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Kfaang and Its Technologies : Towards a Social History of Mobility in Kom, Cameroon, 1928-1998 Nkwi, W.G

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Kfaang and Its Technologies : Towards a Social History of Mobility in Kom, Cameroon, 1928-1998 Nkwi, W.G Kfaang and its technologies : towards a social history of mobility in Kom, Cameroon, 1928-1998 Nkwi, W.G. Citation Nkwi, W. G. (2011, May 24). Kfaang and its technologies : towards a social history of mobility in Kom, Cameroon, 1928-1998. African studies collection. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17674 Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the License: Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/17674 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Kfaang and its technologies Towards a social history of mobility in Kom, Cameroon, 1928-1998 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 24 mei 2011 klokke 16.15 uur door Walter Gam Nkwi geboren te Bamenda in 1967 Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof. dr. M.E. de Bruijn (University of Leiden) Prof. dr. F.B. Nyamnjoh (University of Cape Town) Overige leden: Prof. dr. R.J. Ross (University of Leiden) Dr. P. Konings (Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden) Prof. dr. M. Rowlands (University College, London) African Studies Centre African Studies Collection, vol. 30 Kfaang and its technologies Towards a social history of mobility in Kom, Cameroon, 1928-1998 Walter Gam Nkwi African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands [email protected] http://www.ascleiden.nl Cover design: Heike Slingerland Cover photo: “The reading ‘drama’ of the kfaang men” [The Parish archives, Njinikom. Photo taken by Rev. Fr. Leonard Jacobs] Printed by Ipskamp Drukkers, Enschede ISSN 1876-018X ISBN 978-90-5448-101-0 © Walter Gam Nkwi, 2011 Contents Photos, maps and tables viii Acknowledgements x 1. INTRODUCTION: THEORY AND PROGRESS OF KFAANG 1 Tradition and modernity in kfaang 4 Information communication technology (ICT) 6 Mobility 8 The ‘construction of society’ 12 Structure of the thesis 14 2. BACKGROUND AND METHOLDOGY 17 Introduction 17 Proposed history writing 17 A brief description of the fieldwork region 18 Kom in the history and historiography of the Bamenda Grasslands 22 Fieldwork: The archives in Cameroon and Europe 25 Fieldwork: Oral traditions in Kom 31 Fieldwork: Talking and interacting with people - Towards a historical ethnography 32 Conclusion 34 3. KOM IN GLOBAL COMMUNICATION ECOLOGY, C. 1928 - C. 1998 35 Introduction 35 The creation and expansion of Kom 35 Political leadership in Kom 38 The dynamics of geographical mobility 40 Indigenous industry and the colonial situation 41 Geography and mobility 42 Trade and mobility 42 The British period (tu ingris), c. 1920s - 1961 50 The post colonial period, 1961-1998 51 Conclusion 52 v 4. ROADS, MOBILITY AND KFAANG, C. 1928 - 1998 53 Introduction 53 Colonialism and road construction 53 Bamenda-Njinikom road, c. 1928 - c. 1954 56 The Fon and the road construction 57 Njinikom-Fundong road, 1955-1959 60 Ngwaah-Abuh-Fujua-Fundong road, 1959-1960 62 Anyajua-Babungo-Belo road, 1955-1961 63 Mbueni-Njinikom road, 1959-1979 63 The second phase of Bamenda-Kom road, 1993-1998 64 The road and consequences 65 The Congo Bar 68 Conclusion 71 5. MOTOR VEHICLE (AFUE’M A KFAANG) 73 Introduction 73 The motor vehicle in Kom 74 The vehicle and photo 76 The ‘domestication’ of newness (technology, kfaang) 79 Sitting arrangements and running commentaries 81 The motor vehicle in society 82 Motor vehicles and social status 86 Conclusion 88 6. CHURCH, CHRISTIANITY AND KFAANG IN KOM (NDO FIYINI NI IWO FIYINI KFAANG) 90 Introduction 90 Reforms and reformers, c. 1926 – c. 1966 91 Christians on the move 95 The birth of ‘new men’ 102 The catechist school and ‘important new men’ 104 Female Christians in the limelight seek happiness 109 Other women on the move 110 Juliana Ekfwi Chiambong and the Credit Union in Kom 111 How transformed were those who appropriated the church and Christianity 115 Conclusion 116 vi 7. SCHOOL, SCHOOLING AND LITERACY (NDOGWALI KFAANG), 1928 TO C. 1980 117 Introduction 117 Education on the colonial and missionary agenda 119 St. Anthony’s school, Njinikom, Kom, 1928 121 Women, schooling and mobility 124 Biographical sketches 127 Chief Anyway Ndichia Timti: A new model 132 Conclusion 138 8. MOBILITY AND ENCOUNTERS WITH DIFFERENT WORLDS 139 Introduction 139 Kom-Bamenda encounter: Kubou’s compound (a beikubou), old town 141 Journey from Kom to old town (Bamenda), 1928 - c. 1970s 142 Kubou’s compound in Cameroon politics 146 The significance of Kubou’s compound for the creation of ‘Komness’ 150 Nkongsamba or ‘Nkong’, 1922-1961: Mobility and coffee 153 Going to the coast (Itini kfaang), 1928 – c. 1960s 158 The purveyors of kfaang and sharing kfaang things 160 The Kom-Yola connection 167 Dept and durability of kfaang 168 Conclusion 170 9. CONCUSION: KOM IDENTIY, A WORK IN PROGRESS 172 The relationship between technology, society and social hierarchies 172 Kfaang and its purveyors 174 Technologies and identity construction 175 Social change and continuity 175 ‘The Kom identity’ or just ‘Kom identity’ 176 Dynamism of Kom identity 176 The confluence between history and anthropology 177 The intended contribution of this work 177 References 179 Summary 217 Samenvatting (Dutch summary) 223 vii Photos, maps and tables Photos 2.1 Destroyed files in the Buea archives 26 2.2 Bales of papers in the Bamenda provincial archives 26 3.1 A Kom carrier with his luggage en route to Northern Nigeria in 1940 48 4.1 People constructing the road 60 4.2 Michael Mbeng with his new bicycle 67 4.3 The Congo Bar in its old state 70 4.4 The Congo Bar almost beyond recognition 70 5.1 The vehicle 77 5.2 The vehicle owner and his ‘family’ 78 6.1 The Njinikom church building which was demolished in 1936 96 6.2 The church and the priest’s residence 99 6.3 The church compound which included the school, cemetery and the catechumenate 99 6.4 Carriers resting near River Nyong 100 6.5 The Christians and missionaries returning from Bali, 1907 100 6.6 Transportation of a missionary’s child in his baby cot 101 6.7 Christians carrying the goods of the priests to Njinikom from Victoria 101 6.8 Christians carrying the goods of their priests going on outstations 102 6.9 Rev. Fr, Leo Onderwater with his mission boy 103 6.10 The photo of mission girls with their master 104 6.11 Carrier, carrying a Rev. Fr. on his way to an outstation 107 6.12 The reading ‘drama’ and the audience watching from behind and admiring the kfaang men 108 6.13 Juliana Chiambong’s certificate of recognition as one of the first members of the Credit Union 113 6.14 Old Credit Union building, Atuilah, Njinikom 113 6.15 Juliana Ekfwi Chiambong 114 6.16 The certificate of Baptism of Chiambong 114 7.1 Two teachers in their official outfit in the 1940s 130 7.2 Chief Anyway Ndichia Timti, the person who championed kfaang 136 8.1 Kubou’s compound in November 2008 146 8.2 The Fon’s arrival in bamenda 148 8.3 A partial view of Kom people in their official traditional outfit receiving their Fon in Bamenda 149 8.4 The Fon’s entourage 149 8.5 The introduction of a chindo to the nkwifon bench 150 8.6 The partial view of the building of the Cooperative Union 156 8.7 Young men displaying kfaang both in sitting style, clothes and materiality 165 8.8 A kfaang man displaying his ilung-i-kfaang radio 165 8.9 Kfaang youths with new postures while seated, and their new hair styles too 166 8.10 Two women of kfaang display their kfaang-ness 166 8.11 New ways of exhibiting kfaang 167 8.12 The picture of a young Kom man in Victoria in 1957 169 viii Maps 2.1 The position of Kom in the Bamenda Grasslands of Cameroon 19 2.2 Kom Fondom showing its villages and sub-chiefdoms 20 2.3 Migratory routes of Kom people to their present site 21 3.1 Relief map of Kom 43 3.2 The Bamenda Grasslands showing trade routes used by Kom traders 45 4.1 Road communication network in Kom 66 8.1 Some of the mobility patterns generated by Kom people between 1928 and 1998 140 Tables 3.1 Population figures of Kom between 1928 and 1968 41 3.2 Farmers and traders in eight Kom settlements in 1927 44 7.1 Names and years of headmasters of St. Anthony’s primary school 123 7.2 The first eight girls at St. Anthony’s school, Njinikom 124 7.3 The number of girls at St. Marie Goretti’s primary school between 1959 and 1980 127 8.1 List of Presidents of Kom Area Cooperative Union Limited 155 ix Acknowledgements According to Achebe (1987: 122), ’the cock that crows in the morning belongs to one household but his voice is the property of the neighbourhood’. In other words, although I might have written this work, many people and institutions contributed directly or in- directly to its realisation. Given the limitations of space, only a few of these people and institutions can be acknowledged here and it is a pleasure to do so. From September 2007 to September 2010, the unwavering commitment of the Afrika- Studiecentrum, (ASC) Leiden, The Netherlands, and The University of Buea, Cameroon, made it possible for me to realise this project. These institutions provided the means needed. In addition, the ASC provided me generous stipends to facilitate my stay in The Netherlands and to pursue fieldwork both in Europe and in Cameroon.
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