BURKINA FASO Last Updated: 2007-06-05

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line LR 2006P Kokologho department: Pre-SAC by group: Activitie B 2.00-3.99 69 36.2 0.82 0.27 5691 * Kokologho department: Pre-SAC by group: Activitie B 2.00-3.99 67 32.8 0.81 0.28

D 2003 -2004 Kaya department: SAC Total B 7.00-12.07 214 15.0 47.2 0.77 0.37 5721 * 1 Kaya department: SAC by sex F 7.00-12.07 92 46.7 0.79 0.37 Kaya department: SAC by sex M 7.00-12.07 122 47.5 0.78 0.37 Bogandé district: SAC control group: Total B NS 106 0.0 23.6 0.96 0.36 2 Bogandé district: SAC supplement group: Total B NS 114 0.0 40.4 0.82 0.30 3 Bogandé district: SAC by sex and group: Control F NS 46 15.5 0.96 0.35 Bogandé district: SAC by sex and group: Control M NS 60 25.5 0.95 0.38 Bogandé district: SAC by sex and group: Suppleme F NS 56 36.4 0.83 0.30 Bogandé district: SAC by sex and group: Suppleme M NS 56 44.1 0.81 0.29

N 2003 National: Women: Total F 15.00-49.99 7428 13.00 4948 * 4 Women by age F 15.00-19.99 1021 10.80 5 Women by age F 20.00-24.99 1920 12.30 6 Women by age F 25.00-29.99 1700 11.70 7 Women by age F 30.00-34.99 1248 16.20 8 Women by age F 35.00-49.99 1539 14.50 9 Women by area: Urban F 15.00-49.99 1055 8.10 10 Women by area: Rural F 15.00-49.99 6372 13.80 11 Women by region: Boucle du Mouhoun F 15.00-49.99 548 13.10 12 Women by region: Cascades F 15.00-49.99 237 8.10 13 Women by region: Centre (without Ouagadougou) F 15.00-49.99 142 15.00 14 Women by region: Centre Nord F 15.00-49.99 700 15.10 15 Women by region: Centre Ouest F 15.00-49.99 531 16.40 16 Women by region: Centre-Est F 15.00-49.99 615 5.10 17 Women by region: Centre-Sud F 15.00-49.99 430 12.80 18 Women by region: Est F 15.00-49.99 629 3.00 19 Women by region: Hauts-Bassins F 15.00-49.99 975 11.80 20 Women by region: Nord F 15.00-49.99 807 23.60 21 Women by region: Ouagadougou F 15.00-49.99 470 8.40 22 Women by region: Plateau Central F 15.00-49.99 382 10.20 23 Women by region: Sahel F 15.00-49.99 572 24.20 24 Women by region: Sud-Ouest F 15.00-49.99 389 9.00 25

S 2001 -2002 5 provinces: SAC: Total B 5.00-16.99 1370 2.10 2.80 5225 * SAC by sex F 5.00-16.99 551 0.70 2.40

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

BURKINA FASO Last Updated: 2007-06-05

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

S 2001 -2002 SAC by sex M 5.00-16.99 819 3.10 3.10 5225 SAC by province: Boulkiemde B 5.00-16.99 350 1.10 3.40 SAC by province: Oudalan B 5.00-16.99 147 3.40 9.50 SAC by province: Sanguie B 5.00-16.99 217 0.90 0.90 SAC by province: Sanmatenga B 5.00-16.99 271 1.50 0.40 SAC by province: Zoundweogo B 5.00-16.99 385 3.60 2.30

L 2000P Dierma village: All B NS 370 6.80 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2076 * D 2000P Sapone and Ipelce departments: SAC: Total B 5.00-19.99 940 2.10 2.20 5229 * L 1999 Kaya department: Pre-SAC B 1.00-3.07 199 13.0 84.5 0.55 0.02 5093 * Kaya department: Women F NS 199 15.5 61.8 0.69 0.02

R 1996 15 provinces: Pre-SAC/SAC: Total B 0.50-10.99 5094 0.60 0.00 0.00 5801 * Pre-SAC/SAC by age B 0.50-5.99 3173 0.60 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age B 2.00-5.99 2613 1.50 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age B 6.00-10.99 1921 1.90 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Bazèga B 0.50-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Bazèga B 2.00-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Bazèga B 6.00-10.99 NS 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Bougouriba B 0.50-5.99 174 0.60 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Bougouriba B 2.00-5.99 139 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Bougouriba B 6.00-10.99 105 0.00 1.90 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Comoé B 0.50-5.99 210 4.80 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Comoé B 2.00-5.99 184 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Comoé B 6.00-10.99 153 0.00 0.60 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Gnagna B 0.50-5.99 199 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Gnagna B 2.00-5.99 173 5.80 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Gnagna B 6.00-10.99 117 8.55 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Houet B 0.50-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Houet B 2.00-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Houet B 6.00-10.99 NS 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kénédougou B 0.50-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kénédougou B 2.00-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kénédougou B 6.00-10.99 NS 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kossi B 0.50-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kossi B 2.00-5.99 NS 0.00 0.00

BURKINA FASO Last Updated: 2007-06-05

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

R 1996 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kossi B 6.00-10.99 NS 0.00 0.00 0.00 5801 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kouritenga B 0.50-5.99 120 0.80 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kouritenga B 2.00-5.99 145 6.20 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Kouritenga B 6.00-10.99 145 4.80 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Mouhoun B 0.50-5.99 197 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Mouhoun B 2.00-5.99 174 2.30 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Mouhoun B 6.00-10.99 110 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Oudalan B 0.50-5.99 225 0.40 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Oudalan B 2.00-5.99 189 1.60 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Oudalan B 6.00-10.99 105 4.80 3.80 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Poni B 0.50-5.99 181 3.30 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Poni B 2.00-5.99 151 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Poni B 6.00-10.99 105 0.00 1.90 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Séno B 0.50-5.99 170 1.20 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Séno B 2.00-5.99 146 2.05 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Séno B 6.00-10.99 105 3.81 0.90 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Soum B 0.50-5.99 180 2.80 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Soum B 2.00-5.99 165 4.80 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Soum B 6.00-10.99 92 8.70 2.20 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Sourou B 0.50-5.99 244 0.80 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Sourou B 2.00-5.99 191 0.50 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Sourou B 6.00-10.99 129 0.00 0.70 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Zoundwéogo B 0.50-5.99 132 0.00 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Zoundwéogo B 2.00-5.99 101 0.90 0.00 Pre-SAC/SAC by age and province: Zoundwéogo B 6.00-10.99 96 0.00 0.00 0.00

S 1986 3 provinces: Pre-SAC B 0.00-5.99 1103 0.27 0.00 0.09 194 * 26 3 Provinces: Pre-SAC B 2.00-5.99 817 2.82 3 Provinces: SAC B 6.00-10.07 932 2.36 2.15 0.00 0.32 27

Reference No: 5691 General notes: Sample comprised randomly selected pre-SAC from the department of Kokologho in the rural west Burkina Faso. Baseline data for household survey. Households without children 2-3 years old excluded.

Reference No: 5721 General notes: Baseline data for intervention trial (adding red palm oil to school meals). Children selected from 15 schools in Kaya department, Sanmatenga province and from 16 schools (control group and "red palm oil group") in Bogandé district, Gnagna province. Note 1 Mean age: 8.58 (SD 0.04) years.

Note 2 Mean age: 7.92 (SD 1.75) years. Note 3 Mean age: 8.59 (SD 1.92) years.

Reference No: 4948 General notes: Two-stage PPS cluster sampling. Sample included 23 (rural) and 26 (urban) households in each of 400 census districts. Sample representative of area, region and capital city (Ouagadougou). Mother's age is at time of index birth. Sample comprised of women who gave birth in the 5 years preceding the survey. Previous XN is XN during previous pregnancy, for women with two or more live births in the five-years period, data refer to the most recent birth. Note 4 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.20% Note 5 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 6.00% Note 6 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.70% Note 7 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 6.10% Note 8 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.10% Note 9 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.00% Note 10 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.90% Note 11 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.90% Note 12 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.00% Note 13 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.10% Note 14 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 6.30% Note 15 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 9.90% Note 16 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 8.00% Note 17 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 3.40% Note 18 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 5.30% Note 19 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 0.50% Note 20 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 7.50% Note 21 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 12.60% Note 22 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 2.60% Note 23 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 5.40% Note 24 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 16.00% Note 25 XN prevalence adjusted for daytime visual problems: 5.00%

Reference No: 5225 General notes: Sample comprised of school children in 21 formal schools in 5 provinces. X1B examination difficult to standardize. XN better assessed.

Reference No: 2076 General notes: Sample comprised of subjects from 42 families from Dierma village, depatment of Boussouma, Boulgou province. Local term for night blindness used (takuma). Reference No: 5229 General notes: Students chosen by simple random selection after stratifying by gender, within each school, Sapone and Ipelce departments. Reference No: 5093 General notes: Sample comprised of women and their children selected from 7 pilot sites in the department of Kaya, Sanmatenga province. Baseline data before intervention project with red palm oil. Same survey reported in reference No. 4190. Reference No: 5801 General notes: Three stage PPS cluster sampling, stratified by province. Eye exam conducted to look for signs of vitamin A deficiency and participants questioned about current or seasonal night blindness. Survey conducted in 15 provinces (Bazega, Bougouriba, Comoe, Gnagna, Houet, Kenedougou, Kossi, Kouritenga, Mouhoun, Oudalan, Poni, Seno, Soum, Sourou, and Zoundweogo). Reference No: 194 General notes: Sample comprised of randomly selected pre-SAC/SAC from 10 villages (urban/rural) in the provinces of Yatenga, Passore and Sourou, northern Burkino Faso. Local terms for night blindness used ("Young Zondo" in More, "Souran Fie" in Marka and "Toro Ye" in Samo). Summary data reported in references No. 183 and 195. Note 26 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.18%

Note 27 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00%

Reference 194 Helen Keller International. Xeropthalmia and trachoma in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali and Niger. 1986.

Reference 2076 Meda N, Chevalier P, Mathieu-Daude C. Manifestations oculaires liees a la carence en vitamine A en zone rurale du Burkina Faso [Ocular manifestations associated with vitamin A deficiency in a rural area of Burkina Faso]. Médecine Tropicale, 2000, 60 :57-60.

Reference 4948 Institut National de la Statistique et de la Démographie [Burkina Faso], Ministère de l'Economie et du Développement [Burkina Faso], ORC Macro. Burkina Faso Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2003 [Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Survey 2003]. Calverton, MD, ORC Macro, 2004.

Reference 5093 Zagre NM, Delpeuch F, Traissac P, Delisle H. Red palm oil as a source of vitamin A for mothers and children: impact of a pilot project in Burkina Faso. Public Health Nutrition, 2003, 6 :733-742.

Reference 5225 Sobgo G, Mar MD, Roschnik N. Analyse situationnelle de l'etat de sante des eleves des ecoles formelles du Boulkiemde, Oudalan, Sanguie, Sanmatenga et Zoundweogo. Rapport d'enquête de base en faveur d'un programme de santé scolaire dans les écoles formelles. Burkina Faso, Fondation pour le Développment Communautaire du Burkina Faso, 2002.

Reference 5229 Sacko M, Maiga F, Sobgo G, Roschnik N. Analyse situationnelle de l'etat de sante des eleves des ecoles formelles de la zone de sapone et ipelce, province de Bazega, Burkina Faso. Rapport d'enquête de base en faveur d'un programme de santé scolaire dans les écoles formelles. Burkina Faso, Save the Children USA, 2000.

Reference 5691 Nana CP, Brouwer ID, Zagre NM, Kok FJ, Traore AS. Impact of promotion of mango and liver as sources of vitamin A for young children: a pilot study in Burkina Faso. Public Health Nutrition, 2006, 9 :808-813.

Reference 5721 Zeba AN, Prevel YM, Some IT, Delisle HF. The positive impact of red palm oil in school meals on vitamin A status: study in Burkina Faso. Nutrition Journal, 2006, 5

Reference 5801 Ministere de la Sante, Centre National pour la Nutrition. Enquete epidemiologique sur les carences en micronutriments dans 15 provinces. Burkina Faso, 1997.

Reference 1 Muzzo S. UNICEF - Vitamin A consultancy - Burkina Faso. Rome, 1986.

Reference 11 FAO. ESN- aperçu nutritionnel- Burkina Faso. 1990.

Reference 25 UNICEF. Enfants et femmes en Burkina Faso - Une analyse de la situation. Ouagadougou, 1991.

Reference 859 Ministry of Health. Micronutrient deficiencies in Burkina Faso: country paper to FAO/WHO International Conference on Nutrition; 1992 Dec; Rome, Italy. .

Reference 2725 Raoult A. Hypovitaminose a et maladies oculaires en Haute-Volta. Rapport de mission 18 octobre -21 décembre 1973. World Health Organization, 1994.

Reference 4190 Zagre NM, Delisle H, Tarini A, Delpeuch F. Evolution des apports en vitamine A à la suite de la promotion d'huile de palme rouge chez les enfants et les femmes au Burkina Faso [Changes in vitamin A intake following the social marketing of red palm oil among children and women in Burkina Faso]. Santé, 2002, 12 :38-44.

Reference 5809 Nana CP, Brouwer ID, Zagré NM, Kok FJ, Traoré AS. Community assessment of availability, consumption, and cultural acceptability of food sources of (pro)vitamin A: Toward the development of a dietary intervention among preschool children in rural Burkina Faso. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2005, 26 :356-364.