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Neue Parteien in Westeuropa. Erfolge Und Auswirkungen Auf Parteiensysteme, 1960-1999

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Neue Parteien in Westeuropa. Erfolge Und Auswirkungen Auf Parteiensysteme, 1960-1999 Neue Parteien in Westeuropa. Erfolge und Auswirkungen auf Parteiensysteme, 1960-1999 Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Sven Quenter aus Lahnstein 2001 Vom Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie als Dissertation angenommen am ...............16. November 2001 Tag der Disputation / mündlichen Prüfung ...............16. November 2001 Gutachter Prof. Dr. Dirk Berg-Schlosser ...........Prof. Dr. Frank Deppe ..... Prof. Dr. Hans Karl Rupp NEUE PARTEIEN IN WESTEUROPA. Erfolge und Auswirkungen auf Parteien- systeme, 1960–1999 SVEN QUENTER Gisselberger Strasse 19 D-35037 Marburg Sven Quenter Marburg Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ix Tabellenverzeichnis xviii Danksagungen xxi 1. EINLEITUNG 1 2. UBER¨ DAS STUDIUM NEUER PARTEIEN 11 1. Parteibegriff 11 2. Neue Parteien 16 2.1 Lebensspannen politischer Parteien 16 2.2 Alte und neue Parteien 20 2.2.1 Definition 20 2.2.2 Problemfalle¨ 24 3. Erfolg (neuer) politischer Parteien 26 4. Forschungsstand 28 4.1 Entstehung neuer politischer Parteien 29 4.2 Erfolg neuer politischer Parteien 38 3. ERFOLGREICHE NEUE PARTEIEN IN WESTEUROPA – UNTERSUCHUNGSMODELL UND UBERSICHT¨ 47 1. Untersuchungsmodell 47 1.1 Die Grenzen des Cleavge-Modells 47 1.2 Mehrheits- und Konsensdemokratien 49 1.3 Mehrheits- und Konsensdemokratien in Westeuropa 59 1.4 Untersuchungshypothesen 65 2. Erfolgreiche neue Parteien – Ubersicht¨ 70 4. ERFOLGSBEDINGUNGEN NEUER PARTEIEN 85 1. Politische Strukturen 85 2. Organisationsgrad politischer Parteien 90 3. Gesellschaftliche Heterogenitat¨ 91 4. Zusammensetzung von Regierungen 95 v vi NEUE PARTEIEN IN WESTEUROPA 5. Disproportionalitat¨ von Wahlsystemen 99 6. Wahlerfluktuationen¨ 102 7. Fragmentierung und Polarisierung von Parteiensystmen 105 8. Ausblick 108 Appendices 109 A– Parteien 109 1. Parteienverzeichnis 110 1.1 Osterreich¨ 110 1.2 Belgien 112 1.3 Danemark¨ 116 1.4 Finnland 118 1.5 Deutschland 120 1.6 Grossbritannien 125 1.7 Irland 127 1.8 Italien 130 1.9 Niederlande 136 1.10 Norwegen 138 1.11 Schweden 140 2. Politische Postionen von Parteien 142 2.1 Konstruktion der Links-Rechts-Skala 142 2.2 Links-Rechts-Positionen der Parteien 143 B– Wahldaten 151 1. Datenerfassung 152 2. Fehlerkorrekturen und Datenmodifikationen 153 2.1 Osterreich¨ 154 2.2 Belgien 154 2.3 Danemark¨ 158 2.4 Finnland 159 2.5 Deutschland 160 2.6 Grossbritannien 161 2.7 Irland 162 2.8 Italien 162 2.9 Niederlande 163 2.10 Norwegen 164 3. Dokumentation der Wahldaten 166 3.1 Osterreich¨ 167 3.2 Belgien 172 3.3 Danemark¨ 181 3.4 Finnland 190 3.5 Deutschland 196 3.6 Grossbritannien 202 3.7 Irland 208 3.8 Italien 213 3.9 Niederlande 221 3.10 Norwegen 228 3.11 Schweden 234 Inhaltsverzeichnis vii C– Sonstige Daten 239 1. Parteipolitische Zusammensetzung von Regierungen 239 1.1 Regierungen Osterreich¨ 243 1.2 Regierungen Belgien 244 1.3 Regierungen Danemark¨ 248 1.4 Regierungen Finnland 250 1.5 Regierungen Deutschland 254 1.6 Regierungen Grossbritannien 257 1.7 Regierungen Irland 259 1.8 Regierungen Italien 261 1.9 Regierungen Niederlande 265 1.10 Regierungen Norwegen 267 1.11 Regierungen Schweden 270 2. Gesellschaftliche Heterogenitat¨ 272 3. Indikatoren fur¨ Mehrheits- und Konsensdemokratien 274 Abbildungsverzeichnis 1.1 Anteil der Ver¨offentlichungenuber ¨ extrem rechte Parteien 4 1.2 Anteil der Ver¨offentlichungenuber ¨ gr¨une Parteien 6 2.1 Lebensspannenmodell politischer Parteien [nach Pedersen (1982, 8)] 19 2.2 Lebensspannen alter“ und neuer“ Parteien 22 ” ” 2.3 Entstehungs-/Erfolgsbedingungen 29 3.1 Politische Strukturen und Transformation gesellschaftlicher Konfliktlinien 56 3.2 Mehrheits- und Konsensdemokratien (Untersuchungsf¨alle) 63 3.3 Mehrheits- und Konsensdemokratien (Lijphart 1999) 64 3.4 Typologie westeurop¨aischer L¨ander – neue Parteien 83 4.1 Disproportionalit¨at und St¨arke neuer Parteien 103 4.2 Volatilit¨at und St¨arke neuer Parteien 106 C.1 Struktur von Konfliktlinien (schematisch) 273 ix Tabellenverzeichnis 1.1 M¨ogliche Auswirkungen (neuer) Parteien auf Parteiensysteme 3 3.1 Merkmale von Mehrheits- und Konsensdemokratien 54 3.2 Faktorenanalyse der Indikatoren Lijpharts, 1945-96 61 3.3 Erfolgreiche und erfolglose neue Parteien nach Ursprung 72 3.4 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien – Zusammenfassung 73 3.5 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien (Neugr¨undungen), 1960-99 75 3.6 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien (Fusionen), 1960-99 76 3.7 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien (Abspaltungen), 1960-99 76 3.8 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien – Stimmen- und Mandatsanteile nach L¨andern 77 3.9 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien – Stimmen- und Mandatsanteile nach Ursprung 78 3.10 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien – Stimmen- und Mandatsanteile nach Perioden 78 3.11 Erfolgreiche neue Parteien – Stimmen- und Mandatsanteile nach Parteifamilien 80 3.12 Typologie westeurop¨aischer L¨ander – neue Parteien 81 4.1 Politische Strukturen – Faktorwerte 86 4.2 Regressionsanalyse: Politische Strukturen – alle neuen Parteien (Mandatsanteile) 86 xi xii NEUE PARTEIEN IN WESTEUROPA 4.3 Regressionsanalyse: Politische Strukturen – erfolgreiche neuen Par- teien (Mandatsanteile) 87 4.4 Regressionsanalyse: Politische Strukturen – neue Parteien (Mandatsanteile) 88 4.5 Regressionsanalyse: Oranisationsgrad – neue Parteien (Mandatsanteile) 91 4.6 Regressionsanalyse: Ges. Heterogenit¨at – neue Parteien (Mandatsanteile) 93 4.7 Regressionsanalyse: Ges. Heterogenit¨at – erfolgreiche neue Partei- en (Mandatsanteile) 94 4.8 Regressionsanalyse: Heterogenit¨at und F¨oderalismus – neue Partei- en (Mandatsanteile) 94 4.9 Regressionsanalyse: Richtungswechsel der Regierung (allg.) – neue Parteien (Mandatsanteile) 96 4.10 Regressionsanalyse: Ubergrosse¨ Koalitionen – neue Parteien (Man- datsanteile) 97 4.11 Regressionsanalyse: Regierungszusammensetzung – erfolgreiche neue Parteien (Mandatsanteile, erste Wahlbeteiligung) 98 4.12 Disproportionalit¨atsindices 101 4.13 Regressionsanalyse: Disproportionalit¨at – neue Parteien 102 4.14 Regressionsanalyse: Volatilit¨at – neue Parteien 105 4.15 Regressionsanalyse: Volatilit¨at und Strukturmerkmale – neue Parteien 105 4.16 Regressionsanalyse: Fragmentierung und Strukturmerkmal – er- folgreich neue Parteien 107 A.1 Inkonsistente Parteiencodes bei Mackie & Rose (1991) und Mackie & Rose (1991) 125 A.2 Kategorien der Links-Rechts-Skala 143 A.3 Polarisierung von Parteiensysteme 145 A.3 Polarisierung von Parteiensysteme 146 A.3 Polarisierung von Parteiensysteme 147 A.3 Polarisierung von Parteiensysteme 148 Tabellenverzeichnis xiii A.3 Polarisierung von Parteiensysteme 149 A.3 Polarisierung von Parteiensysteme 150 B.1 Quellen der Wahldaten 152 B.2 Wahlen – Fehler Osterreich¨ 154 B.3 Wahlen – Fehler Belgien 156 B.4 Wahlen Belgien 1999 – kleinere Parteien 156 B.4 Wahlen Belgien 1999 – kleinere Parteien 157 B.4 Wahlen Belgien 1999 – kleinere Parteien 158 B.5 Wahlen – Fehler D¨anemark 159 B.6 Wahlen – Fehler Finnland 160 B.7 Wahlen – Fehler Grossbritannien 161 B.8 Wahlen – Fehler Irland 162 B.9 Wahlen – Fehler Italien 163 B.10 Wahlen – Fehler Niederlande 164 B.11 Stimmenanteile f¨ur Listenverbindungen - Beispiel Norwegen 1981 165 B.12 Wahldaten Osterreich¨ 167 B.13 Wahldaten Osterreich¨ - Parteien 167 B.13 Wahldaten Osterreich¨ - Parteien 168 B.13 Wahldaten Osterreich¨ - Parteien 169 B.13 Wahldaten Osterreich¨ - Parteien 170 B.13 Wahldaten Osterreich¨ - Parteien 171 B.14 Wahldaten Belgien 172 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 172 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 173 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 174 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 175 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 176 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 177 xiv NEUE PARTEIEN IN WESTEUROPA B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 178 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 179 B.15 Wahldaten Belgien - Parteien 180 B.16 Wahldaten D¨anemark 181 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 181 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 182 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 183 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 184 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 185 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 186 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 187 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 188 B.17 Wahldaten D¨anemark - Parteien 189 B.18 Wahldaten Finnland 190 B.19 Wahldaten Finnland - Parteien 190 B.19 Wahldaten Finnland - Parteien 191 B.19 Wahldaten Finnland - Parteien 192 B.19 Wahldaten Finnland - Parteien 193 B.19 Wahldaten Finnland - Parteien 194 B.19 Wahldaten Finnland - Parteien 195 B.20 Wahldaten Deutschland 196 B.21 Wahldaten Deutschland - Parteien 196 B.21 Wahldaten Deutschland - Parteien 197 B.21 Wahldaten Deutschland - Parteien 198 B.21 Wahldaten Deutschland - Parteien 199 B.21 Wahldaten Deutschland - Parteien 200 B.21 Wahldaten Deutschland - Parteien 201 B.22 Wahldaten Grossbritannien 202 Tabellenverzeichnis xv B.23 Wahldaten Grossbritannien - Parteien 202 B.23 Wahldaten Grossbritannien - Parteien 203 B.23 Wahldaten Grossbritannien - Parteien 204 B.23 Wahldaten Grossbritannien - Parteien 205 B.23 Wahldaten Grossbritannien - Parteien 206 B.23 Wahldaten Grossbritannien - Parteien 207 B.24 Wahldaten Irland 208 B.25 Wahldaten Irland - Parteien 208 B.25 Wahldaten Irland - Parteien 209 B.25 Wahldaten Irland - Parteien 210 B.25 Wahldaten Irland - Parteien 211 B.25 Wahldaten Irland - Parteien 212 B.26 Wahldaten Irland 213 B.27 Wahldaten Italien - Parteien 213 B.27 Wahldaten Italien - Parteien 214 B.27 Wahldaten Italien - Parteien 215 B.27 Wahldaten Italien - Parteien 216 B.27 Wahldaten Italien - Parteien 217 B.27 Wahldaten Italien - Parteien 218 B.27 Wahldaten Italien - Parteien 219
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