6 X 10.5 Three Line Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-72032-8 - Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe David Art Index More information

Index

Abramowicz, Manuel, 69, 73 moderation, 227–229 Action Française, 106, 120 positions on immigration, 26, 228–229 activists Anciaux, Vic, 142 definition,19–20 Andersson, Hans-Olaf, 93 electoral performance, 33–40 Andersson, Sten, 96 reverse causation, 56 Andres, Bernard, 201 heterogeneity of, 31 Annemans, Gerolf, 114 interviews with, 26–27 anni di piombo, 41, 211 number of, 34–35 Anschluss, 115 political experience, 33 antifascism SES, 33 Italy, 210, 211, 212 SES protests, 47–48 cross-national comparison of, 49–53 Germany, 190–192 skills, 37 Great Britain, 100 social costs, 47–49 Netherlands, 84–85 types, 20, 31–33 Sweden, 87, 93–94 Adenauer, Konrad, 192, 194 Wallonia, 76 AFA, 93, 94 anti-Semitism, 32, 38 Ahl, Egil, 92 Austria, 115 Åkesson, Jimmie, 87, 90 France, 120 Aktion Widerstand, 199 Germany, 193 Albertazzi, Daniele, 226, 227 Great Britain, 98 Albia, 119 Wallonia, 73, 76 Algeria, 41, 121, 122 APS, 168–169 Algérie française, 40, 121, 122 Arku, Paul, 71 Aliot, Louis, 124 Arrighi, Pascal, 132 Allen, William Sheridan, 237 Arzheimer, Kai, 16 Allensbach Institute, 192 Attersee Circle, 119 Almirante, Giorgio, 209, 210, 211 AUNS, 173 AN, 223, 229 Auty, Colin, 103 dissolution, 229 first coalition with Berlusconi,224 B&H, 88 founding, 222 Bachelot, François, 132

263

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-72032-8 - Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe David Art Index More information

264 Index

Bailey, Bob, 104 Bomhoff, Eduard, 183 Barre, Raymond, 131 Bondevik, Kjell, 164 Basic Law (Germany), 194 Borbouse, Jean-Pierre, 72 Bastien, Marguerite, 69–70, 75 Bossi, Umberto, 56, 57, 58, 224, Beackon, Derek, 99, 100 225 Beggiato, Ettore, 218 early career, 217 Belgium, 25 media, 222 Bengtsson, Tina, 89 obsession with party organization, 216, Bergier Commission, 172 218 Bergier, Jean-François, 172 radicalization of the LN, 225–226 Berlusconi, Silvio, 190, 212, 222 recruitment of activists, 220 control of media, 222 second coalition government, 227 electoral alliance with the AN and LN, 222 stroke, 227 fall of first coalition, 225 Bottai, Giuseppe, 223 first coalition government, 224 Bouvin, John, 177 second coalition government, 226 BP, 78 statement about Mussolini, 223 Brandt, Willy, 202 support for the MSI, 222 Brinkman, Hero, 186, 187 Betz, Hans-Georg, 11 Brookman, Henry, 79, 80, 82 BGB, 169 BSS, 88, 89, 178 BHE, 193, 194, 195, 196 Bubelpartei, 137 Bijlhout, Philomena, 182 BUF, 98 Biorcio, Roberto, 220 Bull, Anna Cento, 225 Birenbaum, Guy, 125, 133 Burnley, 101 Bizeul, Daniel, 125 Burschenschaften, 117 Bjørklund, Tor, 163 BZÖ, 141 Bleich, Erik, 234 Blocher, Christoph, 43, 166, 170, 175 Cachafeiro, Margarita, 216, 219 anti-EU, 173 Calderoli, Roberto, 227 debate on wartime past, 172 Cambedelis, Jean-Christophe, 128 party organization, 173 CAMDA, 67 Blot, Yvan, 131 campaign effects, 34–35 BNP, 38, 39, 61, 98–105, 191, 239 Camre, Mogens, 149 activists candidate quality, 8, 35 lack of, 99 canvassing, 35 antifascist protests, 100 Capoccia, Giovanni, 233 biological racism, 12 Carinthia, 119, 136, 141 criminality, 104–105 cartel parties, 15 electoral breakthrough Carter, Elisabeth, 13, 16, 19, 20, 25 (see also Millwall), 99–100 cartoon controversy, 149 European elections, 63 case selection extremism, 39, 102 countries, 25 factionalism, 100, 102–103 parties, 5, 25–26 incompetence, 100, 104–105 Castelli, Roberto, 227 membership list leak, 104 CD, 35, 61, 77–86 moderates, 101–102 activists modernization of, 101–102 lack of, 81–82 modernizers, 100 antifascist protests, 84–85 origins, 99 cordon sanitaire, 82 relations with the FN, 100–101 criminality, 82 social sanctions, 103–104 electoral rules, 17

Index 265

extremism, 82, 85 Decree Against Radicals (Germany), 202 founding of, 80 Degen, Franz, 201 incompetence, 82 Degrelle, Léon, 65, 66 media, 85 Delacroix, Michel, 74, 76–77 social sanctions against, 82–85 Delta Nord, 67 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), 25 Delwit, Pascal, 68, 69 charismatic leader thesis, 8, 56–57 denazification Chirac, Jacques, 9, 126, 127, 134 Austria, 116 Club d’Horloge, 131 Germany, 194 Cobain, Ian, 103 Detraux, Francis, 71 Cocriamont, Patrick, 67, 68, 71, 73, 76 Deutsche Liga für Volk und Codreanu, Corneliu, 223 Heimat, 201 cohesion, 35–37 Deutsche National-Zeitung, 203 collaboration, 40 Dewinter, Filip, 113, 146 Austria, 41 DF, 154–158 Flanders, 109–111 activists France (see also Vichy), 122 SES, 49–51, 158 Netherlands, 78 centralization, 154–155 Wallonia, 66 cordon sanitaire (lack of), 156–157 Collett, Mark, 103, 104 extremism, 155–156 Committee TV, 122, 124, 126 factionalism, 155 comparative historical analysis, 5, 6 founding, 154 competence, 37 media, 157 Conway, Martin, 66 social sanctions (lack of), 157–158 cordon sanitaire views on Islam, 150 definition,23 Diamanti, Ilvo, 226 effects, 44–47 Diksmude, 108 timing, 23–24, 47 Dillen, Karl, 113 Cosy Party, 153 disproportionality, 16 Coveliers, Hugo, 145 DNSAP, 152 CP, 79–80 DNSP, 155 CP’86, 80, 81, 82, 85 Dorzee, Hugues, 76 Craxi, Bettino, 212, 224 Dossogne, Francis, 67 criminality, 35, 38 Downs, Anthony, 235 critical junctures, 107 Downson, James, 104 DP, 193, 194, 195, 196 Danielsen, Dag, 162 Dreux, 45, 126, 127, 130, 147 Danish Forum, 155 DRP, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197 Dansk Front, 155 Duprat, Francois, 123 De Benoist, Alain, 131 DVU, 201, 204, 206, 207 de Clercq, Staf, 111 membership, 34 de Gaulle, Charles, 122 De Jong, Winny, 182 EDU, 168 De Marsanich, Alfredo, 210, 213 Egmont Pact, 112 De Winter, Lieven, 143 Ekeroth, Kent, 92 Debbaudt, Jean-Robert, 66 Ekstrabladet, 155, 157 Deckert, Günther, 204, 205 electoral breakthrough, 4 decolonization electoral de-alignment, 10 Belgium, 66 electoral failure France, 41, 59, 121 causes of, 5 Netherlands, 62, 78 electoral persistence, 4, 5, 7

266 Index

electoral success of radical right theories of, 232–233 parties Wallonia, 65 operationalization, 4 FDF, 67 electoral system, 16–17 Federal Constitutional Court (Germany), Flanders, 3 194, 195 France, 63 Féret, Daniel, 56, 57, 64, 67, 71 Great Britain, 62–63 ejection from FNb, 76 Netherlands, 62 factionalism, 69–70 Sweden, 62 founding of FNb, 68 Wallonia, 3 legal problems, 74 ethnopluralism, 11, 18, 32, 38, 39, 101 recruitment of activists, 72–73 FN, 130, 132 Fiamma Tricolore, 227 FPÖ, 147 Fini, Gianfranco, 212, 222, 238 Eurobarometer, 14 attitudes toward fascism, 223 European Commission against Racism and distances from fascism, 228 Intolerance (ECRI), 236 Foreign Minister, 228 European Social Survey, 15 media, 222 Evian Accords, 122 popularity, 228 expert survey Finland, 24 anti-immigration of RRPs, 25 FJ, 67, 68 of radical right party organization, 21 flash parties, 1, 22, 43, 56 extremist subculture, 23, 43 Flemish Movement, 65, 108–109 Germany, 42 Flemish Song Festival, 144 Great Britain, 98 FN, 1, 5, 45, 123–135 Sweden, 88 activists extremists Algerian connection, 124–125 benefits of,39 opportunists, 132 coalition markets, 38 SES, 49–51, 132–133 cordon sanitaire, 46 cooperation with conservative parties, 128 definition,32 cordon sanitaire (lack of), 126–130 factionalism, 36, 37 electoral breakthrough in Dreux, 126 electoral rules, 16 factionalism, 35–37 European Constitution, 10 far right European Elections in 1984, 130 definition,10 Executive Bureau, 124 Germany extremism, 123 failure of, 193–195 founding, 123 Farage, Nigel, 104 legislative elections in 1986, 129 fascism, 32 membership, 34 and the AN, 223 model for other radical right parties, 30 and the MSI, 214 party split, 36, 133–134 Austria, 115–116 Political Bureau, 124, 131 Denmark, 152 relations with the Socialists, 129 Flanders, 109 subculture, 58 Germany, 189, 192–193 traverse through the desert, 123, 124 Great Britain, 98 FNationale, 70–71, 75 Italy, 18, 41, 189, 209 FNb, 19, 27, 61, 63–77 memory of, 223–224 activists legacy of, 237–238 lack of, 68–69 Netherlands, 77–78 SES, 49–51 Sweden, 87–88 and antifascist protests, 76 Switzerland, 167 anti-Semitism, 73, 76

Index 267

cordon sanitaire, 74 GDP, 196 criminality, 73–74, 75 Gerber, Alan, 35 extremists, 64–65, 73–74 Giannini, Guglielmo, 209 factionalism, 69–72 Gilbert, Mark, 225 incompetence, 73 Gilson, Daniel, 67 FNB, 70, 75 Ginsborg, Paul, 210, 223 Forr, Gudleiv, 164 Giorgetti, Giancarlo, 227 Fortuyn, Pim, 9, 179–181, 185 Girardi, Graziano, 217 Forza Italia, 216, 222, 225, 228 Givens, Terri, 13, 38 FPÖ, 2, 3, 116–120, 135–142 Glimmerveen, Johaan Georg, 78, 79 activists Glistrup, Mogens, 57, 153, 156 opportunists, 136–137 Globke, Hans, 194 SES, 49–51, 117, 139 Gollnisch, Bruno, 124, 130 competence, 140 Goodwin, Matthew, 102 consociationalism, 10 Graham, Sadie, 103 Contract of Democracy, 138 Grand Coalition (Austria), 136 cordon sanitaire (lack of), 118, 135–136 Grand Coalition (Germany), 197 EU sanctions against Austria, 8, 139–140 Grasser, Karl-Heinz, 139, 140 explanations for success, 135 GRECE, 131 factionalism, 137–138, 140–141 Greece, 24 founding, 116 Green, Donald, 35 incompetence, 140 Griffin, Nick,100 , 102, 103, 104 liberalization, 119 groupuscules, 64, 66 Nazis in, 116 Gugenbauer, Norbert, 117 party split, 36, 138, 141 Presidium, 137 Hafeneger, Bruno, 203 SES of activists, 42 Hagen, Carl, 56, 57, 151, 159, 160, 162, social sanctions (lack of), 136 165 under Strache, 142 Haider, Jörg, 22, 56, 117, 146 FPS, 169 attacks on own party, 140 Frevert, Louise, 149 BZÖ, 141 Frey, Gerhard, 201, 203 charisma, 135 Frippiat, Roland, 70 control of party organization, 137–138 Frischenschlager, Friedhelm, 117 death of, 141 Front Party (Belgium), 108 early career, 119 FrP, 159–166 Governor of Carinthia, 136 activists media, 135 SES, 164–165 resigns as party leader, 140 defense of welfare state, 160 sexual orientation, 141 electoral breakthrough, 159 wins control of FPÖ, 120 ethnopluralism, 151–152 Hamilton, Richard, 233 extremism, 161–162 Hannam, Dave, 103 media, 165 Hartz IV reforms, 205 neoliberalism, 12 Haupt, Herbert, 140, 141 origins, 159 Hedstrøm, Øystein, 151 party split, 36 Heinsbroek, Herman, 183 social sanctions (lack of), 165–166 Hellwege, Heinrich, 194 voters, 151 Herben, Matt, 182, 183, 184 FRPd, 152–153, 156 Hillygus, Sunshine, 34 historical legacies, 21–23 Garman, Yge, 82 of far right, 40–44 Gaudin, Jean-Claude, 127 Hitler, Adolf, 22

268 Index

Holeindre, Roger, 124 Kitschelt, Herbert, 17, 18, 38, 234 Hollgren, LJ, 93 Kjaersgaard, Pia, 33, 153, 156, 157 Holocaust, 32 control over DF, 154–155 denial, 38, 61, 66, 73, 99, 100, 115 founding of DF, 154 memory of, 238 views on Islam, 149 Austria, 117 Klandermans, Bert, 51 Germany, 59, 193 Klarberg, Per, 92 Switzerland, 171–172 Klarström, Anders, 89, 90 revisionism, 76, 114, 204 Kleppe, Vidar, 151 House of Liberties (Italy), 227 Kohl, Helmut, 199 Hubert, Jacques, 70 Kok, Wim, 81 Huygens, Daniel, 77 Kraneveldt, Margot, 184 Krarup, Søren, 150, 157 ideology Kraus, Herbert, 116 flexibility of,38–39 Kreisky, Bruno, 118, 136, 212 Ignazi, Piero, 18, 211, 213 Kronen Zeitung, 135 immigration, 9 Kühne, Lothar, 198 as necessary condition for RRP Kühnen, Michael, 204 success, 24 Denmark, 4 L’Assault, 69 Flanders, 62 L’heure de Vérité, 129 Netherlands, 62 La Russa, Ignazio, 223 Norway, 4 Labbé, Claude, 127 Sweden, 4, 62 Lange, Anders, 57, 159, 162 Switzerland, 167 LAOS, 188 Wallonia, 62 LDT, 168 indigenous resources, 22, 23 Le Chevallier, Jean-Marie, 130 Innsbruck Party Congress, 119 Le Gallou, Jean-Yves, 131 International Standard Classification of Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 1, 9, 56, 57, 146 Occupations (ISCO), 27, 49 2002 Presidential Election, 2, 134 Ireland, 24 2007 Presidential Election, 134 Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth,18 Committee TV, 122 founding of FN, 123 Jamet, Alain, 124 in Belgium, 68 Janmaat, Hans, 35, 56, 57, 81 media, 128–129 early career, 79 recruitment of opportunists (notables), legal problems, 83 130–132 paranoia, 86 UDCA, 121 Jannson, Mikael, 89 wartime experience, 121 Jeune Europe, 67, 68 Le Pen, Marine, 124, 134 Jeune Nation, 121 leadership Jobbik, 239 charismatic, 56–57 Jomshof, Richard, 90, 92 internal, 57 Jospin, Lionel, 134 Lecerf, Emile, 67 JSVP, 170 Lecomber, Tony, 100 Juppé, Alain, 131 Left Party (Germany), 208 legitimacy, 38 Kameradschaftsbünde, 117–118 Lemmens, Juan, 70, 71, 75 Karlsson, Bert, 176, 178 Leskens, Daniel, 67, 68, 73 Karlsson, Matthias, 90, 93 Liberal International, 119 Kemma, Erwin, 208 LiF, 138 Key, V.O., 34 Liga Veneta, 217, 218

Index 269

Linden, Annette, 83 moderates Lipset, Seymour Martin, 7, 12, 232 cordon sanitaire, 46 LL, 58, 217, 218, 219 definition, 32–33 LN, 41, 58, 216–222, 224–227 electoral success, 39 activists factionalism, 37 SES, 220 party transformation, 43 supporters versus ordinary members, modernizers, 39 218–219 Mölzer, Andreas, 137, 138, 141 first coalition with Berlusconi, Moore, Barrington, 233 224–225 Mosley, Oswald, 98 founding, 218 MSI, 41, 123, 209–215 origins, 217 activists Padania, 225–226 political experience, 214, 215 party rituals, 221 SES, 214 second coalition with Berlusconi, cordon sanitaire (lack of), 210, 212 226–227 factionalism, 212, 213 xenophobia, 226 founding, 209 LN (Livable Netherlands), 179 party organization, 215 logic of constituency representation, 39, southern Italy, 210, 213 105 strategy of tension, 211 BNP, 99 two-pronged strategy, 211 NPD, 191 under Rauti, 212 logic of electoral competition, 38–39, 105 Mudde, Cas, 11, 13, 25, 143 BNP, 101 Mussert, Anton, 77 FN, 132 Mussolini, Alessandra, 222, 223, 227 NPD, 191 Mussolini, Benito, 209, 223 LPF, 27, 37, 179–185, 240 LR, 180, 185 NA, 168 Lubbers, Marcel, 25 Nagle, John, 194, 198 Luebbert, Gregory, 233 National Democrats (Sweden), 90 Lueger, Karl, 115 National Front (Switzerland), 167 Luther, Kurt Richard, 137, 139 National right (Italy), 211, 212 nationalist subculture, 23, 40–42 MAC, 67 Austria, 41, 115–119 Maes, Wim, 111 Flanders, 41, 108–115 Magic Formula, 10, 166, 169, 175 France, 41, 120–125 Mani Pulite investigations, 212 Italy, 41 Maroni, Roberto, 227 moderates, 41–42 Martinez, Jean-Claude, 124, 132 Wallonia, 65 Maurras, Charles, 106, 120 nativism, 11 Mayer, Nonna, 51 Naumann, Werner, 195 McAdam, Doug, 22 Nawijn, Hilbrand, 184 McDonnell, Duncan, 226, 227 Nazism, 18, 32 Mégret, Bruno, 56, 124, 130–131, 132, memory of in Austria, 119 133 memory of in Germany, 59 Merveille, Jacqueline, 71 NCP, 79 Messerschmidt, Morton, 158 ND, 3, 22, 175–179 Michel, Luc, 68 neoliberalism, 11, 17–18 Millwall, 99, 100, 101 neo-Nazism, 32 Mitterrand, François, 16, 128–129, 212 Germany, 199, 204, 205, 207 MNR, 133, 134 Great Britain, 99 Mo, Geir, 160–161, 164 Netherlands, 79, 85

270 Index

neo-Nazism (cont.) ÖTB, 117, 119 Sweden, 89, 90, 91 outreach benefits, 34 Wallonia, 73 NESB, 78 Padania, 224, 226 Neubauer, Harald, 201 Pan-Germanism, 41, 59, 106, 115, 116, Neumann, Peter, 192 138, 146 New Right. See Nouvelle Droite, 18 party organization Newell, James, 224 electoral performance, 20–21 NF, 98 formal rules, 58 Nielsen, Poul Lindholm, 155 party transformation, 43 Nilsson, Kjell, 92 Pasqua, Charles, 127 NLP, 193 path dependence, 105, 233 Noelle, Elisabeth, 192 Paulsson, Tor, 90 Nols, Roger, 67–68 PdL, 229 Norris, Pippa, 13 Pederson, Karina, 156 notables. See FN: activists: opportunists Peleman, Ghislaine, 145 Nouvelle Droite, 130–131 Perrineau, Pascal, 129 NPD, 196–199, 204–208 personalization of politics, 8, 240 antifascist protests, 190–192 Peter, Friedrich, 116, 118 attempt to ban, 207 Petitjean, Charles, 77 criminality, 208 Petzner, Stefan, 141 factionalism, 191, 197–199, 208 PFN, 73, 123 former Nazis, 196–197 PFNB, 67, 68 founding, 196 pieds-noirs, 41, 122, 125 in the 1960s, 196–199 Pire, Charles, 70 in the 1990s, 204 Pontida, 221 media, 206 populism, 7, 11–12, 15, 18 moderates, 196 Portugal, 24 neo-Nazism, 199, 205, 206, 207 postindustrialization, 9 participant observation of rally, 190–192 Poujade, Pierre, 1, 2, 121, 235 since 2000, 205–208 Predolin, Roberto, 223 social sanctions (lack of), 205 PVV, 5, 185–187, 239 NSAP/SSS, 88, 89 NSB, 77, 78 Quereinsteiger. See FPÖ: activists: NSDAP, 198 opportunists NSF, 88 NSV, 113, 114, 144 racism NVU, 78–79, 80, 81 biological, 11, 32, 38 and electoral failure, 18 OAS, 41, 122 NPD, 191 Occident, 123 Western Europe, 15 Office for the Protection of the radical right parties, 4 Constitution (Germany), 202, 207 and civil society, 237 Old Right, 18 and party politics, 7 opportunists cooptation of, 236 benefits of, 39 critique of liberal democracy, 11 cordon sanitaire, 46 definition, 10–12 definition,33 empirical importance of, 8–10 factionalism, 36–37 European integration, 10 Orano, Paolo, 209 ideology, 11–12, 18–19 Ordre Nouveau, 123 liberal democracy, 11 Os, 162 party system change, 9–10

Index 271

policy-making, 9 Schönhuber, Franz, 57, 199, 200, 201 positions on immigration, 25–26 Schröder, Gerhard, 205 public debates, 9 Schüssel, Wolfgang, 140, 141, 146, 235 quality of democracy, 8 Schuurman, Wil, 85, 86 subtypes, 18–19, 25–26 Schwarzenbach Initiative, 168 theories of cross-national variation, 4, Schwarzenbach, James, 168 12–19 SD, 19, 61, 86–98 demand-side explanations, 15 activists electoral systems, 16–17 SES, 49–51, 94–95 ideology, 18–19 antifascist protests, 87, 93–94 immigration, 13–14 cordon sanitaire, 91–92, 97 unemployment, 13–14 criminality, 89–90 winning formula, 18 extremism, 39, 89–90 voters, 6, 13, 17–18, 37, 38 factionalism, 87 Raes, Roeland, 114 incompetence, 90, 96 Ranshede, Ulf, 89 Karlskrona party conference, 86–87 Rasmussen, Anders Fogh, 149, 157 links with DF, 19 Rasmussen, Poul Nyrup, 157 media, 91, 96–97 Rauti, Pino, 212, 213, 227 social sanctions, 91, 92–95 Reichhold, Matthias, 141 Séguin, Philippe, 127 Reimann, Viktor, 116 Sessler, Patrick, 68, 72 Reinfeldt, Fredrick, 96 Sevenhans, Luc, 145 Reinthaller, Anton, 116 Shields, James, 121 Rensen, Peter, 85 Sickl, Elisabeth, 140 REP, 3, 42, 199–203 silent counterrevolution, 12 activists Silvania, 119 SES, 49–51 Skaarup, Peter, 156 Reveau, Jean-Pierre, 124 Slogmeulder, Martine, 75 Rexist party, 65, 66, 109 SMF, 109 RFS, 116, 117 Smith, Ken, 103 Riess-Passer, Susanne, 139, 140 SMR/NU, 88 Ringsmosse, Jens, 156 Söder, Björn, 87, 90 Rochetta, Franco, 217, 218 SOPD, 78 Rokkan, Stein, 7 Sørensen, Ronald, 185 Rosenberg, Marcus, 93 Spain, 24, 66 Royal, Ségolène, 134 Spannau, Walter, 237 Ruitenberg, Hank, 83 SRB, 168 Rutelli, Francisco, 223 SRP, 193, 194 Rydgren, Jens, 39, 156, 178 banning of, 195, 196 St. Laguë formula, 62 Saglie, Jo, 163 Stadler, Ewald, 141 Sahlin, Mona, 87 Staud, Toralf, 206 Salvadori, Bruno, 217 Steen, Anders, 90 Sandberg, Kenneth, 93 Steger, Norbert, 117, 119, 138 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 9, 134, 236 Stepan, Alfred, 233 SBS, 168 Stirbois, Jean-Pierre, 125, 126, 129 Scarrow, Susan, 34 Stirbois, Marie, 126 Scheibner, Herbert, 139, 140 Stora, Benjamin, 128 Schill Party, 188 Strache, Heinz-Christian, 141, 142 Schlierer, Rolf, 202 strategia della tensione, 211 Schmid, Samuel, 175 Strauss, Franz Josef, 199 Schmidt, Heide, 138 SVP, 10, 166, 169–175

272 Index

SVP (cont.) activists activists political experience, 114 SES, 49–51 recruitment, 113–114 Bern section, 174, 175 SES, 114 debate about wartime past, 171–172 cordon sanitaire, 142–144 factionalism, 174–175 dissolution of, 143 immigration, 150–151 extremism, 114–115 name change, 169 factionalism, 114 origins, 169 founding, 112 party building, 173 nationalist subculture, 112–114 professionalization, 171 social sanctions (lack of), 144–146 radicalization, 171 VBJ, 114 Zürich section, 43, 174 VC, 110 Swedish Progress Party, 89 VdU, 116 Swiss Democrats, 169 Vejsels, Hugo, 145 Verzichelli, Luca, 214, 215 Taggart, Paul, 177, 178 Veugelers, Jack, 125 TAK, 113 Vichy, 107, 120, 121, 124 Tambroni, Fernando, 210 Vigilance, 168, 169 Tarchi, Marco, 213, 214 Violante, Luciano, 223 Thielen, Fritz, 196, 198 Vlaams Belang, 3, 114, 143–146 third lager (see also nationalist subculture founding, 143 Austria), 115 VLOTT, 145 Thor Steinar, 206 VMO, 110, 111, 112 Thulesen Dahl, Kristian, 156 VNJ, 113 Tixier-Vignancour, Jean-Louis, 122 VNV, 109, 110, 111, 113 Touzé, Jean-François, 129 Voigt, Udo, 191, 204, 205 training courses, 58 von Thadden, Adolf, 196, 197, 198, 199 Tramarin, Achille, 217, 218 Voorpost, 111, 112, 113 Trattnig, Krimhild, 138 Vranitzky, Franz, 120, 136 Tyndall, John, 98, 99 VU, 107, 110–112, 142, 145 VVBM, 114 UDCA, 1, 121 UDRT, 68 Wachmeister, Ian, 176–178 UKIP, 104, 188 Waffen-SS, 31, 73, 199 unemployment Waldheim affair, 172 Flanders, 62 welfare chauvinism, 17 Netherlands, 62 Were Di, 111, 112, 113 Sweden, 62 Westenthaler, Peter, 139 Wallonia, 62 Westland New Post, 67 Union Valdotaîne, 217 Widmer-Schlumpf, Eveline, 175 UNOLPA, 217, 218 Wijnschenk, Harry, 183, 184 UQ, 209 Wilders, Geert, 185–187, 239 winning formula, 17–18 Valkeniers, Bruno, 144 Winter, Franz Florian, 197 VAM, 88 WJC, 172 Van der Brug, Wouter, 13, 46, 180 Van der Plas, Richard, 82 Xavier-Robert, François, 70, 75 Van Gogh, Theo, 187 Van Spanje, Joost, 46 Ysmal, Colette, 125, 132 Vanhecke, Frank, 113 VB, 2, 112–115, 142–143, 144, 145 Zand, Michael, 96, 97