Polemical and Fratricidal Jihadists: A Historical Examination of Debates, Contestation and Infighting Within the Sunni Jihadi Movement Tore Refslund Hamming CONTACT DETAILS For questions, queries and additional copies of this report, please contact: ICSR King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom T. +44 20 7848 2098 E.
[email protected] Twitter: @icsr_centre Like all other ICSR publications, this report can be downloaded free of charge from the ICSR website at www.icsr.info. © ICSR 2019 Table of Contents Abstract 3 Introduction 5 The Beginning: Jihadism’s Emergence as a Heterogenous Movement 7 Afghanistan’s Competitive Militant Environment in the 1980s 9 Contestation Turning Ideological: The Emergence of the ‘Jalalabad School’ 13 Algeria: The First Manifestation of the ‘Jalalabad Ideology’ 19 Personal Power Ambitions: Mullah Umar, Abu Musab al‑Suri and Ibn Khattab 23 Internal Conflict in the Egyptian Jihadi Movement and the Emergence of Jihadi Revisionism 29 9/11 and Debate on the Legitimate Jihadi Ideology 33 The Schism Between al‑Zarqawi, al‑Maqdisi and al‑Qaida 37 Sayyid Imam’s Revisionism and Attack on al‑Qaida 45 The Purge Within al‑Shabaab 49 Conclusion: Contemporary Conflict in a Historical Perspective 53 Bibliography 55 1 Polemical and Fratricidal Jihadists: A Historical Examination of Debates, Contestation and Infighting Within the Sunni Jihadi Movement “And here we are extending our hands to you again, to be the worthy successor to the best predecessor; for the sheikh Usama bin Laden united the Mujahidin upon one word, while you [Ayman al‑Zawahiri] disunited them, split them and dispersed them in total dispersion.” Abu Muhammed al-Shami al-Adnani, May 2014 Late spokesperson of the Islamic State 2 Polemical and Fratricidal Jihadists: A Historical Examination of Debates, Contestation and Infighting Within the Sunni Jihadi Movement Abstract he Sunni Jihadi movement has since its emergence in the early 1960s been fraught with internal tensions in the Tform of competitive dynamics, discursive contestation and fratricide.