Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Examples
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Prokaryotes (Domains Bacteria & Archaea)
2/4/15 Prokaryotes (Domains Bacteria & Archaea) KEY POINTS 1. Decomposers: recycle organic and inorganic molecules in environment; makes them available to other organisms. 2. Essential components of symbioses. 3. Encompasses the origins of metabolism and metabolic diversity. 4. Origin of photosynthesis and formation of atmospheric Oxygen Ceno- Meso- zoic zoic ANTIQUITY Humans Paleozoic Colonization of land Animals Origin of solar system and Earth • >3.5 BILLION years old. • Alone for 2 1 4 billion years Proterozoic Archaean Prokaryotes Billions of 2 years ago3 Multicellular eukaryotes Single-celled eukaryotes Atmospheric oxygen General characteristics 1. Small: compare to 10-100µm for 0.5-5µm eukaryotic cell; single-celled; may form colonies. 2. Lack membrane- enclosed organelles. 3. Cell wall present, but different from plant cell wall. 1 2/4/15 General characteristics 4. Occur everywhere, most numerous organisms. – More individuals in a handful of soil then there are people that have ever lived. – By far more individuals in our gut than eukaryotic cells that are actually us. General characteristics 5. Metabolic diversity established nutritional modes of eukaryotes. General characteristics 6. Important decomposers and recyclers 2 2/4/15 General characteristics 6. Important decomposers and recyclers • Form the basis of global nutrient cycles. General characteristics 7. Symbionts!!!!!!! • Parasites • Pathogenic organisms. • About 1/2 of all human diseases are caused by Bacteria General characteristics 7. Symbionts!!!!!!! • Parasites • Pathogenic organisms. • Extremely important in agriculture as well. Pierce’s disease is caused by Xylella fastidiosa, a Gamma Proteobacteria. It causes over $56 million in damage annually in California. That’s with $34 million spent to control it! = $90 million in California alone. -
Characterization of the Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacterium Sphingomonas Sp
microorganisms Article Characterization of the Aerobic Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacterium Sphingomonas sp. AAP5 Karel Kopejtka 1 , Yonghui Zeng 1,2, David Kaftan 1,3 , Vadim Selyanin 1, Zdenko Gardian 3,4 , Jürgen Tomasch 5,† , Ruben Sommaruga 6 and Michal Koblížek 1,* 1 Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 379 81 Tˇreboˇn,Czech Republic; [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (D.K.); [email protected] (V.S.) 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark 3 Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Czech Republic; [email protected] 4 Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 Ceskˇ é Budˇejovice,Czech Republic 5 Research Group Microbial Communication, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] 6 Laboratory of Aquatic Photobiology and Plankton Ecology, Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] † Present Address: Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany. Abstract: An aerobic, yellow-pigmented, bacteriochlorophyll a-producing strain, designated AAP5 Citation: Kopejtka, K.; Zeng, Y.; (=DSM 111157=CCUG 74776), was isolated from the alpine lake Gossenköllesee located in the Ty- Kaftan, D.; Selyanin, V.; Gardian, Z.; rolean Alps, Austria. Here, we report its description and polyphasic characterization. Phylogenetic Tomasch, J.; Sommaruga, R.; Koblížek, analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that strain AAP5 belongs to the bacterial genus Sphingomonas M. Characterization of the Aerobic and has the highest pairwise 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Sphingomonas glacialis (98.3%), Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacterium Sphingomonas psychrolutea (96.8%), and Sphingomonas melonis (96.5%). -
A Study on the Phototrophic Microbial Mat Communities of Sulphur Mountain Thermal Springs and Their Association with the Endangered, Endemic Snail Physella Johnsoni
A Study on the Phototrophic Microbial Mat Communities of Sulphur Mountain Thermal Springs and their Association with the Endangered, Endemic Snail Physella johnsoni By Michael Bilyj A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba October 2011 © Copyright 2011, Michael A. Bilyj 1 Abstract The seasonal population fluctuation of anoxygenic phototrophs and the diversity of cyanobacteria at the Sulphur Mountain thermal springs of Banff, Canada were investigated and compared to the drastic population changes of the endangered snail Physella johnsoni. A new species and two strains of Rhodomicrobium were taxonomically characterized in addition to new species of Rhodobacter and Erythromicrobium. Major mat-forming organisms included Thiothrix-like species, oxygenic phototrophs of genera Spirulina, Oscillatoria, and Phormidium and purple nonsulfur bacteria Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodomicrobium. Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs comprised upwards of 9.6 x 104 CFU/cm2 of mat or 18.9% of total aerobic heterotrophic bacterial isolates at certain sites, while maximal purple nonsulfur and purple sulfur bacteria were quantified at 3.2 x 105 and 2.0 x 106 CFU/cm2 of mat, respectively. Photosynthetic activity measurements revealed incredibly productive carbon fixation rates averaging 40.5 mg C/cm2/24 h. A temporal mismatch was observed for mat area and prokaryote-based organics to P. johnsoni population flux in a ―tracking inertia‖ manner. 2 Acknowledgements It is difficult to express sufficient gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Vladimir Yurkov for his unfaltering patience, generosity and motivation throughout this entire degree. -
Worksheet Class 7Th ( Science ) Chapter 1St Nutrition in Plants
Worksheet Class 7th ( science ) Chapter 1st Nutrition in plants 1. Autotrophic nutrition 2. Heterotrophic Nutrition The mode of nutrition in which organisms obtain their food from others ( plants and animals ) is called heterotrophic nutrition. Heterotrophs :- Organisms that are not capable of synthesising their own food and depend on other organisms for their food requirements are called heterotrophs. They are also called consumers. Heterotrophic Nutrition in plants Heterotrophic nutrition in non-green plants are of three types- (i) Saprotrophic (ii) Parasitic (iii) Symbiotic (I) Saprotrophic nutrition The mode of nutrition in which organisms take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter is called saprotrophic nutrition. Saprotrophs or saprophytes Saprotrophs are the organisms that feed on dead and decaying matter. Example :- Fungi, mushrooms Saprophytes are also called cleaners of the environment. (II) Parasitic Nutrition The mode of nutrition in which an organism lives on or inside the body of other living organism (host) is called parasitic nutrition. Parasitic plants are of two types • Total parasites • Partial parasites Total parasites These plants cannot make their own food and derive all of it from the host plant. E.g.- cuscuta (amarbel) is total stem parasite and Rafflesia is total root parasite plant. Partial parasites They have green leaves, therefore can make their food for themselves. However, they get water and minerals from host plant. E.g.- mistletoe is a partial stem parasite and sandalwood is a partial root parasite. (III) Symbiotic Nutrition Symbionts:- Two organisms living in close physical contact with each other and providing mutual benefits are called symbionts. Symbiosis:- Condition of living together is called symbiosis. -
Aerobic Respiration
Life is based on redox • All energy generation in biological systems is due to redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions Aerobic Respiration: + - C6H12O6 + 6 H2O ==> 6 CO2 + 24 H +24 e oxidation electron donor (aka energy source) + - (O2+ 4H + 4e ==> 2H2O) x6 reduction electron acceptor --------------------------------------- C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ==> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O overall reaction (24 electrons) Types of bacterial metabolisms • While eukaryotes only reduce O2 and oxidize organic compounds, prokaryotes can use a variety of electron donors and acceptors, organic and inorganic. - • Aerobic respiration: e acceptor is O2 - • Anaerobic respiration: e acceptor is not O2 • Fermentation: e- donor and acceptor are organic molecules • Chemolithotrophy: e- donor and acceptor are inorganic molecules • Phototrophy: e- donor is light and e- acceptor is either organic or inorganic all microorganisms energy source? chemical light chemotroph phototroph carbon source? carbon source? organic organic CO CO compound 2 compound 2 chemoheterotroph chemoautotroph photoheterotroph photoautotroph e- acceptor? Nitrifying and sulfur- use H O to reduce CO ? oxidizing bacteria 2 2 green non-sulfur and O Other than O 2 2 purple non-sulfur bacteria anoxygenic oxygenic photosynthesis: photosynthesis: green sulfur and most bacteria Organic Inorganic cyanobacteria compound compound purple sulfur bacteria fermentative organism anaerobic respiration: nitrate, sulfate, Fe(III) Aerobic or anaerobic respiration Chemolithotrophy Important molecules Redox Electron Carrier: for example the -
Biology Inside Cover Mod4.Indd
INCREASING ACCESS TO SECONDARY SCHOOL LEVEL EDUCATION THROUGH THE PRODUCTION OF QUALITY LEARNING MATERIALS JUNIOR SECONDARY LEVEL BIOLOGY Module 4: Nutrition and Digestion Partners: Ministry of Education and Botswana College of Distance and Open Learning (BOCODOL), Botswana Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and the Malawi College of Distance Education (MCDE), Malawi Ministry of Education, Mozambique Ministry of Basic Education, Sport and Culture, and the Namibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL), Namibia Ministry of Education and the Emlalatini Development Centre, Swaziland Ministry of Education and Culture and the Institute of Adult Education, Tanzania Ministry of Education, Zambia Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture, Zimbabwe Commonwealth of Learning Partners: Commonwealth of Learning Ministry of Education and Botswana College of Distance and Open Learning (BOCODOL), Botswana Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and the Malawi College of Distance Education (MCDE), Malawi Ministry of Education, Mozambique Ministry of Basic Education, Sport & Culture, and the Namibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL), Namibia Ministry of Education and the Emlalatini Development Centre, Swaziland Ministry of Education and Culture and the Institute of Adult Education, Tanzania Ministry of Education, Zambia Ministry of Education, Sport and Culture, Zimbabwe Mauritius College of the Air, Mauritius Suite 600 - 1285 West Broadway, Vancouver, BC V6H 3X8 CANADA PH: +1-604-775-8200 | FAX: +1-604-775-8210 | WEB: www.col.org | E-MAIL: [email protected] COL is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government to encourage the development and sharing of open learning and distance education knowledge, resources and technologies. © Commonwealth of Learning, January 2004 ISBN 1-895369-89-4 These materials have been published jointly by the Commonwealth of Learning and the partner Ministries and institutions. -
Biophysical Aspects of Resource Acquisition and Competition in Algal Mixotrophs
vol. 178, no. 1 the american naturalist july 2011 Biophysical Aspects of Resource Acquisition and Competition in Algal Mixotrophs Ben A. Ward,* Stephanie Dutkiewicz, Andrew D. Barton, and Michael J. Follows Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Submitted November 10, 2010; Accepted March 15, 2011; Electronically published June 6, 2011 polar waters, for example, mixotrophy provides dinofla- abstract: Mixotrophic organisms combine autotrophic and het- gellates with the flexibility to endure large environmental erotrophic nutrition and are abundant in both freshwater and marine environments. Recent observations indicate that mixotrophs consti- changes during tidal and seasonal cycles (Li et al. 2000; tute a large fraction of the biomass, bacterivory, and primary pro- Litchman 2007). However, in the low-seasonality sub- duction in oligotrophic environments. While mixotrophy allows tropical oceans, where such nonequilibrium dynamics are greater flexibility in terms of resource acquisition, any advantage presumably much less important, mixotrophy remains a must be traded off against an associated increase in metabolic costs, prevalent strategy. Zubkov and Tarran (2008) recently which appear to make mixotrophs uncompetitive relative to obligate found that photosynthetic protist species, which account autotrophs and heterotrophs. Using an idealized model of cell phys- iology and community competition, we identify one mechanism by for more than 80% of the total chlorophyll in regions of which mixotrophs can effectively outcompete specialists for nutrient the North Atlantic, were also responsible for 40%–95% of elements. At low resource concentrations, when the uptake of nu- the total bacterivory. Small mixotrophs have been shown trients is limited by diffusion toward the cell, the investment in cell to be of similar importance in coastal oligotrophic waters membrane transporters can be minimized. -
Nutrition in Plants N Class VI You Learnt That Food Is Utilisation by the Body
1 Nutrition in Plants n Class VI you learnt that food is utilisation by the body. The mode of essential for all living organisms. nutrition in which organisms make food IYou also learnt that carbohydrates, themselves from simple substances is proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals are called autotrophic (auto = self; trophos components of food. These components = nourishment) nutrition. Therefore, of food are called nutrients and are plants are called autotrophs. Animals necessary for our body. and most other organisms take in food All living organisms require food. prepared by plants. They are called Plants can synthesise food for heterotrophs (heteros = other). themselves but animals including humans cannot. They get it from plants or animals that eat plants. Thus, humans and animals are directly or Paheli wants to know why indirectly dependent on plants. our body cannot make food from carbon dioxide, water and minerals like plants do. Boojho wants to know how plants prepare Now we may ask where the food their own food. factories of plants are located: whether food is made in all parts of a plant or only in certain parts? How do plants 1.1 MODE OF NUTRITION IN PLANTS obtain the raw materials from the Plants are the only organisms that can surroundings? How do they transport prepare food for themselves by using them to the food factories of plants? water, carbon dioxide and minerals. The raw materials are present in their 1.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS — FOOD surroundings. MAKING PROCESS IN PLANTS The nutrients enable living Leaves are the food factories of plants. organisms to build their bodies, to grow, Therefore, all the raw materials must to repair damaged parts of their bodies reach the leaf. -
Nutritional and Reproductive Strategies in a Chemosymbiotic Bivalve Living in a Tropical Intertidal Seagrass Bed
Vol. 501: 113-126, 2014 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published March 31 doi: 10.3354/mepsl0702 Mar Ecol Prog Ser OPEN ACCESS © ® Nutritional and reproductive strategies in a chemosymbiotic bivalve living in a tropical intertidal seagrass bed Matthijs van der Geest1*, Amadou Abderahmane Sail2, Sidi Ould Ely3, Reindert W. Nauta1, Jan. A. van Gils1, Theunis Piersma1,4 1NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands 2Mauritanian Institute for Oceanographic Research and Fisheries (IMROP), BP 22, Nouadhibou, Mauritania 3Parc National du Banc d'Arguin, BP 5355, Nouakchott, Mauritania 4Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Animal Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies (CEES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands ABSTRACT: Sulphide-oxidizing endosymbiont-bearing bivalves often dominate the infauna of seagrass-covered sediments, where they control sulphide levels and contribute to carbon cycling by feeding on chemosynthetically fixed carbon and suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM). Previous studies from temperate habitats suggest that SPOM availability may regulate growth and reproduction, since SPOM may be of greater nutritional value than the material provided by bacterial endosymbionts. To examine if changes in diet correlate with body condition and repro ductive activity, we studied seasonal patterns in somatic and gonadal investment and gameto- genic development in relation to nutrition in the endosymbiont-bearing bivalveLoripes lucinalis in seagrass-covered intertidal flats at a tropical study site (Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania). Carbon stable isotope analysis revealed clear seasonal cycles in the relative heterotrophic contribution to the diet of Loripes, with mean monthly values ranging from 21% in March to 39% in September. -
IB HL Biology: Ecology Review Fall 2017 Populations 1. Define the Following Terms Associated with Population Ecology; Population and Carrying Capacity
IB HL Biology: Ecology Review Fall 2017 Populations 1. Define the following terms associated with population ecology; population and carrying capacity. 2. What processes contribute to changes in population size? 3. What are some factors which can increase the carrying capacity of a population? Decrease? 4. What is quadrat sampling? When would it be used? Communities 5. Define the following terms; community, autotroph, heterotroph, producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, detritivore and saprotroph. 6. What is the initial energy source for all communities? 7. Be able to read food webs and determine the trophic level of different species. 8. Choose 2 regions below and determine the Simpson’s Diversity Index value for these regions. Which region is more diverse? A. An area of the Black Forest in Germany contains 134 pitch pines, 24 douglas firs, and 53 red pines. B. A meadow contains 1532 chestnut oaks, 342 black cherry trees, 12 white ash trees, and 1022 yellow birches. C. You school science classroom contains 12 beetles, 34 termites, 84 ants, 93 fleas, and 1 butterfly. D. An African park contains 15 lions, 94 giraffes, 1000 wildebeests, 50 elephants, and 5 hyenas. Choose more areas if you need more practice. 9. What is a keystone species? 10. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Ecosystems 11. What is an ecosystem? 12. Explain the 10% rule of energy transfer. How is the energy lost between trophic levels? 13. Review the Carbon Cycle. What are the main sources of carbon dioxide on earth? 14. Review the Nitrogen Cycle. 15. Distinguish between Gross Primary Productivity and Net Primary Productivity. -
Chapter 11 – PROKARYOTES: Survey of the Bacteria & Archaea
Chapter 11 – PROKARYOTES: Survey of the Bacteria & Archaea 1. The Bacteria 2. The Archaea Important Metabolic Terms Oxygen tolerance/usage: aerobic – requires or can use oxygen (O2) anaerobic – does not require or cannot tolerate O2 Energy usage: autotroph – uses CO2 as a carbon source • photoautotroph – uses light as an energy source • chemoautotroph – gets energy from inorganic mol. heterotroph – requires an organic carbon source • chemoheterotroph – gets energy & carbon from organic molecules …more Important Terms Facultative vs Obligate: facultative – “able to, but not requiring” e.g. • facultative anaerobes – can survive w/ or w/o O2 obligate – “absolutely requires” e.g. • obligate anaerobes – cannot tolerate O2 • obligate intracellular parasite – can only survive within a host cell The 2 Prokaryotic Domains Overview of the Bacterial Domain We will look at examples from several bacterial phyla grouped largely based on rRNA (ribotyping): Gram+ bacteria • Firmicutes (low G+C), Actinobacteria (high G+C) Proteobacteria (Gram- heterotrophs mainly) Gram- nonproteobacteria (photoautotrophs) Chlamydiae (no peptidoglycan in cell walls) Spirochaetes (coiled due to axial filaments) Bacteroides (mostly anaerobic) 1. The Gram+ Bacteria Gram+ Bacteria The Gram+ bacteria are found in 2 different phyla: Firmicutes • low G+C content (usually less than 50%) • many common pathogens Actinobacteria • high G+C content (greater than 50%) • characterized by branching filaments Firmicutes Characteristics associated with this phylum: • low G+C Gram+ bacteria -
Fermentation and Anaerobic Decomposition in a Hot Spring
Fermentation and anaerobic decomposition in a hot spring microbial mat by Karen Leigh Anderson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Microbiology Montana State University © Copyright by Karen Leigh Anderson (1984) Abstract: Fermentation was investigated in a low sulfate hot spring microbial mat (Octopus Spring) according to current models on anaerobic decomposition. The mat was studied to determine what fermentation products accumulated, where in the mat they accumulated, and what factors affected their accumulation. Mat samples were incubated under dark anaerobic conditions to measure accumulation of fermentation products. Acetate and propionate (ca. 3:1) were the major products to accumulate in a 55°,C mat. Other products accumulated to a much lesser extent. Incubation of mat samples of varying thickness showed that fermentation occurred in the top 4mm of the mat. This has interesting implications for fermentative organisms in the mat due to the diurnal changes in mat oxygen concentrations. Fermentation measured in mat samples collected at various temperatures (50°,-70°C) showed acetate and propionate to be the major accumulation products. According to the interspecies hydrogen transfer model, the hydrogen concentration in a system affects the types of fermentation products produced. At a 65° C site, with natural high hydrogen levels, and at a 55°C site, with active methanogenesis, fermentation product accumulation was compared. There was a greater ratio of reduced fermentation products to acetate, with the exception of propionate, at 65°C. Ethanol accumulated at the 65°C site, as did lactate, though to a lesser extent.