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STUDY COURSE MATERIAL BIOLOGY SESSION-2020-21 CLASS-X
TOPIC: LIFE PROCESSES
DAY-1
TEACHING MATERIAL: - NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
Mode of nutrition: Holozoic (Heterotrophic nutrition)
Nutrition in amoeba: -
The various steps involved in the process of nutrition are:
Ingestion: Amoeba ingests food with the help of its finger-like extensions, called pseudopodia. When a food particle approaches Amoeba, it forms pseudopodia around it and forms a food vacuole inside the Amoeba.
Digestion: Various enzymes from the cytoplasmnter into the food vacuole and break them down into simple soluble molecules.
Absorption: The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amoeba from food vacuoles through the process of diffusion.
Assimilation: Amoeba cell obtains energy from the absorbed food through respiration. This energy is utilized by Amoeba for its growth and repair of the body.
Egestion: When a considerable amount of undigested food gets collected inside Amoeba, its cell membrane ruptures and throws out the undigested food.
NCERT MATERIAL
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VIDEO-LINKS
LINK-1
https://youtu.be/dg9rBB-35Yg
LINK-2
https://youtu.be/m02XWqFED8Y
DOCUMENTS LINKS
https://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques=1076+Life+Processes+Class+10+Notes+Biology+sc ience+Chapter+6+
https://examupdates.in/cbse-class-10-science-syllabus/
https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/nutrition-in-animals/nutrition-in-amoeba/
OTHER LINKS
http://epathshala.nic.in/
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_312796455245733888120257?contentType=T extBook
ASSIGNMENTS
Q.1. Explain the process of nutrition in Amoeba.
Q.2. Draw a well labelled diagram of nutrition in amoeba.
Q.3. What are the steps involved in holozoic nutrition?
DAY-2
TEACHING MATERIAL : - NUTRITION IN ANIMALS
Nutrition in Human beings
The human digestive system is responsible for processing the food that we eat, and providing us with energy.
Fig: Human alimentary canal The various organs of the human digestive system in sequence are: Mouth, Oesophagus (Food pipe), Stomach, Small intestine and Large intestine.
The glands which are associated with the human digestive system are: Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas.
The various steps of nutrition in human beings are as follows:
1. Ingestion: In human beings, food is ingested through the mouth. The food is put into the mouth with the help of hands. 2. Digestion: The digestion of food begins in the mouth itself.
The teeth cut the food into small pieces, chew and grind it. (Physical digestion)
The salivary glands in our mouth produce saliva (watery liquid) which contains an enzyme salivary amylase which digests the starch (carbohydrate) present in the food into sugar. (Chemical digestion)
Our tongue helps in mixing this saliva with food.
The digestion of food remains incomplete in mouth. 3. Oesophagus: The slightly digested food in the mouth is swallowed by the tongue and goes down the food pipe called oesophagus.
When the slightly digested food enters the food pipe, the walls of food pipe start contraction and expansion movements called as peristaltic movement.
This peristaltic movement of food pipe pushes the slightly digested into the stomach. 4. Stomach: The stomach is a J-shaped organ present on the left side of the abdomen.
The stomach walls contain s three tubular glands in it walls which secrete gastric juice.
The gastric juice contains three substances: Hydrochloric acid, the enzyme pepsin and mucus.
The hydrochloric creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of the enzyme pepsin i.e. digestion of protein.
The mucus helps to protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of hydrochloric acid.
The partially digested food then goes from the stomach into the small intestine. 5. Small intestine: From the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine.
The small intestine is the largest part (about 6.5m) of the alimentary canal.
The small intestine is very narrow and arranged in the form of a coil in our belly.
The small intestine in human beings is the site of complete digestion of food (like carbohydrates, proteins and fats)
The small intestine receives the secretion of two glands: Liver and Pancreas.
Liver secretes bile (greenish yellow liquid made in the liver and stored in gall bladder). Bile performs two functions:
1) Makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act on it.
2) Bile salts break the fats present in the food into small globules making it easy for the enzymes to act and digest them. The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like pancreatic amylase for breaking down starch, trypsin for digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down emulsified fats.
The walls of the small intestine contain glands which secretes intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it finally convert the proteins into amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
In this way the process of digestion converts the large and insoluble food molecules into small water soluble molecules. 6. Absorption: The small intestine is the main region for the absorption of digested food.
The inner surface of the small intestine has numerous finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area for rapid absorption of digested food.
The digested food which is absorbed through the walls of the small intestine goes into our blood. 7. Assimilation: The blood carries digested and dissolved food to all the parts of the body where it becomes assimilated as part of the cells and is utilised for obtaining energy, building up new tissues and the repair of old tissues. 8. Egestion: The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from this material
NCERT MATERIAL
http://ncert.nic.in/ebooks.html
VIDEO-LINKS
LINK-1 https://youtu.be/A6lRU6pYiAc
LINK-2 https://youtu.be/uLm2aw371UY
LINK-2 https://youtu.be/D6vl7CXnOvo
DOCUMENTS LINKS
https://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques=1076+Life+Processes+Class+10+Notes+Biology+sc ience+Chapter+6+
https://www.careerlauncher.com/cbse-ncert/class-10/Biology/CBSE-LifeProcesses.html
OTHER LINKS
http://epathshala.nic.in/
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_312796455245733888120257?contentType=Tex tBook
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Q.1. Which is the correct sequence of parts in human alimentary canal?
(a) Mouth → stomach → small intestine → oesophagus → large intestine
(b) Mouth →oesophagus → stomach → large intestine → small intestine
(c) Mouth → stomach → oesophagus → small intestine → large intestine
(d) Mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine
Q.2. If salivary amylase is lacking in the saliva, which of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected?
(a) Proteins breaking down into amino acids
(b) Starch breaking down into sugars
(c) Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol
(d) Absorption of vitamins
Q.3. The inner lining of stomach is protected by one of the following from hydrochloric acid. Choose the correct one
(a) Pepsin
(b) Mucus
(c) Salivary amylase
(d) Bile
Q.4. Which part of alimentary canal receives bile from the liver?
(a) Stomach
(b) Small intestine
(c) Large intestine
(d) Oesophagus
Q.5. In which part of the alimentary canal food is finally digested?
(a) Stomach
(b) Mouth cavity (c) Large intestine
(d) Small intestine
Q.6. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the following
(a) trypsin digests proteins and lipase carbohydrates
(b) trypsin digests emulsified fats and lipase proteins
(c) trypsin and lipase digest fats
(d) trypsin digests proteins and lipase emulsified fats
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTION: -
Q.1. Draw the diagram of alimentary canal of man and label the following parts.
Mouth, salivary gland, Oesophagus, Stomach, , pancreas , gall bladder , liver , small intestine, large intestine, anus.
Q.2. What is the role played by the liver in addition to the digestion of food?
Q.3. What are the enzymes secreted by various parts (stomach, salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, duodenum, small intestine) of the alimentary canal and their functions?
Q.4. Name the main organs of Human digestive system in the order in which they are involved in digesting food. In what steps and how does digestion of carbohydrates and proteins take place in our body.
Q.5. Explain the process of digestion in Human beings in detail with a diagram.
Q.6. Name the protein and starch digesting enzymes secreted by pancreas.
DAY-3
TEACHING MATERIAL: - RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS
Respiration is a physiological or biochemical process in which exchange of gases takes place along with oxidation of food.
Difference between breathing and respiration
Respiration in living organisms
Unicellular organisms are those organisms which are made up of a single cell.
Some of the common examples of unicellular organisms are amoeba, paramecium, etc.
Plant respire through stomata and lenticels whereas animals respire through lungs, gills and skin.
Respiration in unicellular organisms In unicellular organisms, there is no such respiratory organ.
The respiration in unicellular organisms takes place through their general body surfaces or cell membrane.
There is an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the body surface by the process of diffusion.
Diffusion is the process of movement of a substance from higher concentration to the lower concentration.
NCERT MATERIAL
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VIDEO-LINKS: - PRACTICAL
https://youtu.be/4NYP5yBOxD8
https://youtu.be/4czWkj28liI
DOCUMENTS LINKS
https://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques=1076+Life+Processes+Class+10+Notes+Biology+sc ience+Chapter+6+
https://www.careerlauncher.com/cbse-ncert/class-10/Biology/CBSE-LifeProcesses.html
OTHER LINKS
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_312796455245733888120257?contentType=Tex tBook
ASSIGNMENTS
Q.1. How is ‘respiration’ different from ‘breathing’?
Q.2. Explain the process of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
Q.3. How do unicellular organisms respire?
DAY-4
TEACHING MATERIAL: - RESPIRATION IN HUMAN BEINGS
Respiration in human beings
The first step in this process is breathing in air, or inhaling.
Inhalation means bringing air rich in oxygen into the body.
Exhalation means giving out air rich in carbon dioxide from the body.
The second step is gas exchange in the lungs where oxygen is diffused into the blood and the carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood.
The third process is cellular respiration, which produces the chemical energy that the cells in the body need, and carbon dioxide.
Finally, the carbon dioxide from cellular respiration is breathed out of body from the lungs.
Fig: Human respiratory system
Breathing is simply defined as the physical process in which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide is forced out from the body.
Breathing is brought about by two sets of muscles-
Internal intercoastal muscles External intercoastal muscles
Besides these muscles, diaphragm and abdominal muscles help in breathing.
The process of breathing involves two phases:
1)Inspiration/ Inhalation
2)Expiration/ Exhalation
Inspiration:
Inspiration (inhalation) is the process of breathing in, by which air is brought into the lungs.
Inspiration involves the following steps:
i. The muscles attached to the ribs on their outer side contract. This causes the ribs to be pulled out, expanding the chest cavity.
ii. The muscle wall between the chest cavity and the abdominal cavity, called diaphragm, contracts and moves downwards to further expand the chest cavity.
iii. The abdominal muscles contract.
The expansion of the chest cavity creates a partial vacuum in the chest cavity. This sucks in air into the lungs, and fills the expanded alveoli.
Expiration:
After the exchange of gases in the lungs, the air has to be expelled. Expulsion of the air from the lungs is called expiration. In this process, muscles attached to the ribs on their inner side contract, and the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles relax. This leads to a decrease in the volume of the chest cavity, which increases the pressure on the lungs. The air in the lungs is pushed out and it passes out through the nose.
When we breathe out, not all of the air in the lungs gets expelled. Some of it remains in the lungs. This keeps the lungs from collapsing and allows more time for the exchange of gases.
Transport and Exchange of Respiratory Gases:
Human beings also have a system for transportation of gases.
Oxygen is carried by haemoglobin of the red blood cells. Haemoglobin has a great affinity for oxygen—each haemoglobin molecule binds to four molecules of oxygen. The oxygen picked up by haemoglobin gets transported with the blood to various cells.
Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen. So, some of it is transported in the dissolved form in our blood. Some carbon dioxide is also transported by haemoglobin.
Fig: Transport and exchange of gases
Modifications of lungs Presence of millions of Alveoli Thin and moist membrane Presence of blood capillaries Presence of ribs, diaphragm , intercostal muscles Modifications of Alveoli Thin and moist membrane Presence of blood capillaries
NCERT MATERIAL
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VIDEO-LINKS
https://youtu.be/s6xUQxnjXmg
https://youtu.be/Bxj7SXl5AI0
https://youtu.be/MSi63q7t5DU
DOCUMENTS LINKS
https://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques=1076+Life+Processes+Class+10+Notes+Biology+sc ience+Chapter+6+
https://www.careerlauncher.com/cbse-ncert/class-10/Biology/CBSE-LifeProcesses.html
OTHER LINKS
https://www.excellup.com/classten/scienceten/lifeprocesses_respiration.aspx
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_312796455245733888120257?contentType=T extBook
ASSIGNMENTS
Q.1. How is the energy released and stored during oxidation of compounds in respiration?
Q.2. Explain the process by which inhalation and exhalation occurs during breathing in human beings?
Q.3. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in human beings? How are lungs designed to maximize the area for exchange of gases?
Q.4. Draw a well labelled diagram of human respiratory system.
DAY-5
TEACHING MATERIAL: - TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS
Vascular tissues involved : Xylem and phloem
Factors involved :
Suction pressure Transpiration pull
Transportation of food
Bidirectional / multidirectional movement Vascular tissue - Phloem Cells of Phloem - I. Sieve tubes/cells
II. Companion cells
III. Phloem parenchyma
IV. Phloem fibres
Transportation of water and minerals
Unidirectional movement Vascular tissue- Xylem Cells of Xylem- I. Tracheids II. Vessels III. Xylem parenchyma IV. Xylem fibres
NCERT MATERIAL
http://ncert.nic.in/ebooks.html
VIDEO-LINKS
https://youtu.be/OSqhTmiXhVI
https://youtu.be/f9ixf29_dyQ
DOCUMENTS LINKS
https://ncerthelp.com/text.php?ques=1076+Life+Processes+Class+10+Notes+Biology+sc ience+Chapter+6
OTHER LINKS
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_312796455245733888120257?contentType=T extBook
ASSIGNMENTS
Q.1.What is “translocation”? Why it is essential for plants?
Q.2. How is transpiration pull responsible for upward movement of water?
Q.3. Differentiate between xylem and phloem.