L. (Polyga- P.
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Polygala Retiefiana (Polygalaceae), a New Species Described from South Africa
Phytotaxa 117 (1): 30–34 (2013) ISSN 1179-3155 (print edition) www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/ PHYTOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press Correspondence ISSN 1179-3163 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.117.1.4 Polygala retiefiana (Polygalaceae), a new species described from South Africa JORGE PAIVA1, ESTRELA FIGUEIREDO1,2 & GIDEON F. SMITH1,3,4 1Centre for Functional Ecology, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Universidade de Coimbra, 3001-455 Coimbra, Portugal. 2Department of Botany, P.O. Box 77000, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031 South Africa. [email protected] (corresponding author) 3Office of the Chief Director: Biosystematics Research & Biodiversity Collections, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 South Africa. 4H.G.W.J. Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa. Abstract A new species of Polygala (Polygalaceae), P. retiefiana, is described from the KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces of South Africa. It is endemic to the country. Key words: plant taxonomy, biodiversity, Polygalaceae, Polygala retiefiana, endemic, South Africa With the order Polygalales no longer accepted, the Polygalaceae belong now to the order Fabales, the circumscription of which (Chase et al. 1993) includes four families: Fabaceae, Polygalaceae, Quillajaceae and Saurianaceae. These families have as common characteristic the monosymmetric flowers (Tucker 2003) where one of the petals, or two united petals, form a keel (carina) which covers the androecium and gynoecium. This group of plants with papilionaceous or pseudo-papilionaceous flowers is well-characterised both molecularly (APG III 2009) and ontogenically (Bello et al. 2010). Interfamilial relationships and patterns of floral evolution were also found between these four families (Bello et al.
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The Potential for Biological Control of the South African Weed Polygala Myrtifolia
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Introduced Weed Species
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The Naturalized Vascular Plants of Western Australia 1
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Polygala Polygala Myrtifolia
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Polygala Myrtifolia
Polygala myrtifolia Polygala myrtifolia, the myrtle-leaf milkwort is an evergreen 2-4m tall South African shrub or small tree found along the southern and south-eastern coasts, from near Clanwilliam in the Western Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. It is a fast-growing pioneer plant, a typical fynbos component, and may be found on dunes, rocky places, along forest margins, beside streams, and in open grassland. It belongs to the milkwort family of Polygalaceae. Description The thin, oval, mucronate leaves, 25–50 mm long and up to 13 mm wide, are arranged alternately and have entire margins - some forms of P. myrtifolia have thin, needle-like leaves. The attractive mauve sweetpea-like flowers, which close at night, may also be pink, crimson or white, and have a characteristic brush-like tuft protruding from the keel. For pollination an intricate piston mechanism is used. The fruit is an oval, brown, dehiscent capsule which is narrowly winged. The species is often cultivated in South African gardens. Botanical taxonomy The genus of Polygala comprises some 360 species with a wide distribution in the tropics and temperate zones. 'Polygala' is interpreted as 'much milk' since the plant was thought to stimulate milk production in European cows - 'myrtifolia' translates as 'myrtle-shaped leaves'. This species has become naturalised in some of the coastal areas of Australia, Norfolk Island, New Zealand and California. This species is noted for its antibacterial and antifungal properties. Research conducted by the University of KwaZulu Natal found that aqueous extracts of P. myrtifolia proved effective against Candida albicans. .
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Eyre Peninsula Polygala Management Plan
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WEED: Myrtle-Leaf Milkwort Polygala Myrtifolia
WEED: Myrtle-leaf milkwort Shrubs Polygala myrtifolia HABITAT Dune Foredune Hinddune / Headland Riparian / wetland strandline forest gully Polygala, butterfly bush, parrot Other names bush, sweet pea bush, Bellarine Pea Origin South Africa Family Polygalacaea Erect shrub, usually 1–2.5m tall, Habit !Habit densely leaved "Leathery Invades intact vegetation forming leaves dense stands, eventfully dominating the shrub layer. Establishes in dune systems, back (or rear) dunes and Habitat / threat near-coastal shrub-lands, coastal bluffs and woodlands. Fast growing, competing with coastal wattle Acacia longifolia var. sophorae Alternately arranged elliptical leaves Leaves ! Seedling (1-5cm long and 6-15mm wide), " Flowers bright pink to rounded tips, relatively broad, thick pale purple (1-2cm long), and leathery, borne on very short resemble pea flowers — stalks. Stems hairless or with fine two spreading side 'petals' curled hairs and a folded lower petal Flowers throughout year, peaking that is finely-branched at September–October. Can flower and its tip. Flowers seed when less than 50 cm high, about 2 years old. Fruit is a small rounded capsule (8- 10mm across). Seeds germinate in shade and full sun, mainly in May– Fruit/seed June, but all year if sufficient moisture, and prolifically after fire, soil or canopy disturbance. Weed removal technique Follow-up as seeds viable in soil 2-3 years (possibly 10) Hand- Seed head Cut and Scrape and Mattock / Biological Crowning Skirting Herbicide use weeding removal paint paint Digging control NATIVE LOOK-A LIKES: (see distinguishing feature overleaf) NATIVE common name NATIVE species name Coast teatree Leptospermum laevigatum (also see species sheet) Coffee bush Breynia oblongifolia Tree broom-heath Monotoca elliptica) Bootlace bush Wikstroemia indica Friends of Tomaree National Park Protecting nature through community action WEED: Myrtle-leaf milkwort Shrubs Polygala myrtifolia NATIVE LOOK-A LIKES DISTINCTIVE FEATURES All the natives are clearly distinctive once flowering or fruiting.
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TAXON:Polygala Myrtifolia L. SCORE:11.0 RATING:High Risk
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Inspection of Consignments for Xylella Fastidiosa
Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin (2020) 50 (3), 401–414 ISSN 0250-8052. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12690 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Organisation Europeénne et Me´diterraneénne pour la Protection des Plantes PM 3/81(2) Phytosanitary procedures PM 3/81 (2) Inspection of consignments for Xylella fastidiosa Specific scope Specific approval and amendment This Standard describes the procedures for inspection of First approved in 2016–09. Revision approved in 2020-09. consignments for detection of Xylella fastidiosa on host plants. All potential host plants have been considered as well as insects which are vectors of the pest. The Standard can be applied to phytosanitary import inspection, including sampling and identification of symptoms. The Standard does not state what phytosanitary action should be taken in response to finding the pest, but may indicate where, for example, a consignment should be held pending a test result (EPPO, 2009). province of Alicante in mainland Spain (mainly on Prunus 1. Introduction dulcis) (EPPO, 2020) constitutes an important expansion of Xylella fastidiosa (EPPO Code XYLEFA) (Wells et al., its geographical distribution and also adds new host plants. 1987) is listed as an EPPO A2 pest and is a regulated pest Furthermore, in 2019, X. fastidiosa was detected for the in the European Union (EU, 2019/2072), and in several first time in Israel on P. dulcis (EPPO, 2019). EPPO countries (EPPO, 2020). X. fastidiosa is a xylem-lim- There are three accepted subspecies of X. fastidiosa, ited plant pathogen considered to cause several diseases in fastidiosa, pauca and multiplex (Schaad et al., 2004), on a wide range of cultivated and wild host plants, especially the basis of DNA–DNA hybridization data, although only in North, Central and South America (Janse & Obradovic, two, subspecies fastidiosa and multiplex, are so far consid- 2010; EFSA, 2015).
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