||ililflil]ilil b cAia. _ _ o17os3 ilst FQRt0Aft il1?053 ;?:,iJ:ilIii*.*s'*sTr* l- l-r\llDl,lAlll'CiIMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS \tiii:iifi:;i:|\i hUlj iLrriiJA

Page

SIJMMARY I.

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ii.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii.

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. OBJECTIVES 2.

3. METHODS 2. 3.1 LiteratureSurvey J.

3.2 InterviewProcess J.

3.3 Field Survey J. 3.4 AdditionalSurveys 6.

4. RESULTS 6. 4.1 Definitionof a GrassyWoodland 6. 4.2 GrassyWoodlands in the WesternAustralian Wheatbelt 7. 4.3 Deciineof GrassyWoodlands 8. 4.4 The lnterviewProcess 8. 4.5 Field Survey 9. 4 .5 . 1 Descriptionof EstablishedGrassy Woodland Site 10. 4.5 .2 Flora on EstablishedGrassy Woodland Sites t7. 4.5.3 SpeciesAbundance on EstablishedGrassy Woodland Sites t7.

5. DISCUSSION 20.

6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH .A

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 26. APPENDICES

Survey Form and List of Respondents List of GrassyWoodland SitesIdentified GrassyWoodland Monitoring Data PhotographicRecords of the Field Sites Vascular Plant Speciesof GrassyWoodlands Distribution of Plant SpeciesRecorded in GrassyWoodlands SpeciesRecorded From Plots in Order of DecreasingFrequency Known lncations of Themedatriandra Q. australis) from the WAHERB Specimen Database.

TABLES

1: List of EstablishedGrassy Woodland Sites Summaryof SpeciesRichness and Cover Resultson the ten GrassyWoodland Sites J: Comparisonof generarepresented tn Eucalyptusloxophleba Woodlands in 1906 and 1995.

FIGURS,S

Administrative Regionsof the Deparnnentof Conservationand Land Management 2: Natural Regionsadapted from Beards1990 3: Locationof StudyArea Map showingpositiors of sitesGWl andGW2 5: Map showingpositions of sites GW3 and GW4 6: Map showingpositions of sitesGW5 i: Map showingpositions of sitesGW6 8: Map showingpositions of sites GW7 9: Map showingpositions of sites GW8 10: Map showingpositions of sites GW9 l1: Map showingpositions of sitesGW10 STJMMARY

Temperategrasslands are amongstthe most threatenedecosystems in Australia due to widespreadagricultural deveiopment(Lunt 1995). These grasslandshave been dramaticallyaltered and are poorly representedil conservationreserves (Lunt 1990). This report reviews Grassywoodlands in WesternAustralia and as such forms part of a wider studyon thesecommunities in Australia.

The south-westof Western Australia was previously covered with large areas of woodlandssuch as York Gum-Jamand SalmonGum. Thesewere often found on the heavierfertile soils of the valleys which were seiectivelycleared for agriculture. The aim of this project was to determinethe existence,previous and current extent of Grassywoodlands, and though selectedfield trials establishthe compositionof these communitiesin the Wheatbeltof WesternAustralia.

It wasdetermined from histodcalrecords that grasslandsand grassy woodiands were a part of the early vegetationof the WesternAustralia. Recordsof early settlersat the Swanconstantly referred to the open,parklike appearanceof the country with scattered ffees and grassy ground layer. The literature indicated that these communities, particularly the York Gum-JamGrassy woodiandswere subjectedto frequent fire regimes from the Aborigiml population prior to Europeansettlement. There were several critical consequencesof settlementfor theseplant communities, namely the disruptionof the native burningpattems, increased grazing by introducedanimals and widespreadclearing.

Field surveysundertaken to documentthe flora speciescomposition of theseGrassy woodlandsdefined two main types,these were - York Gum (Eucalyptustoxophteba)- Jam (Acacia acuminata)Woodland and Open Woodlandsof mixed Eucalypts (Eucatyptuswandoo, Eucalyptw capillosa andEucalypus salmonophloia).One other 'granite type of communitywas described- the meadow',this was comprisedof grassesand herbs with a few (lessthan 5%) shrubsusually of Acaciasp. on shallow soils over granite,in associationwith graniteoutcrops. The ten sitessampled were domhatedby the native grusesNeurachne alopecuroidea, Stipa trichoplrylla, the herb Borya sphaerocephalaand the low sedgeLoxocarya cinerea. The herbs and forbes dominatedthe speciescomposition.

The speciescomposition of the Grassywoodlands sampled in 1995is consideredlikely to be representativeof the earlierexamples of this vegetation.However, historical descriptiorssuggest that changedgrazing and fire regimeshave resulted in a reduction of the role of grassspecies in the understoreycomposition of this vegetation.

A series of recommendatiorxsummarising further researchneeds, monitoring and conservationneeds of theseareas have been suggested. ll.

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Project Coordination: Dr Libby Mattiske, Principal

Researchand Reporting: Ms DeniseTrue, SeniorBiologist

Field Assistance: Ms CathyGodden, Biologist Mr Andrew Johnston,Biologist

Plant Identifications: Dr Eleanor Bennett,Principal Bot'nist

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authorswould like to gratefully acknowledgeall of the peoplewho participatedin the interview process.Particular thenks go to the following peoplewho openly helped in expandingthe coverageof this project through their knowledgeand experience- AngasHopkhs, Mike Fitzgeraldand Lyn A&ins. Specialthanks to David Mitchell for valuablecomments during the report editing stages.

Thanls also go to l,ouise Gilfedderand Jamie Kirkpatrick (Iasmania)for their patience in answering my many questions regarding Grasslands and Grassy Woodland conservationand for the organisationof the field excursion.

This project was funded by the Australian Nature ConservationAgency National Biodiversity ConservationPrograrn under the GrasslandsEcology Program - 1993/94 @roject No. G008) l.

1. INTRODUCTION

Temperategrasslands are amongstthe mostthreatened ecosystems in Australia due to widespreadagriculnral development(hmt, 1995).Theyhave been dramatically altered and are poorly representedin conservationreserves.

Vegetation in the Western Australian Wheatbelt has been cleared extensively for agriculturalpurposes in lesstban 100 years. The Wheatbeltof WesternAustralia was previouslycovered with large areasof woodlandssuch as York Gum-Jamand Salmon Gum. They were often found on the heavier fertile soils of the valleys which were selectivelycleared for agriculture.

After extensiveclearing for agriculture, there were few remnantsof thesewoodlands lg6nining in the Wheatbelt. Due to their open Mture, their relatively high nutrient status and the levels of disturbance,most of these remnantshave been invaded by introduced grassesand other weeds. Thus, there a very few examples of these woodlandswhich remain in their original conditionand retainthe original understorey. The remaining remnants are under continuing pressure,and hence location and documentation of these renurants are crucial in order to develop appropriate managementto eDsuretheir persistence.

In WestemAustralia" many vegetationand floristic studieshave been undertakenon sandplaincommunities in the Wheatbelt(Pate and Beard 1984; Griffrn er al. 1985; Brown 1989); however, there is little inforrnation on the biology, ecology and disbibutionofthe oncewidespread woodland communities. Recently the C.S.I.R.O.have undertakenstudies in this areawith an investigationinto regenerationof SalmonGum (Eucalyptuss almonophlo ia) communities.

Remnantvegetation surveys have beenundertaken in many areasof the Wheatbelt. Thesesurveys have included documentation on the vegetationtypes, the conditionof the vegetation,vegetation maps and dishibution maps of theseremnants. However the only sourceof systematicvegetation classification and distribution in the Wheatbeltis the broad scalevegetation mapping by Beard (1972-1980).An investigationas to the "grassy existenceand dishibution ofremaining woodlands"has not beenundertaken, and much land clearinghas occured sincethe dateofthose surveys. OBJECTTVES

The objectivesof the project were:

. Review the literature on grassywoodlands.

. Interview specialistsin the field on the conceptand potential locations and condition of grassywoodlands in WestemAustralia.

. Identify good quality, undisturbedYork-gum, Jam wattle and other Grassy Woodland remnantsin the Wheatbelt basedon information available in the scientific literatureand suppliedby specialistsin the field.

. Survey a selectionof the identified sites to documentthe (presumed)original flora speciescomposition ofthese grassy woodlands.

. Preparea final report giving details of the remnantsand providing a basis for frrther research,monitoring andconservation ofthese areas.

METHODS

3.1 Literature Survey

A numberof publishedand unpublishedrepods were reviewed (seeBibliography) to clariff a definition of grassywoodlands itr WesternAusralia and to provide previously identified examplesof grassywoodlands in WesternAustralia. The literature review was used to locate previous studiesthat provided information on the previous and current distribution, compositionand statusof gmssywoodlands in the Wheatbeltof WesternAustralia.

Secondlythe review was usedto list people with expertisein this researcharea for participation in the interview process. This aspect of the review enabled the compilationof a target list of researchersand other peoplewith expertiseand possible knowledgeof sites of grassywoodlands h WesternAustralia used in the interview process. 3.

3.2 Interview Process

A list of potential intervieweeswas compiled from the review and from personal recommendations.An interview guide describingthe project and a survey form were then developed.Initial contactwith intervieweeswas madeby phoneand survey forms were then either sentout or a follow-up interview made in person.

The survey form and interviews were designedto obtain information to assist the project, specificallyon typesand locationsof grassywoodlands as lvell as any datathat people may have obtainedon grassywoodlands, both publishedand unpublished.ln addition, further suggestionswere soughton other people to interview. The survey form and a list of respondentsis includedin Appendix A.

3.3 Field Survey

The project area is the region in Western Australia broadly described as the 'Wheatbelt', it includesBeards (1981) WheatbeltBotanical Region and parts of the Mallee Botanical Region and CoolgardieBotanical Region (South-westlnterzone). These Botanic Regions of Beard correspondrespectively to the Avon-Wheatbelt, Mallee and CoolgardieBiogeographic Regions as defined by the krterim Biogeographic Regionalisationof Australia (Thackway and Cresswell 1994). The Deparfirent of Conservationand Land Management'sWheatbelt Region also falls within this area (Figures 1 and 2).

Sites of gnssy woodlands were sampled for their floristic composition and environmentalattributes. The siteswere locatedin different land tenures,seven sites were locatedin conservationreserves, one vestedwith the Water Authority, one was listed as an unvestedcamping reseryeand one was on private property.

A 20m x 20m plot was establishedat each site and marked permanen0ywith star picketsat eachcomer. The plot wastlen subdividedinto four quadratsand the species and foliage percentagecover recordedin eachquadrat. The abundanceof eachspecies recordedwas rated for fhe plot using a scale: 1- rare;2 - uncommon;3- medium; 4- common;5 - abundant.

The environmentalattributes recordedwere: latitude and longitude using a Global Positioning Syslem (GPS) at the North-west corner of each site, position in the landscape,soil, area,grazing history Gf known) and fue history. Photographicrecords were madeat eachsite. CALM ADMINI STRATIVEREGIONS Regionalboundary Regionalofrce Disrrict offrce

km

lvfiD

Gcr-d&os

\ l. V-*.' WHEATBEL Mcncdin Wanaeroo r-- SWAN .

Buss.lton CENTRAL FOREST SOUTHERN FOREST

of Conservation and ligure I Administrative Regions of the Department Management(From Lyonsand Gibson 1994) NaturalRegions adapted from Beard1990 (From Lyonsand Gibson1994) 6.

3.4 Additional Surveys

Another projectinvestigating the temporalchanges in York Gum-JamCommunities (MattiskeConsulting Pfy Ltd, 1995)was being undertaken simultaneously with this projectby ManiskeConsulting Pty Ltd. The objectivesof the York Gum-Jamprojeci were to investigatefactors of growthof the communitiesand the influenceof events such as burning over a ten year period in a numberof selectedreserves. Liaison betweenthis projectand the Monitoringof York Gum-JamWoodlands Project was madeto locatepotential sites and provide additional data.

The 1995 Conferenceof the EcologicalSociety of Australiaheld in Tasmaniain Octoberprovided an opportunityfor DeniseTrue to undertakea field excursionof the TasmanianGrasslands. This field excursionformed part of theGrassiand Ecology and ConservationSymposia of the conferenceattended.

The conferenceand excursionprovided the opportunityto discussaspects of this project with known grasslandexperts on a nationalbasis. These discussions proved invaluablein assistingin determiningthe definitionof grassywoodlands in Western Australia,understanding the conservation values and aspects of this vegetationtype and their management.The field excursionvisited lowland temperategrasslands in the Midlandsof Tasmaniaand native pasrures. Montane grasslands of the CentralPlateau werealso visited at a later stase.

4. RESULTS

4.r Definition of a GrassyWoodland

Theworking definition of a GrassyWoodland used for thepurposes of this projectwas providedby the AustralianNature Conservation Agency as "A woodlandwhere the understoreyconsists predominately of grassspecies (alsoincludes sedges, rushes and othergrass-like plants)" .

Gillisonand Walker (1981) define a woodlandas, "a structuralplant formation usually with a graminoidcomponent dominated by perennialwoody plants over 2m tall which "The do not havetheir crownstouching. termswoodland and savanna are oftenused 'savanna' interchangeably,however generallyrefers to the graminoid (grasslike) component.Ushg this definitiona GrassyWoodland may alsohave been described as a Savanna.

In thestrictest dehnition according to Grovesand Williams (1981) "a naturalgrassland is a plant communityin which the dominantspecies are pererurial(native) grasses, there are few or no shrubs, and trees are absent" Recognisingthe impacts on vegetationthat have occurred since European settlement, Grove and Williams (1981) "communities presentthe defnition of in Australiadominated by indigenousperennial t.

grasses,but which nearlyalways include some introduced and alien species".

Pertinentto this projectGrove and Williams (1981)also include in the definitionof Grasslands,"theperennial grass understorey to openEucalyptus woodiand in northern Australia; in southernAustralia they (grassywoodlands) have evolved as a resultof removing or thinning the original tree cover and repeatedburning and grazing of the understorey" .

4.2 Grassy Woodlands in the Wheatbelt of Western Australia

According to Moore (1973),the woodlandsand forestsof south-westof Western Australia originally resembledtheir counterpartsin south-eastemAusfialia, particularly in the herbaceousspecies composition. However, "there no longerexist any grazing " landsin the south-westof Australia. Previousrecords indicate that thesegrasslands and grassywoodlands were quite extensiveand were promotedby burning regimesof the Aborigiml people.

The picfire paintedfrom accountsof early settlersand explorers(Ilallam 1979)is one of the vegetationin muchof the south-westbeing open, with largetrees, few shrubs and a parkJike appearanceof a grassy nature (thoughnot necessarilygraminoids). Hallam notesthat in joumeys eastfrom the colony of Perth madeby JamesHenty, he "thinly often spokeof areas coveredwith grassand lightly timbered". knportantly Hallam (1979) describesconstant references to the sightine of smokefrom fires throughoutthe state.

Hallam(1979), describes that oneof the explorersMoore in 1837, reportedthat the "extensive settlerswere going to the interior to the grazingtracts" . There are several reports (Ilallam, 1979)of the grazingareas of the Avon Valley in the regionsof Northam,York and Toodyay,such as from Moore in 1835 - "A hundredacres of groundin our viewmight be ploughed without cleaing anything buta reattlehere and there. Several miles....appeared to be of thesame nature. "

andLandor in 1847 "Immerse grassyplain, eightor ninemiles wide without a tee uponit." There are also severalreferences from thesereports from the early 1800's(Hallam 1979)of areasthat becameshrubby or coveredwith low scrubwhen they were not recentlyburnt. There are severalreferences from Roes'journey (Ilallam, 1979)south- eastfrom Perthtoward Esperance, of grassyareas that had beenextensively burnt by natives.

It seemsHallam (1979) suggeststhat althoughthe Aboriginal populationwas low, that thesepeople were responsiblefor openingup the landscapesuch that Europeanscould easily move aroundand pasturetheir flocks. This evidenceof eariy and extensive grazing seemsto supportt}re suggestion made by Beard(1981) that "We may have startedlosing our grassesand grassy woodlands as early asthe 1800's". 8.

4.3 Decline of Grassy Woodlands

Early vegetation surveys of Western Australia by Diels described country of Eucalyptusloxophleba and E. occidenta&sas :Savannen-Wald'(savanna forest) , this descr$on was continuedin publicationsof WesternAustralian vegetationuntil 1975 (Beard, 1981).This changein the descriptionof vegetationfrom a savannaforest to woodland may provide an indication of the recognition of the loss of these grassy woodlands.

"It Beard (1981) notes that is interesting that very few uncleared stands of E. loxophleba(York Gum) still survive in the Wheatbelt,apart from scatteredtrees left in paddocks, but where they do, they would not now be described as savanna woodland.Trees are more closely spacedand the ground layer is fairly sparse.Have such standsreverted to woodlandsince cessation of burning?" kfroy (1990) supports this suggestionsaying that the grassspecies described for six different types of grassy woodland would all havedependent on repeatedburning. In fact there is support for a pattern of frequentburning over the last 20 000 years greaterthan that afforded by lightning due to the prominenceof speciesthat resistfire and speciesthat are dependent on fre that could not haveemerged over a shortertime period (rfroy 1990). "The interaction betweenfre and grazing is especiallyimportant in maintaining the herbaceouscharacter of those grasslandswhich may have once been woodlands or shrublands"(Groves and Williams, 1981).In Tasmaniamany of rheThemeda triandra grasslandsrequire regular burning, slashingor grazingto promoteregeneration, flower and seedproduction and the survival of smallernative herbs (Lunt 1995). Burning of grasslandsand grassy woodlands is used as a managementtool in many areas to promotespecies richness by openingup the interstitialspaces (grass canopy) to provide light andnutrients, without regularbuming, the shnrband tree canopyincreases (Jamie Kirkpatrick pers.comm.).Another importantaspect of the use of burning in grasslands is in maintainingspecies diversity , in Themedatiandra grasslandsif the fre interval exceeds7-10 years, there is not re-instatementof the native speciesdiversity after eventualburning. Lunt (1995)suggests that this meansthat many native speciesdo not form long-term seedbanks.

4.4 The Interview Process

A list of more than forty potential intervieweeswas compiled from the review, personalrecommendations and other interviewees.Surveys were conductedby phone, followed up by fax, in person and by mail. The survey proforma used and list of respondentsis included as Appendix A. Responsesreceived were generally of high quality and provided valuableinformation.

The initial results of this processindicated that there were many small and degraded remnantsof grassywoodlands, including many on roadsidesand railway reserves. However, the data available enabled site selection of good condition york Gum (Eucalyptusloxophkba) - Iam (Acaciaacuminata) and,Wmdoo Woodland (Eucatyptus 9.

wandoo)over grassesand sedges.The list of sitesidentified from the interview process is included as Appendix B.

4.5 Field Survey

An initial list of possibleexamples of grassywoodlands for the wheatbelt of western Australian was compiled and included:-

York gum (Eucalyptusloxophleba) - Iam (Acacia acuminata\ SalmonGum @ucalyptussalmonophtoia) Wandoo(Eucalyptw wandoo) Morrell (Eucalyp t us longi co rni s) Merit @ucaly p t w fl ockt o ni ae) Y ate (Euc aly p rus oc cid ent ali s)

From the literature review savanna woodlandsof ruart (Eucatyptusgomphocephnln) -of were describedas open and grassy(Hallam, 1979) however the distribution this speciesfalls outside the wheatbelt focus of this project. Grassywoodlands of yate (Eucalyptusoccidcntalis) were also describedin the literature, this speciesoften co- occurs with York Gum (Eucalyptus loxophleba) within the wheatbelt region, particularly the southernareas of the region. Interestingly no respondentslisted any examplesof this vegetation.As a consequenceof this and the fact that all of the sites listed occurred in the central and northern sectionsof the wheatbelt, no sites were establishedin this possibletype. This vegetationoccurs on the lower slopesand valley and is often affectedby saliniry it may be that this vegetationis still in decline.

Following the interviews and literature review processes,two types of woodland consideredmost likely to be defined as grassywoodlands, were determined. These - were York Gum (Eucagptus lacophleba)- Iam (Acacia acuminara)woodland and open woodlands of mixed Eucalypts(Eucatyptus wandoo, Euca$ptus capillosa and Eucatyptu.ssaltnonophloia). one othertype of communitywas desciibed- the ,granite meadow'this wascomprised of grassesand herbswith a few (lessthen s%; inruus usually of Acacia sp. on shallow soils over granite, in association with granite outcrops.

Ten sites were selectedto provide a range of Grassy woodland types in good condition. Thesesites were usedto provide descriptionsof the compositi,onof grassy woodlandsand for the establishmentof monitorbg plots for long term "o*p"riso*. The sites were located within the wheatbelt and distributed over a rotal diitance of approximately3001m (seeFigure 3). 10.

4.5.1 Descriptionof EstablishedGrassy Woodlands Sites

Descriptionsof the ten sitesestablished are providedin Table 1 and diagrammatic representationof the location of thesesites are presentedin Figures 4 to 11. The plot datacollected is presentedin AppendixC andphotographic records of the sitesare presentedin AppendixD.

The sitesestablished comprised two main typeswith subdivisioninto the following groups:-

York Gum-JamWoodlands TreeMallee/Small Tree (2 - 30%) overtall shrubs/low trees(5-15%) over grassesand herbs(70-80%) - Sites GWl. GW3 andGW10.

York Gum Mallee Mallee (32%) over tall shrubs(15 %) over tall grass (Spartochloascirpoidea -35 %) SiteGW3.

WandooWoodlands Trees (15%) over tall sbrubs/lowtrees (5-15%) over grassesand herbs (80%) Sites cW2, cW5, GW7, cW8.

Mixed EucalyptWoodlands Tall Trees (30%) over tall shrubs/lowtrees (5-15%) over grassesand herbs (70%).Sites GW2 and GW9.

GraniteMeadow SparseLow Trees (8%) of Acacia acuminata over grassesand herbs (80%). This is a variationof the York Gum-JamWoodlands. Site GW4.

Although Site GW3 is a Mallee community,it was sampledas the understoreyis domhatedby a tall (0.5m),sedge-like tussock grass, Spartochloa scirpoidea. A t^ll sedge(0.5m) Lepidosperma costale is co-dominant(20-25% cover), this specieswas recordedin four other sitesbut at lessthan I %. This site is alsolocated in a water- gainingposition below a largegranite outcrop. Despitethis differences,the species compositionof Site GW3 was sirniiarto the other sites,except for the absenceof Borya sphaerocephalaand Loxocarya cinerea.

Despitedifferent overstoreyspecies the remainingsites (with the current exceptionof the burnt site GW10) appearsimilar, that is, they are characterisedby an open woodland (up to 30%) over a very sparseshrub layer (5-1,5%)over an almost conthuousground cover of grassesand grass-like herbs (70-80% cover).

In comparisonwith grassywoodlands il other parts of Australia, for example Tasmania,t}te grassy woodlands of WesternAustralia appear to be more sparse.This sparsenesscould be due to the low contributionof grassspecies that form a densemat.

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Figure 4 Map showingpositions of Sites GWI and GW2 in Durakoppin Nature Reserve i I Brown Road

I I Gw2 | Mission Road I I - Nature Resene Boundary

-'---" Road

---Track

Kellerberrin- Bencubbin Road t N

Figure 5 Map showingpositions of SitesGW3 and GW4 in Reserve9754

Granite Outcrop

Moist Area

Nature Reserve Bouodary

Road

Starcevich-ChapmanRoad 1,tl

Figure6 Map showingposition of GW5 in Tutanning Nature Reserve

Nature Reserve Boundary

Road t N

Figure 7 Map showingposition of SiteGW6 in Reserve12109

Nature Reserve Boundary

Road Track

,1\ I I N Figure 8 Map showingposition of Site GW7 in DryanalraState Forest

,'/'^ - Nature Resewe Boul.dary ,/,t Road l'f Track

Figure 9 Map showingposition of Site GW8 in Hotham River Reserve(8291)

Nature Reserve BouDdaly

Road

Track

Hotham River

t N 10.

Figure l0 Map $howingposition of Site GW9 on Prlyate Property

PoPatrYinnirgBast Road

Road

Re0.!art vegetation

,1. I N

Figure 11 Map showingposition of Site GI[10 in lflater Reserve13510

To Trayning Kellerberia- Bencubbin Road .,::.

Water Reserve Boundary Road t To Kellerberrin N 17.

4.5.2 Flora on EstablishedGrassy Woodland Sites

The list of vascularplant species recorded from all ten sitesis providedin Appendix E. No plantsgazetted as Declared Rare Flora or listed as threatenedby the Deparftnent of Conservationand Land Management(1995) were located.A total of 164 species (including varietiesand subspecies)from 116genera and 49 families were recordedfor the ten sites. Of the 164 speciesrecorded 19 species(1L.6%) are introduced.The domhant familieswere:

Asteraceae 31 speciesincluding 4 introducedspecies Poaceae 20 speciesincluding 10 introducedspecies Cyperaceae 8 species Myrtaceae 8 species Mimosaceae - 7 species Papiiionaceae- 7 species

Of thesespecies recorded 54 (33%) are monocots(including the grasses),and g5 (52%) areherbs or low shrubs.This dominanceof the groundlayer by grassesand 'Grassy' grass-likespecies would provide the appearanceof thesewoodlands.

Of the total speciesrecorded, 101 were recordedfrom one site and a further 31 species are recordedfrom only two sites,thus only a small numberof speciesare common.Of the twenty speciesthat were recordedfrom more than four sites, four are introduced or weedspecies, five are daisy species(Asteraceae), six are grasses,five are grass-like (Restionaceae,Anthericaceae, Dasypogonaceae) and the remainingfour speciesare shrubsand trees. once againthe contdbutionof the grassand grass-likespecies would supportthe grassywoodland appearance of thesesites.

4,5.3 SpeciesAbundance on EstablishedGrassy Woodland Sites

The speciesrichness and cover recorded for the respectiveunderstorey groups or specieson eachsite is presentedin Table 2. The lowest speciesrichness was recorded in the burnt site (SiteGW10), the sitesof highestspecies richness (GW3 and GW4) were those sitesthat were sampledtwice, oncein late winter and then spring.

The resultssummarising the percentagecontribution of the sedges,grasses and Borya are summarisedin Table 2. The findings reflect the relatively high contribution of theseplant groupsand speciesto tlle grassywoodlands. Consequently these results "grassy supportthe categorisationof thesesites into woodlands". ln addition,these findings supportthe working definition of a GrassyWoodland usedfor the purposes of this project(Australian Nature Conservation Agency), namely: "A woodland where the understoreyconsists predominately of grassspecies (also includessedges, rushes and other grass-Iikeplants),' . 18.

Table 2: Summary of SpeciesRichness and Cover Results on the ten Grassy WoodlandSites

SiteNumber

Site No. GW GW GW GW GW GW GW GW GW GW 1 .' 5 6 7 E 9 l0 Species 30 4l 39 4,1 34 27 .,4 33 2L Richness

7o 7.8 zt z) 11 9 o 8 1 1 Contribution of Sedges

Vo 5 3 22 JJ 30 J 3 36 11 Contribution of Grasses

Vo 33.5 24 0 28 z5 38 69 0 2 Contribution of Borya Note: -* denotesdata not availablefor this site.

The distributionof specieswithin plots are providedin AppendixF. The plots were groupedaccording to the type of dominantspecies e.g Wandoo.The frequencyof occurrenceof speciesin eachplot was summedand is provided in Appendix G.

Neurachne alopecuroidea was the most frequently recorded native grass species occurring in nine of the ten sites,and the most abundantgrass. Stipa tichoplrylla was the secondmost abundantnative grass speciesrecorded. Species of the genera Danthonia - Danthonia caespitosaand Danthonia setaceawere recordedfrom four sitesand one site respectively,however they were not abundantin thesesites. The introducedgrass Pentaschistis airoides was frequentlyrecorded (eight of ten sites),but was not abundant.

Borya sphaerocephalawas the mostfrequenfly recorded native herb species,orcurring in eight of the ten sites, and one of the most abundantspecies. The low sedge Loxocarya.cinerea was the most frequently recorded and abundantspecies of this family. The grassywoodland sites were dominatedby speciesfrom a variety of famiiies,collectiveiy referred to as herbsand forbes. This is representativeof other grassywoodlands such as those in Tasmaniawhere the grassspecies only contribute to approximatelythirty percentof the total species.

Fifty two species(32%) havegreater than l% cover recordedat any site and only twenty specieshave greater than 5% cover recordedat any site. Only five of theseare recordsfrom a singlesite. Hence the mostcornmon species also contribute the most to percentagefoliage cover. In mostcases, the uncommon species do not havea high percentagecover, with a couple of notableexceptions, for exampleSpartochloa scirpoideais only foundat SireGW3, but hasan averagecover of 2l% at that site. 19.

Table 3 provides a comparisonof the generarecorded by Diels in 1906 @eard, l98l) in Eucalyptuslanphleba Woodlandswith the generarecorded in Site GWI in 1995. As Beard observed,one of the most notabledifferences between these records is the increasein the observednumber of grass speciesand lack of Restionaceaespecies. Beard(1981) suggestedthat the list of Diels' may havebeen selective, as therewas no referenceto Restionaceaeor Cyperaceaespecies. However it may be suggestedthat the Juncaceaespecies from Diels recordsmay have beenmis- classified and insteadbe from thesesedse families.

Table 3: Comparison of genera representedtn Eucalypns loxophleba Woodlandsin 1906and 1995.

1906@iels) 1995(cwl)

1 1

Small trees J 1 Shrubs 9 1 Grasses I 7 Juncsceae , 0

Sedges@estionaceae) 0 J Other Monocots 7 1

Dicots - HerbaceousPerennials 8 J Asteraceae t6 11

Other annuals J 0 Mosses 2 0 20.

5. DISCUSSION

There has been somedebate amongst .ecologists in Western Australia as to the 'grassy possibilityof the representationof woodlands'as a vegetationtype in Western Australia.The vegetationin all partsof Australiahas been fundamentally altered by people, firstly by the hunting, gatheringand burning of the first immigrants tens of thousandsof years ago, and secondlyand more drastically from the European settlement(Adamson and Fox, 1981).

Historical recordswere used as the primary sourceto investigatetlte questionof representationand previousdistribution of grassywoodlands in WesternAustraiia. Journalsfrom the earlyexplorers were examiled for referencesto grassywoodlands. Water and grasswere the two essentialrequirements for explorationin order to provide feed for horsesand bullocks, the methodof transportationat that time. Grassyareas were aisoconsidered suitable locations for bivouacking.

One exampleof historicalevidence was providedin the 1846and 1848journals of Australianexplorers Augustus Charles Gregory and Francis Thomas Gregory (1981) in their explorationof the interior of the statefrom Toodyay eastto Mt Jackson,then north to Geraldtonfor new grazinglands. Several references are madeto ,,grassy areas,with little timber;rich grassyvalley timbered with eucalyptiand raspberry-jam wattle (Acaciaacuminata); grassy gum forest; wide grassyflats; rich grassyflats timberedwith York Gum; granitecountry with somegood grass".

ln the areaof the ChapmanValley near Geraldton,the Gregorys' descriptionsindicate that thesegrassy areas were quite extensive:- "good grassycountry which appeared to extendten to twelyemiles to the eastand north- clumpsof York-gum,jam-wattle and sandnlwood were observed on some of the hills...

at 2:30came on the stream-bed, the country improved and well-grassed, with scaftered jam andblack wattle trees as far asthe country was visible...

.. to thenorth and west the country was open and grassy twelvemiles, presenting for " at oneview fifiy or si.r.tythousand acres of fine sheepcountry

Thesestatements provide support for theproposition that grassywoodlands did occur within the Wheatbeltof WesternAustralia and someindication as to their extent. "the Accordingto Beard(1981), York Gum Woodlandsin the Avon valley, inland from the Swanwere described by pioneersas thickly populated, grassy and open...the VictoriaPlains were also of this characterwhen discovered, and it would appearthat " the Aborigines'burning had reducedthe treecover. Beard(1981) continues that .It seemsprobable that York Gum and Yate woodiandsin the inner Wheatbeltmay have constitutedthe prime habitat for Aborigines in the South-west.Occurring as they did on lower slopesand river flats, they would be nearwater, and the soils would best respondto burningfor the productionof herbage." 2t.

Records of early settlers at the Swan constantly referred to the open, parklike appearanceof the countrywith scatteredtrees and grassyground layer. Fraserin 1830 'The (Beard1981) referred to this as Brome,or Kangaroo-grassof New SouthWales, " in greatluxuriance. Beardbelieves that the identityof this grassis now a mysrery, as there seemsto be no indigenousgmss in WesternAustralia fitting the description.', It is possiblethat this early record is referring to Themedatriand,ra which is commonly knownas Kangaroo grass, however this speciesno longerexists "in greatluxuriance". "It Beard (1981) continuedthat is an equalbotanical mystery to try to identify the 'beautiful plantsgrowing in the opengrassy country' so often alludedto by pioneers. There are very few native grassesin the southwest,and it seemsunlikely that they actuallyformed grasslands. It is moreprobable that the seftlersused the term ,grassy' in a loosesense to meanyoung green herbage which could consistof annualsof ali kinds, new shootsof pererurials,sedges and Restionaceae as well as grasses."

The speciescomposition of Grasslandand Grassy Woodland vegetation is influenced by soil moisture, soil type, seasonaltemperature, fire and grazingregimes (Groves and Williams 1981).The speciescomposition, structure and distribution of the grasslands and grassy woodlandsof temperatesouth-eastern Australia have been strongly influencedby the LastGlacial (Gilfedder and Kirkpatrick 1994)and the rich basaltic soilsof the region. Differencesbetween the grassywoodlands of theseregions could be expected foilowing different historical climatic influences resulting in a Mediterraneanclimate and soils generallyconsidered to be depauperatein the Wheatbeltof WesternAustralia.

While there were not the mat forming grasslandsas found in temperatesouth-east Australia, there is historicalevidence to supportthe propositionthat grasslandsand grassywoodlands did occurin the Wheatbeltof WesternAustralia. These historical recordsindicate that in someparts of the wheatbeltthese grassy woodlands covered extensiveareas. This is not the casetoday, a largeproportion (93%) of the wheatbelt hasbeen cleared for agricultureand ttrese grassy woodlands were targeteddue to being corsideredeasily cultivated and good grazing land. As such,this vegetationtype has had a long history of Europeanmodification.

From the historicaldescriptions, grass species seem to be a strongcomponent of the grassywoodlands ("savanna"). However the modern grassy woodlands as surveyed do not have as dominanta grassunderstorey. The dominantgrass species of the grassy woodland sites sampled in this project were Neurachne alopecuroidea and Stipa tichoplryIla. The groundlayer was dominatedby the herb Bo4ra sphaerocephala,and the 1ow sedgeLoxocarya cinerea and by monocots,daisies and other herbswith a grass-likeform. This, not the dominanceof grasses,accounts for the parkJike and grassyappearance of the sites.

The dominantgenera in temperateAustralian grasslands are Danthonia,poa and, Themeda(Groves and Witliams 1981).The only locationof poa spp. in Wheatbelt regionsof WesternAustralia is a record from on Middle Island in the Recherche Archipelago,near Esperance, where it occurswith the malleeEucatyptus angulosa in LL. long unburnt (ca.170 years) vegetation(t{opkins 1981). Speciesof the genera Danthonia - Danthoniacaespitosa and Danthonia setacea were recorded from four sitesand one site respectiveiy,however they were not abundant.

There was no recordingof rhemedatriandra in the sites, a speciesdominant in other grassywoodland areas of Australia.According to Adarnsonand Fox (1981), Themeda triandrais oneof the fnst speciesto disappearfrom heavilygrazed grasslands and its absenceand replacementby Stipaspp. is usuallyindicative of a degradedgrassland (LouiseGilfedder pers.cornm.; Moore 1973).Stipa trichophylla was the secondmost abundantnative grassspecies recorded. Accordingto paterson(1992), Themeda tianlra is supposedto be widespreadthroughout the south-westof western Australia, howeverno recordswere made during this survey.Perhaps this is one of the species so dornimnt in other temperategrasslands, that we havelost. Examination of Themeda triandra recordsfrom the WestemAustralian Herbarium Database ( WAHERB) of alt flora collectionsmade in WesternAustralia (Appendix H), showedonly onerecord (Toodyay)of this speciesin the areareferred to asthe Wheatbelt.However a recent collectionmade near Wandering,150km south of Perthon the westernedge of the wheatbelt Region(David Mitchell, pers.comm.) indicatesthat further searchesfor this speciesare iikely to increasethe knowndistribution for this region.

So our moderngrassy woodlands, as surveyedin this study,are characterisedby an openwoodland of severalspecies of Eucalypt(up to 30% cover),over a sparseshrub layer (5-1,5%) over an almostcontinuous, but sparselooking, cover of grassesand grassJikeherbs (70-80%). There is a largenumber of herbspecies recorded, however oniy a small numbercould be regardedas conmon. Many of thesecofirmon species are grassesor grassJike,such as SrlpatrichoplryIla, Neurachne alopecuroidea, Loxocarya cinerea andBorya sphaerocephala.The presenceof thesespecies result in grassy appearanceof the understoreyand in the descriptionof thesesites as grassywoodlands.

It is worthyof notethat the siteswere sampled in late spring,and at this time of year many of the annualspecies are dying off andhence the summerappearance of these woodlandswould be much sparserthan a winter and early spring appearance.A winter andearly sprilg samplingwould also provide additional annual species at thesesites.

Comparisonof the sites surveyedwith historicalevidence such as the york Gum woodlandsdescribed in 1906by Diels(Beard 1980) shows an ilcreasein the observed numberof grassspecies in 1995(7, with 3 introduced,versus 1) andthe presenceof Restionaceaespecies which were not previouslyrecorded by Diels. However the contribution of some of the other componentsfor example, the Asteraceaeand herbaceousperennial groups were similar befweenthe samples.Hence it could be said that the speciescomposition of the grassywoodlands sampled in 1995is likely to be repfesentativeof the earlier examplesof this vegetation.However, historical descriptionssuggest that changedgrazing and fre regimeshave resulted in a reduction of the role of grassspecies in the understoreycomposition of this vegetation. 23.

There have been three main factors contributing to the decline of Grasslandsand Grassy woodland communitiesin western Australia as a consequenceof the arrival of Europeansettlers. Firstly the disruption of the burning regimesof the Aboriginal communitiesdisplaced by colonisation.As in most parts of Ausaalia, there has been a fire-exclusionpolicy albeit not alwaysintentionally, in order to protect livelihood and 'protection' properly. This same has resulted in the replacementof these grassy woodlandswith a more shrubbywoodland.

secondly, grazingof thesecommunities by domesticstock and the introduction of set stockitrg as a result of fencing, rather than shepherdingmay bave contributed to the declile of these communities and particular species(Lefroy 1990). According to Rossiterand ozanne (1970)perennial grasses in Mediterraneaaclimates do not persist under intensegjrag,ullg.

Lastly, perhapsthe most significant impact has been from the extensiveclearing of vegetationfor cultivation 6d improvedpasurres. The needto cultivate large areasto eliminate toxic platrts slch as Gastrolobiummd Orylobiun (Lefroy 1990) may have influenced the move from grazing these woodlands to clearing them. The Avon BotanicalDistrict coversan areaof approximately93520 sq.km of this, 93 percenthad beencleared by 1984@eard and Sprenger,1984). Woodlands of york Gum, Wandoo and salmonGurn comprised 39894 sq.h (or 54 percentof the Disrict) and 97 percent of thesehave beencleared. Furthermore,very little of what doesremain is reserved in the conservationestate.

A further result of the massiveland clearing in the area is that much of the little remaining vegetationexists as small, isolated remnants.The threats of disturbance facing thesecommunities is exacerbatedby the lack of connectivity to other similar areasand continuedclearins. 24. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTIIER RESEARCH

The following researchis recommended:

Rl' A review o;f the consenation issuesrelating to the ilistribution anit typesof Grassy Vfoodlnndsin WesternAustralia.

This researchwould requi'e accessto the historicalmaps and recentryfinished databases contained in Geographic Information systems (GIs) within GovernmentDepartrnents. The latter courd not be achievedwithin the time frame or budget of this specific project. Thesedatabases include information on original vegetation distributions, remnant vegetation distributions and reservelocations and would provide other information that would be useful in determiningthe distribution and extent of thesecommunities.

Further survey is requiredto clarify the conservationsanrs of thesevesetation types, particularlyin view of the potentialthreats to thesewoodlanis (e.g. weeds,further clearing,inappropriate grazing and fire regimes).The wheatbelt Regionof the Departrnentof conservationand Land Managementwill continue to build a registerof grassywoodland sites (includiag location and tenure details, specieslists and information on condition), basedon the resultsof the GIS arnlysis and from further nominationsby researchersand the communitv. If appropriate,these grassy woodlands win be nominated "Threatened " as communities under existing departmentarpolicies and possible future legislation.

R2. suney the condition and threarsfaced by the remaining grassywoodrands.

The sites surveyeddetailed in R1 will also identify the condition and threats facing theserernnants. some of thesethreats include continuedclearing of this vegetation, invasion of weeds, grazing by stock and fertilisei drift. Documentationof theethreats wilr enableprioritisation of sitesand suggest managementactions.

&1. Researchon the ecologyof grassywoodlands.

Basic ecological researchof grassy woodlandsis essentialto assist in determining managementoptions. For example:investigation @y experiment) of the hypothesisthat cessationof Aboriginal burning red to the decline of the nativegrass component of thesecommunities of thesecommunities: and further work on the distributionof zhemeda triandra and other grassspecies, and their compositionin grassywoodlands of WesternAustralia.

This researchwould requirethe designof a rangeof rigorousecorogical and temporal studiesto addressfragmentation and managementoptions (e.g. burning, fencing) for maintaining biodiversity and integrity of tirese communities. 25.

R4. Further establishmentand continuedmonitoring of permanent sites.

This would require long term commitmentto monitor sites in a range of these "best communities to establish management" practices. For example, continuedmonitoring of the burnt site (SiteGW10) may provide an oppornrnity without the necessityfor an experimentalburn, to examinethe effects of fire on thesecommunities. C.S.I.R.O., who havebeen studying the effectsof fue on the nearby Durakoppin Nature Reserve for several years, have also establisheda monitoring transectin this location and perhapsliaison between CALM and C.S.I.R.O. can be undertakento provide further information.

R5. Raising the awarenessof the consemation sta:tusof grassy wooillanils in WesternAustralia on a stale anil national level.

Raise awarenessof the existenceof and threatsto thesecommunities through other researchers,nx[xrgers and local landcaregroups; and by publications. The Deparment of Conservationand Land ManagementWheatbelt Region is "Grasswatch investigatingthe developmentof a Program" to solicit additional locationsand types of this community@avid Mitchell pers.comm.). 26. n BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PatersonJ.c. (1992) Description and key to the identificationof Grassesin South-westernAustratia. Bulletin 4210, Deparfinentof Agriculture, WesternAustralia.

ProberS.M. andThiele K. R. (1995) Conservationof the GrassyWhite Box Woodhnds:Relative Contributions of Size and Disturbanceto Floistic Compositionand Diversity of Rewants. Aust. J. Bot., 43, 349-366.

SaundersD.A. andIngram J.A. (1995) Birds of SouthwesternAustralia; an atlas of chnngesin the distibution and abundance of wheatbelt avifawn. Surrey Beatry and Sons pty Limited, Chipping Norton NSW.

ScougallS. A., Majer, J. D. andHobbs R.J. (1993) Edge effeas in grazedand ungrazedWestern Australian wheatbeltremnants in relation to ecosystemreconstruction.ln: Nature Conservation3: Reconstruction of FragmentedEcosystems, Ed. D.A. Saunders,R.I.Hobbs andP.R. Erhlich. SurreyBeatty & Sors.

ThackwayR. and CresswellJ.D. (Eds.)(1994) Towardan Interim BiogeographicRegionnlisation for Austrlaia: A frama,vork for setting priorities in the Nationnl ResemesS\stem Cooperationprogram. ANCA Canberra. van SchagenJ.I., HobbsR.I. andMajer J.D. (1992) Defoliation of trees in roadside cotidors and remnant vegetation in the Western Australian wheatbelt. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia75:75-81. A'1. APPENDD( A: SURVEY FORM AI\D LIST OF RESPONDENTS

Suney of Grussy Wooillanils in the WestemAustralian Wheatbelt

Definitions

The project areais the region broadlydescribed as the "Wheatbelt", it includesBeards WheatbeltBotanical Region and parts of the Mallee BotanicalRegion and Coolgardie l6rrnic,al Region (South-westInterzone). The Departarentof Conservationand Land Management'sWheatbelt Region also falls within this area.

We have def,ned GrassyWoodlands as

"A woodland where the understorey consistspredominately of grass species(also includessedges, rushes and other grass-likeplants). 'l

Exanples of grassy woodlands include cornmunities that are dominated by the following speciesor a combinationof thesespecies:- York gum (Eucalyptusloxophleba) - Jam(Acacia acuminata) SalrnonGtnt (Eucalyptussalmonophloia) Wandoo (Eucaly ptus wando o) Morrell (Eucalyptuslongicomis) Merrit (Eucalyprustlochoniae) Y ate (Eucaly p tas oc cid ent ali s)

Name:

Organization:

ContactDetails:

COMMENTS: APPENDIX A: SIIRVEY FORM AND LIST OF RESPONDENTS

I. Have you undertakenany studiesof grassywoodlands? Yes No

2. Basedon the definitionprovided, can you add any other GrassyWoodlands tl"oes?

Do you lnow thelocation of any GrassyWoodlands, e.g. in your district, or in your researcharea? Yes No

4. Do you haveor lcrowof any reports,projects, databases or maps(published or unoublished)that includeinformation on GrassvWoodlands? Yes No

5. Are thereany otherpeople *rat you lnow of with lnowledgein this areathat I can talk to?

6. Canyou describeany sitesof GrassyWoodlands on the attachedtables (attach additionalpages if required). A.3. APPENDD( A: SI]RYEY FORMAND LIST OF RESPONDENTS

Vegetation description (eg open woodland of Salmon Gum over etc.) Associatedspecies

Size(approximatQ or proportionof reserve Condition e.g. grzzl;J.:g, weeds,rabbits, fire, logged

Land Tenuree.g. reserve,private land

Location - general (e.9.reserve narne/ntunber, shire or nearest town) Location - specific site within reserve e.g. southwest corner past blue tank

(attachmap if possible) r'.4. APPENDD( A: SURVEY FORM AND LIST OF RESPONDENTS

Name of Respondent Department/Position

PennyHussey DeparEnentof Coruiervationand Land Mrnagement, Como

Dr Ken Atkins Departmentof Conservationand Land Mrn2gement, Como

SarahMcEvoy Department of Conservation and Land lvfenagenent, Como

David Bell University of WesternAustralia

Dr RichardHobbs CSIRO

Lyn Atkins CSIRO

Dr Colin Yates CSIRO

Val English Department of Conservation and l,and Management, Woodvaie

Mike Fitzgerald Department of Conservation and Land Manags6"nr, Merredin

David Mitchell Departmentof Conservationand Land Mznrgement, Narrogin

ClaireWelbon Departmentof Conservationand Land Menagement, Merredin

Keith McDougall PhD student,Murdoch University

Angas Hopkins Departmentof Conservationand Land Manrgement, Woodvale

Rod Safstrom EnvironsConsulting

Anne Coates ConsultantBotanist

CathyGodden MattiskeConsulting Pty Ltd

Libby Mattiske Mattiske ConsultingPty Ltd A.5. APPENDD( A: SI'RYEY FORM AND LIST OF RESPONDENTS

Name of Respoudent DeparfmentlPosition

Natalie Keals Curtin University of Tecb-nology

Terry McFarlane Department of Conservationand l,and Management, Manjimup

Grant Wardell-Johnston Deparment of Conservation and Land ]y{rn agement, Woodvale

Don Bennett Departrnetrtof Agriculture, Bunbury

JohnDell WesternAustralian Museum

Mal Graham Departmentof Conservationand Land Management, Katanning 'rJ () () .g co ao E (|Je oJo) o !.i E (l) trP d-)H hoot E YaV g F FE tli ,i. 6o

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X ; o z '13 .€ ?= sr'E :z'E E5er.Ots XEE XEE ()}F tsB te3 ;s >€ F APPENDf,K C: RECORDED DATA FROM GRASSY WOODLAND MONITORING SITES Percentagecover Plot No. Plant NW NE SW SE GW1 Amcia aamtinata 70320 15 GW1 Anphipogonstrictus 1 0 0.1 0 *Aveta GW1 fafin 0200 GW1 Borya sphaerocephah 60 3s 45 65 GWl Brachyscomebellidioid,es GWl Bnmonia australis 0.1 1 0.1 0.1 GIfl Dotpieral"ayand.uhcea 325435 GW1 Dianella reyoluta 0.1000 GWl Dirhqogoncapillipes 2511 GW1 Enchylaena,tomentosa 0.1 0.1 0 0 GW1 EucaMtuslorophleba 30000 GW1 Gilbertatenuifolia 11370 GW1 Gnephosistauisima 5101 GW1 *Ilwoclaerisglabra 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW1 Isoffopi:cuneifolia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 GWl ltpid.ospenna?costale 1101 GWi Lomandraffi6a 10.122 GWl Loxocaryacinerea 151528 GW1 Neurachnealapecuroid.ea I 1 0.1 0.1 GW1 +Pentaschistisairoid.es 520.1 2 GW1 Pod.olepiscanescens 1110 GWl Pod.olqis lessonii 1000 GW1 Podothecagnaphalioides 0 0.100 GW1 Schoeniacascini@a 0.1 0 0 0 GW1 Stackhousiamonogt@ 0.1 0 0.1 0.1 GW1 Stipatrichopltylla 0.1 0 0.1 1 GW1 Tlaclrlmenecyanopetala 11055 GW1 *Ursiniaanthemoid.es 2 I 0.1 0.1 GW1 *Vulpia bronoides 4822 GW1 Waitziaacwninata 45 15 30 30 GW2 Blmnosporad.rumnond.ii 0001 GW2 Boryasplaerocephala 320365 GW2 Dan{,ieralavandul.acea 0010.1 GWz Danthoniacaespitosa 0.1001 GW2 Dianell.arevoluta 000.10 GW2 Dichopogoncapi ipes 5352 GW2 EucaMtus cqi osa ssp.capillosa 5020550 GWz Gastolobiwnpa.ifotia 0.1 0 1 0 GWz Helichrysunleucopsidewn 0.1 0 0.1 0 GW2 Isotonawouateriformb 0.1000 GWz Lepid.ospennacostale 0 0.1 0.1 1 GW2 Iamandra coIEru 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW2 lanodra Sasa 3l1l GW2 Laxocaryacinerea 350725 GW2 Neuracluealopecuroid.ea 1101 GW2 Oleaia uillaris 1101 GW2 Podolepiscapillaris 000.10 GWz Podolepislessonii 4425 GW2 Ptilatus ?roei 0 0 0.1 0 GW2 Stipa trichoplry n GW2 Trachwenecyanopetalo. 1010 GW2 *Ursiniaanthemoid,es 5533 t c2.

APPENDD(C: RECORDEDDATA FROM GRASSYWOODLAND MONITORINGSITES Percentagecover Plot No. Plant SDecies iYVg NE SW SE GWz Waihia acumitata 1515 GW3 Acacia acuminota 82510 GW3 Acrcia sp. 0 0.100 GW3 *Anagauisanensis 2830.1 CW3 Apheliabrkuh 00.100 GW3 +Arctothecacalenduln 0.1000 GW3 +AveUinbmiche$i 220.1 L GW3 Bleruosporadnnunondii 4r00 GW3 Boryasphaerocephela 0000 GW3 *Biza maxitra 0 0.1 0.1 0 GW3 *Biza minor 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW3 Caladeniaroei 0000 GW3 Centrolepisaristata 5 0 0.1 0.1 GW3 DanpieralnvanduLa.cea 2 1 0.1 0 GW3 Daucusglochidiatus 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 GW3 Di.anellarcvotuta 0000 GW3 Dichopogoncapillipes 10.121 GW3 Drosera erythrorhka 0000.1 GW3 Droseraglnnduligera 0.1 0.1 0.1 1 GW3 *Erodiurnbotrys 0000 GW3 Eucawtus loxophlebassp. li$ophloia 20 30 50 10 GW3 Gnephosistenuissima 0.1 0.1 0 4 GW3 Grevilleapaniculam 3400.1 GW3 Helipterwndantissum 0000 GW3 Hydroatylecallicarpa 0.i 0.1 0.1 0.1 G!V3 Hydrocotylerugulosa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.r GW3 +Ilypochaerisghbra 1221 GW3 Lepidosperrvcostale 25 25 20 ?5 GW3 *Loliwn igidwn 0 0.100 GW3 Melaleucahatralosa 5205 GW3 Millotiatenuifolia 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 GW3 Neurachnealopecuroidea 0.1 0 I 0.1 GW3 Paietarii debilis 0000 GW3 *Pentaschistisairoides 0.1111 GW3 PlryUnglosswnrlrwmnntti 0 0.1 00 GW3 Ptantagovaria 0 0.1 00 GW3 PodoLepislessonii 0 0.1 0 0.1 GW3 Podothecagnaphalioides 0.1 0 00 GW3 Rhodanthelaevis 0 0 00 GW3 Santahtmacunbatu n 0 5 81 GW3 Schoenushumilts 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW3 *Sonchasoleraceas 0 0 0.1 0 GW3 Spanochloascirpoidea z0 20 25 Z0 GW3 Stipdelegantisstru 0 0 0 0.1 GW3 Stipatenuwia 2 0.i 00 GW3 Tlrysanotuspatersonii 0.1 0.1 0.1 0 GW3 Tiachyrcne pilosa 1 I 01 GW3 *Ursiniaarlthenoides 0 0 00 GW3 Velleiaqcnopotatnica 1 0.1 0.1 GW3 *Vulpiabrontotd.es 0 0 00 GW3 Waitziaacumi@ta 0.1 1 00 GW3 Wunnbeatenelln 0 0 00 APPENDD( C: RECORDED DATA IROM GRASSY WOODLAND MONITOPJNGSITES PercentagecoY€r PIot No. PlantSpecies NTY NE SW SE GW5 Acacia acuminata IIJ6 GW5 Allocasuainahuegeliaa 2031 GW5 +fungallis amensis 0 0.100 GW5 Anigozanthossp. 0 0.1 0 0.1 GW5 Bletmosporadrunnondii 0 0 0.1 0.1 GW5 Boryasphoerocephala 255104 GW5 Calytrhlescheruuhii 0.1 0 00 GW5 Dampieralnvandtlacea l415 GW5 Dtchopogoncapillipes 0 0.100 GW5 Eucalwtus wandoo 04008 GW5 Haetnod.orumlaxwn 0000 GW5 *Ilypochaerisglabra 0 0.100 GW5 Izpidosperma?costale 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW5 Loxocaryacinerea 2554 GW5 Neurachnealopecuroidea 1 0.1 1 0.1 GW5 Operculnriasp: 0 0 0.1 0.1 GW5 *Penwchistisaboid,es 0.1 I l4

GW5 Podolepislessonii 4lJI GW5 Ptibtus declirctus 0.1 0 0.1 0 GW5 Schoenussp. 0000 GW5 Sowerbaeal-oxiflora 0 0.100 GW5 Sta&housiamonogyna 0.1 0 0 0.1 GW5 Stipatrichopwlt 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW5 Stipatichopttylla 0 0.100 GW5 Srylidiutnsp. 00.100 GW5 Trachymenepilosa 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 CW5 *Ursiniaanthentoi.d.es 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW6 Acacia acuminam 4r32 GW6 Acacia eriracea 0.1 3 0 0 GW5 Acaciamioobotrya 0 0.100 GW6 Anphipogonsticfris 0010.1 GIV6 *Anagallis arvewis 0.1 0.1 1 0.1 GW6 l'Avetafafrm 0.1 1 5 0.1 GW6 Boryasphaerocephal.a 115 150 GW6 *Biza muima 1151 GW6 *Bronvs rubens 0100 GW6 Danpieralavandulacea 1 0.1 0.i l GW6 Daathoniacaespiasa 1500 GW6 Danthoniosetacea 0 0 0.1 0.1 GW6 Dianelln revol ta 1110 GW6 Eremophyllumtenelhn 0.1 0 0 0 GW6 Eucalyptusloxophleba ssp. loxophleba 8000 GW6 Eucalrptussalntonophloia 0000 GW6 Eucatyptuswandoo 20 10300 GW6 kotomahypocrateiformis 0010 GW6 Lomandraffiisa 010 0.1 GW6 Iaxocarya cherea 0.1 5 tzQ GW6 Neurachnealopecuroidea 20511 GW6 Omlis sp. 0.1 0.1 0 0 GW6 *Penmschktisairoides 10.110 GW6 Podolepismpillaris 0 0.1 0 0 GW6 Podolepislessonii 5525 APPENDfr C: RECORDEDDATA FROM GRASSYWOODLAND MONITORINGSITES Percentagecoyer Plot No. Plant Species NW NE SW SE GW6 Ptilotusdeclinatus 0 0 0.1 0.1 cw6 Ptilotus nangleii 0.1 0.1 1 1 GW5 Scaevolnhumirtrsa 0 0.100 GW6 Stetanthenun.trid.entatun 0.1 0 i 0.1 GW6 Stipa elegantksima 5t3 0.1 GW6 StipatrichoplryUt 2Q521 GW6 Srypodra glnuca 0000.1 GW6 Ihysanotusparvillorus 2000 GW6 Traclrynnnepilosa 0 0.1 0 0 GW6 *Ursininanthenoides 1 0.1 0.1 1 GW7 Astoloraseffatifohml 0.2 0.4 1 0.5 GW7 Boryasphoerocephaln 30 6s 20 35 GW7 Conostylissetigera ssp.setigera 0.1 0.5 0.4 0 GW7 Danpieralayandulicea 10 4 0.1 1 GW7 Danthoniacaespitosa 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 GW7 Daviesia ?incrassaa 0.2 0 0.5 0 GW? Drosera menzicsiissp. nuwiesii 0000 GW7 Eucalyptw wandoo 10 10 50 70 GW7 Hakealissocarpha 1D100 GW7 Hibbertia sp. 110.53 GW7 Hyalospernu cotub 5213 GW7 lzpidoboluspreissianus 10.1 l0 1 GW7 Ippidospemmangustatutn 0 0.5 0 0.1 GW7 ltpidosperma tenue 0.1000 GW7 Izscheruultiabilaba 0001 GW7 Linum rargi@le 0000 GW7 Loxocaryacinerea 53510 GW7 Neuractmealapecuroidea 2231 GW? Otthrosanthw leus 1 0 0.2 0.5 GW7 Oxylobiwnmicrocardium 0 0.4 0.2 1D GW7 Patersoniadrwmbnlii 0000 GW7 +Pennschktisairoides 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW7 Podolepislessonii 0.5 1 0.1 0 GW7 Rhodanthecitritn 5232 GW7 Stipatrichopltyill 20.t11 GW7 Stylidiamcalcaratun 0000 GW7 Stylidiurnmini@m 000.20 GW? Styhdiumwiflorum 000.10 GW7 Traclrymznzpilosa 0.1000 GW7 Tricoryneehtior 0000 GW7 aUrsiniaanthemoides 0.1 0.5 0 1 GW7 Utriculariavioltcea 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW8 Acacia lnsiacarpavar. bracteolatl 0.1 0.1 0 0 GW8 Allacasuainahaegeliana 0200 GW8 Astolonaseftan'folium 0.4 | 0.2 0.1 GW8 Billardierasericea 00.100 GW8 Boryasphaerocephaln 45 45 35 60 GW8 Conostylissetigera ssp.setigera 0.1 0.i 0.1 0.1 GW8 Donpieru ?lindleyi 0100 GW8 Danpieralavandulacea 0.2 0.1 0 0 GW8 Daviesiahakeoides ssp. subnuda 0.4 0 0 0.5 GW8 Eucalypus wandoo 0.50305 c5.

APPEII{DD( C: RECORDED DATA FROM GRASSYWOODLAND MONTTORING SITES Percentag€coyer Plot No. Plant NWNESWSE GW8 Hakealissocarpha 0000.2 GW8 Isotonahypocrateifomis 0 0 0.1 0 GW8 Izpid.oboluspreissianus 4245 GW8 kpidospernu tenae 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 GW8 Ianandra 6tsa 0 0.1 0 0.1 GW8 loxocarya cinerea 0.1 0.3 5 1 cW8 Nemciasp. Qnsp 6183) 0.1 0,2 0 0 CW8 Neurachnealopecuroid.ea I 0.1 1 1 GW8 Podolepislessonii 0.5 4 1 0.5 GY/8 Stackhowiasp. 0000.1 GW8 Stipaelegantissima 0.1 0 1 0.1 GW8 Stipatrichopltylln 0.1 0 4 0.1 GW8 Thysanotuspatersonii 0 0 0.1 0 GW8 Xanthoffhoea?drumnondti 0301 GW9 +Biza tarina 0 0.1 0 0 GW9 *Biza minor 0 0 0.1 0.1 GW9 *Ilypochaerisglabra 54a1 GW9 *Lolium igidum l 0.1 0 0.2 GW9 +Pentaschistisairoid.es 1520.2 GW9 *Polypogonmonspeliercis 0 0.5 0 0.1 GW9 +Ronalearosea I 0.5 1 1 GW9 +Sonchusoleraceus 0 0 0 0.1 GW9 +Ursiniaanthemoid.es 0 0 0.1 0 CW9 +Vulpiabromoid.es 301054 GW9 ?Anphipogonsp. 1111 GW9 Acacia ?pulchelln 0 0.1 0.1 0 GW9 Acacia acumimta 0532 GW9 Allacasuainahuegeliata 80200 GW9 aAvelliniamichelii 0.1 0 0.1 1 GW9 Centauium spicatum 00.400 GW9 DichopogoncapiUipes 1000 GW9 EucaMtussalmonopltloia 25215 GW9 Eucalypnrswandoo 10 8 0 20 GW9 Gonocarpusnod.ulosus 00302 GW9 Hibbertia mpicoln 0 0 0.5 0.1 GW9 Hord.eumlepoinum 0000.1 GW9 Lepid.oryennnbrunonianwn 000.50 GW9 Lomandraefiua 0000.2 GW9 Loxocaryacinerea 0110.1 GW9 Neuraclmealopecuroidea 4 5 10 8 GW9 Oxalis sp. 000.10 GW9 Podolepisgracilis 5821 GW9 Ptilotusd.eclinatw 0 0.1 0 0 GW9 Stipa ?wcnostactrya 0 0.132 GW9 Stipaelegantissima 0.1000 GW9 Stipa tichopltylla 0032 GW9 Ticoryne elntior 0 0 0.1 0 GW9 Tifolium sp. 0.5 1 1 0.1 GWl0 *Pentaschistisairoides 0000.1 GWl0 Acacia acuminata 115 104 CW10 Anphipogonstictus JJZI GW10 Bareground ) s ls 1 (-(

APPENDX C: RECORDEDDATA FROM GRASSYwooDLAND MONITORJNGSITES Percentagecoyer PIot No. Plant NW NE SW SE CW10 Borya sphaerocephalt I 5 02 GWi0 Brunoniaaustralis 1 2 12 GW10 Danpiera lavatdulncea 4 o 434 GW10 Dianella rwoluta 0.2 0 0.2 0.2 GW10 Dichopogonpreissii 0.5 1 GW10 DroseraW. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 GW10 Gnephosistmuissima 60 0.1 15 30 GW10 Grevilleapaniculata 3 0.5 GW10 lzpdospenw costale 0001 GW10 Lobeliaheteropltylln 1 0.4 11 GW10 Loxocaryacinerea 1 0.4 0.4 0.2 GW10 Neuraclnealopecuroidea 1222 GW10 Operculaia echinocepha!.a. 0.3 0 0.1 0.1 GW10 Podolepiscanescens 0.2 2 0.2 2 GWIO Podothecagnapholioidls 000.1 0 GW10 Schoeniacassiniana 0.1 1 11 GW10 Stipa tichophylla 5858 GW10 Waitziaacumitata 15 40 30 45 D1.

APPENDD(D: PHOTOGRAPI{IC RECORDS OF GRASSY WOODLAND MOMTORING PLOTS

Plate 1 Eucalypns loxophLeba- Acacia acuminata (York Gum-Jam)Grassy Woodland, DurakoppinNature Reserve - Site GWl.

Plate2 Open EucaLyptuswandoo (Wandoo)Grassy Woodland, Durakoppin Nature Reserve- Site GW2. D2.

APPENDD(D: PIIOTOGRAPIIIC RECORDS OF GRASSY WOODLAND MOMTORING PLOTS

Plate3 EucaLyptusloxophleba - Spartochloascirpoidea GrassyMallee, Cairn Nature Reserve- SiteGW3.

Plate4 OpenAcacia acuminata (Jam) Grassy Woodland on shallowgranite, Cairn Nature Reserve- Site GW4. D3.

APPENDD( D: PHOTOGRAPIIIC RECORDS OF GRASSY WOODLAND MOMTORING PLOTS

Plate5 EucaLyptuswandoo - Allocasuaina huegeliana- Acacia acuminata@andoo- Sheoak-Jam)Grassy Woodland, Tutanning Nature Reserve - Site GW5.

Plate6 Open EucalyptussaLmonophLoia - EucaLyptus wandoo - EucaLyptusLoxophleba (SalmonGum-Wandoo-York Gum) Grassy Woodland, Camping Reserve (12109) - SiteGW6. D4.

APPENDX D: PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF GRASSY WOODLAND IVIOMTORING PLOTS

Plate7 EucaLyptuswandoo (Wandoo) Grassy Woodland, DryandraState Forest - Site GW7.

Plate8 Open Eucalyptuswandoo (Wandoo) Grassy Woodland, Hotham River Narure Reserve(8291) - SiteGW8. )5.

APPENDD(D: PHOTOGRAPI-IIC RECORDS OF GRASSY WOODLAND MOMTORING PLOTS

. '*'_.- ': .. ' ,*,';' _: ,,i,-:' :-:'-_al-- . _-r.:

Plate9 open Eucalyptussalmanophroia - Eucalyptus wandoo - Acacia acuminata(Salmon Gum-Wandoo-Jam)Grassy Woodtand, private property popanyinning - Site GW9.

Platel0 - Eucalyptusloxophleba Acaciaacuminata (york Gum-Jam)Grassy woodland, WaterReserve (135i0) - SiteGW10. D6.

APPENDIXD: PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDS OF GRASSY WOODLAND MOMTORING PLOTS

PlateI I Poa Grasslandin the Midlands(Central), Tasmania.

Plate12 Burningof grasslandpaddock to maintainspecies richness. D7.

APPENDD( D: PHOTOGRAPItrC RECORDS OF GRASSY WOODLAND MONITORINGPLOTS

Plate13 ButtonGrass Grassy Woodlands, Western Tasmania. E1. APPENDIK E: YASCIILAR PLAI{T SPECIESOF GRASSYWOODLANDS (* denotesinhoduced species)

FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

LYCOPODIACEAE Pltylloglossum drwmwndii

POACEAE Amphipogon stricats * Avellinia micheEi * Avena fatun * Biza max ta * Biza minor * Bromtu raberc Dawhonia caespitosa Danthonia setacea * Hordeum lepoinun * Loliurn rigi&nn Neurachne alopecuroidea * Pentaschistis airoides Polypogon manspeliotsis Spanochloa scirpoidea Stipa elegantksima Stipa ?pya.tostaclrya Stipa tenuifolia Stipa trichoplrylln * Yulpia brornoides * Vulpia nryuros

CYPERACEAE Lepidosperma ang,ustatwn Lepidospenna brutanianum Lepidosperma costale Lepidosperma drummondii Lepidosperma tenue Schoenus humilis Schoenus sp,

RESTIONACEAE Lepidobolus preissianus Loxocarya cinerea

CENTROLEPIDACEAE Aphelia biaila Centrolepis aristda

DASYPOGONACEAE Lomandra colh a Lomandra ffusa

XANTHORRHOEACEAE Xanthonhoea ?drummondii E2. APPENDf,KE: VASCWAR PLANT SPECIESOF GRASSYWOODLANDS (* denotesinfroduced species)

FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

PHORMIACEAE Dianella revoluta Stypandra glauca

ANTHERICACEAE Borya sphaerocephala Dichopogon capillipes Dichopogon preissii Sowerbaea luiflora Tlrysanotus paruiflorus Ilrysanotus patersonii Tricoryne elatior

ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine semibarbata

COLCHICACEAE Wurmbea tmella

HAEMODORACEAE Anigozanthos sp. Conostylis s*igera ssp. setigera Haenadorum luurn

IRIDACEAE Orthrosanthus Iuus Patersonia drumnundii * Romulea rosea

ORCHIDACEAE Calodenia roei Microtis unifolia

CASUARINACEAE Allocasuaina huegeliana

IJRTICACEAE Parietaria debilis

PROTEACEAE Grevillea paniculata Hakea lissocarpha

SANTALACEAE Santalum acuminatum

CI{ENOPODIACEAE Enclryhena tomentosa

AMARANTHACEAE Ptilotus declinatus Ptilotus ho[oseiceus var rosea Ptilotus manglesii Ptilotas ?roei

PORTULACACEAE Calandinia calyptrata E3. APPENDX E: VASCIJLAR PLANT SPECIESOF GRASSYWOODLANDS (*denotesintroduced species)

FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

BRASSICACEAE Brassicaceae sp. (cG399)

DROSERACEAE Drosera erythrorhiza Drosera glanduligera. Drosera macrantha Drosera menziesiissp. menziesii Drosera sp.

CRASSULACEAE Crassala colorata

PITTOSPORACEAE Billardiera seicea

MIMOSACEAE Acacia acuminata Acacia einacea Acacia lasiocarpa var. bracteo lda Acacia microbotrya Acacia ?pubhella Acacia sp. (CG405)

PAPILIONACEAE Dwiesia hakeoidesssp. subnuda Dwiesia ?incrassata Gastrolobium panifolia Isotropis cuneifoUa Nencia sp. (Crkp 6183) Orylobium microcardiunt Tifolium sp.

GERANIACEAE Lroarum botrys Erodium cicutarium

OXALIDACEAE Oxalis sp.

LINACEAE Linum marginale

STACKHOUSIACEAE Stackhousia monogyna Stackltousia sp.

RHAMNACEAE Stenanthemum tridentatum

DILLENIACEAE Hibbenia rupicola Hibbertia sp. EA

APPENDTXE: VASCULAR PLANT SPECIESoF GRASSYwooDLANDS (*denotesintroduced species)

FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

MYRTACEAE Calytrix leschenaultii Eucalyptus capillosa ssp.capillos a Eucalyptus loxophleb a ssp. liss o phlota Eucalyptus loxophleba ssp.Ioxophleba Eucalyptus salmonophloia Eucalyptus wandoo Melaleuca arenicola Melaleuca hamulosa

HALORAGACEAE Gonocarpus nodulosus

APIACEAE Daucus glochidiatus Hydrocotyle callicarpa HydrocotyLe rugulosa Trachymene cyanopetala Trachymene pilosa

EPACRIDACEAE Astoloma serratifolium

PRIMULACEAE Anagallis arvensis

GENTIANACEAE Centauium spicatum

SOLANACEAE Nicotiana rotundifolia

SCROPHULARIACEAE* Parentucellia larifolia Zaluziarclqa dtvaricata

LENTIBULARIACEAE Utriculaia violacea

PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago vaia

RUBIACEAE Opercularia echinocephala Operculaia sp.

CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia gracilenta

LOBELIACEAE Isotoma hypocrateiformis LobeLta heterophylla E5. APPENDX E: VASCIII,AR PLANT SPECIESOF GRASSYWOODLANDS (*denotesintroduced species)

FAMILY GENUS SPECIES

GOODENIACEAE Brunonia australis Dampiera lavandulacea Dampiera ?lindleyi Lechenaukia biloba Scaevola humifusa Velleia cycnopot^mica

STYLIDIACEAE Levenhookia dubia Stylidtum calcaratum Stylidium miniatwn Stylidium unillorun Stykdium sp.

ASTERACEAE Actinobole uliginosum * Arctotheca calendula Blennospora drummondit Brachyscome belltdioides Ceratogyne obionoides Chthonocephalus pseudevax Corula cotuloides Erernophyllum tenellum Gilberta tenuifolia Gilruthia osbomei Gnephosis tenaissirna Helichrysum leucopsideum Helipterum demissum Hyalosperma cotula * Hypochaeis glabra Millotia tenuifolia Milloria tenuifo lia var. t muifu Ii a Okarta millais Podolepis canescens Podolepis capillaris Podolepis gracilis Podolepis Iessonii Podotheca gnaphalioides Podotheca sp. (CG361) Quinuia umillei Rhodanthe citrina Rhodanthe Iaevis Schoenia cassiniana * Sonchus oleraceus * Ursinia anthemotdes Waitzia acuminata rt. APPENDIX F: DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT SPECIESRECORDED IN GRASSYWOODLANDS

LEGEND + - recordedin plot # - recordedin associatedvegetation @ - recordedby othersuwey (Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd ), August1995

Plot PIant Soecies GW1 GWz GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GlY8 G'!V9 G'tY10 Acacia acuminata + + @ + + + Acaciaeinacea + AcacialasiocarDa var. bracteobta + Acaci.amicrobotma + Acacia ?pulcheLln + Acacia so. + Acaciaso. GG405) Acttnoboleulisinosum @ A llo casrnina huese Liana + + + Amohinoponstrictus + + ?Amohioosonso. + +Arnsallis aruensis + + Anip ozanthos sD. + Apheliabizula + +ArctoftecacaLenduln + @ Astrolomn sen atifo lium + *Avelliniamichelii + + aAu"enafatua + + Billnrdiera seicea + BI enno so ora drummondi i + + + Bona sDhaeroceDhala + @ + + B rac hys c o me b el lidio i des @ Brassicaceaeso. (CG399) +Briza raxi.nn + + *Biza minor + + *Bromus rubens @ Brunoniaaustalls + Bulbinesemibarbata @ Caladeniaroei @ Calnndinia cahDtrata @ Calntir leschmaultii Centauriuntsoicatum Centroleoisaistata + Ceratopyneobionoides @ Chthonoceo hnlus os eudevax, @ Conos*-lissetieera sso. setipera + Corulacotuloides @ CrassulncoLorata @ Damoiera lnvandukrcea + + + Damoiera?lindlevi DanthoniacaesDitosa @ Danthonia setacea + Daucus p lochidiafits Daviesia ?i.ncrassata + Daiesia hakeoidessso. subnuda Dtanella revoluta + @ + + DtchoooponcaoilliDes + + + DichoDoeon Dreissii + Droseraenthrorhi:a + Droseraelandulisera @ F2. APPENDIX F: DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT SPECIESRECORDED IN GRASSYwooDLANDS

LEGEND + - recordedin plot # - rccordedin associatedvegetation @ - recordedby othersuwey (Mattiske Consr:lting Pty Ltd ), August1995

Plot Plant Species GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 |GW7 GW8 GW9 G't 10 Drosera macrantha @ Droseramenziesii ssD. menziesit # Droserasp. + Enchylnenatomentosa + Eremnohyllumtmellum + *Erodium botns @ @ *Erodium cicutarium @ EucaLypnscaDillosa sso. caDi.llosa + Eucalyonsloxoohleba sso. lissoohloia + EucalyowsloxoDhleba sso. loxoohleba + + Euca lyp tus salmo no D h loia + Eucahpus wandoo + + + + Gastr oLo b ium paruifo li a + Gilbena tenuifolia + Gilruthia osbomei @ Gnephosistenuissi,ma + GonocarpusnoduLosus GrevilleapanicuLan @ Haemodorumlaxum # Hakealissocaroha + Helichrysum I euc op si d eum + Helipterum demissum (q Hibbeniarupicola + Hibbertia sp. + HordeumleDoinum + HlaLospermacoala + HvdrocomlecaLlicar1a Hvdrocomlerupulosa *HyDochaeis pl-a.bra + @ + Isoto mn hyD o crateifo rmis + + + Isotropis cuneifolia + Lechernultia biloba Lepido b o lus preis si anus + + L.4p!1!.o sp er ma ang us t atum Lep tdo s p erma b run onianum Lepidospermncostale + + Lepidosperma?costale + + L epi dos p e rma dru mmon d ii Lepidospermatenue + Levenhookiadubia @ Linum marpinale Lobelia heterophtlbs *Loliun ilidum + Lomandracollina + Lono.ndra 4fi$a + + + + Loxocamacinerea + + + + + Melaleuca hamulosa Microtis unifoLia @ Mi.lloriarcnuifolia + Millotia tenuifoLia var. tenuifolia F3. APPENDIX F: DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT SPECIESRECORDED IN GRASSYWOODLANDS

LEGEND + - recordedin plot # - recordedin associatedvegetation @ - recordedby othersurvey (Mattiske Consulting Pry Ltd ), Auglst 1995

Plot Plant Species GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GWs GW6 GW7 GW8 GW9 GWl0 NemciasD. (Ciso 6183) + Neurachne a lopecurold.e a + + + + + + + + Nicotiana ronndtfolta @ Oleaia axilhis + ODerculaia echinoc eohaln + Ooerculaiaso. + Orthrosanthuskaw Omlis sp. + + Orylobium miuocardium + * Par entucellia lntifo lia @ Paietaia debilis @ Patersoniadrummondii * Pentas chistis airoi d es + + @ + + + + Phy Llo s los sum d.rummondii + @ Plantago vaia + @ Podolepiscanescms + + Podolepk capillais + + Pgdolepisgractlt + Podolepislessonii + + + @ + + + Podot heca p naDhali o ides + + @ + PodothecasD. (CG361) * Po l'')Do e on monso eliensis + Ptilotus declinatus + + + Ptilotus holosericeusvar rosea Ptiloas nanglesii + Ptilotus ?roei + Quinetiaurvillet @ Rhodanthecitrina + RhodantheInevis @ *Romulearosea Santalumacuminatum + @ Scaeuohhumifiisa + Schoeniacassiniana + + Schomushumilis + @ Schoen$ sD. *Sonchusokraceus + Sowerbaealoxiflora + Spanochloa scirpoid.ea + Stackhousiamonogyna + + StacwousiasD . + Ste nan th e ma m tri dentatum + Stipaeleganissima @ + + + Stipa ?pycnostachva + StipatmuifoLia + Stipa tichophy LLa + + @ + + + Stylidi.umcaLcararum St)lidiumminiatum + Sntidiumuniflorum Snlidiumso. + SNoandra p lauca + F4. APPENDIX F: DISTRIBLITION OF PLANT SPECIESRECORDED IN GRASSYWOODLANDS

LEGEND + - recordedin plot # - recordedin associatedvegetation @ - recordedby othersurvey (Mattiske Consulting Pty Ltd ), August1995

Plot Plant Species GWl GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 GW9 GWl0 Thysanow parviflorus + ThysanotusDatersonii + + Trac lw rnn e cyano D eta IA + + Trachtnune pilosa + + + Ticonne ehtior .i- Tifoliumso. + *Ursinia antharnides + @ @ f + 1- + Utriculnia iolacea + Yelleia cycnoootamica + @ +Yulpia bromoides + @ @ + avulDiawuros Wah lenh e r gi a grac i I enta @ Waidia acuminata + + + @ + Wurmbeatenelln @ Xanthonho ea ?d rummondii + \JI.

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APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themeilatriandra (7. australis)FROM TEE WAMRB SPECIMENDATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Co11.:Keighery G.l. 6972 DaIe'.2705 1984( PERTH00489387 ) Locality:Base Scarp, 1 km S of CrystalBrook" 25 km E of perth Lat.:35"02'26" S Long.:116'38'30" E mossysand steepslope low openheath

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Hay G.K.B.s.n. Date: 12 1924(PERTH 00489603 ) Locality:Mount Barker Lat.:34"39'23" S Long.:117' 38' 47'E Previousdet.'. Themedatriandra

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:McCallum Webster M. WA/160 Date:28 01 1979( PERTH00489700 ) Locality:Roadside verge E of IvIt.Barker, Warren Lat.:34"37' 35" S Long.:i 17. 39,54" E

Themedaaustralts (R. Br.) Stapf. (Poaceae) Coll.: K.R. Newbey3844 Date:23 09 1,973( PERTH02820544 ) Locality;Along PallinupRiver, Marra Bridge Lat.'.34"20'36" S Long.:i18" 40'35"E 35-40cm high. Graniticsandy loam.

Themedqaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Beauglehole A.C. ACB 12582Date:08 09 1965( PERTH00489506 ) Locality:4 ml W of Bridgetownon BrockmanHighway Lat.:33" 57'30"S Long.:116' 04'05" E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:K.R. Newbey 4034 Date:14 OI 19'14( PERTH00489611 ) Locality: 11.5 km NNW of Pt. A:l:, FitzgeraldRiver National park Lat.:33" 44'04" S Long.:119. 53, 39" E sand& silt river flat

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:E.N.S. Jackson 1362 Date: 09 10 1968( PERTH00489573 ) Locality:Lort River crossingon Esperance-Ravensthorpemai-n road, port River crossingis ca. 60 km W ofEsperance]. Lat.:33"44'00" S Long.:121' 15'30" E graniteoutcrop beside river

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Stoward R.F. s.n. Date: 12 l9t6 (PERTH00439697 ) Locality:Harvey Lat.:33" 04'41" S Long.:115" 53'29, E Previousdet.: Anthistiriaciliata APPENDD(H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra (T. australis)FROM TEE WAHERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:K.J. Atkins KA285 Date:2709 1982( PERTH00490199 ) Locality:Worsley Mine Site,10 km S of Boddington Lat.:32"53'41" S Long.:116'28' i8" E heattrWandoo

Ihemedn australis @oaceae) Coll.:K.J. Atkins KA99 Date:07 01 1982( PERTH00489360 ) Locality:Worsley Mine Site,10 km S of Boddington,near study plot M13H Lat.:32"53'41" S Long.:1i6'28' 18'E heathWandoo

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Anonymous s.n. Date: 29 111898 (PERTH00489557) Locality:Drakesbrook Lat.:32"52'00" S Long.:115'57'00" E Previousdet.: Anlhistiria ciliata

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coti.:T.E.H. Aplin 1254Date: 14 11 1961( PERTH00489522 ) Locality:Roleystone Ldt.:32"07' 05" S Long.:116' 03'4'7' E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:R.J. Cranfield 1327/80 Date:05 08 1980(PERTH489530 Locality: GooseberryHill, Kalamunda Lat.:31" 59'0 " S Long.:116" 5'0 " E lateriticsoil

Themednaustralis (Poaceae) coll.:SawyerP. 124 Date.0712 1985 (PERTH00404470) Locality:Reserve C8120, Coulston Road, Boya Lat.:31'55'00" S Long.:116'02'59-E graniticsoil neargranite outcrops

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Meebold A. Nr. 520 Date: 10 1928( PERTH00490237 ) Locality:Swan View Lat.:31" 52'59" S Long.:116" 02' 59' E Previousdet:. Themedatriandra

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:R.J. Cranfield 1989 Date: 10 i2 1981( PERTH00489549 ) Locality: 17km NE of KeatingRoad towards Bindoon, in ChitteringValley Lat.:31'30' 12' S Long.:116' 06' 53"E roadverge APPENDXH: KNOWN LOCATIONS O'F Themeilatriarulra (L THE WAEERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.: RJ. Anketell s.n. Date:18 08 19Ol ( PEMTI 00489832) Locality: E of Kalgoorlie Lat.:30' 44'23"S Long.:l2l' 28'06"E Previous det.'. Themedatrianfua

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: RJ. Cranfield2854 Date'.24 08 1983 ( PERTI{489727 ) Locality: Mills lookou! Nanson-GeraldtonRoad, SouthMoresby Range " !' Lat.'.28" 43' 0 S Long.: 114" 43' 0 E red clayey sand higb shrubland

Themedaaustralis @oaceaQ Coll.: R.J.Cranfield 2946 Date"25 08 1983 ( PERfi{ 489719 ) Locality: 4.4 km NE of Moonyoonookaturnoff Nanson-GeraldtonRoad, Heinricks' Farm,East MoresbYRange " Lat.'.28"40'0 u S Long.:114'43'0 E brownsandy claY oPenscrub

Themeddaustralis @oaceae) Coll.:S.T. Blake 18082 Date:02 09 1947( PEMI{ 00490326) Localiw: Buller River, N of Geraldton Lat.:28"38' 17us Long.:114" 36'12'E scrubAcacia

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: E. de C. Clarke102 Date: 07 1916 ( PERfi{ 00489581) Locality: E of Laverton Lat.: 28o 37' 42" S Long;122' 24' 06. E

Themedaatstralis @oaceae) Co11.:BlackallW.E.4513 Date:31 08 1940(PEMI{00489514 ) Locality: Near Lynton Lat.:2€" 12'41"S Long.:114' 17'59"E

Themedaanstralis (Poaceae) €oll.: GardnerC.A. s.n. Date: 08 1927 (PERfi{00489778) ' Locality: Lake Darlot Lat.'.27"44'35" S t2t" 29'48" E granite rises

Themedaoustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: GeorgeA.S. 11974 Date:17 07 19'74( PERTH490261 Lopalrtl: Cooper CreelgN of Neale Junction " Lat.:27"19'O'S Long.:126" 20'0 E loam flat Mulga H4.

APPENDD( E: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatrianilra (T. australi) FROM THE WAHERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: D.A HerbertH.175 Date: 07 1918 ( PERTH00489859 ) Locality: NuendahCred Mount Keith Lat.'.27"17'00u S Long.:120'30'00'E dried up creekson the goldfields Previousdet.: Anthiistiria

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.: Mtchell A.A. 920 Date:0l 03 1982 ( PERTTI00489379) Locality: 20 km W of CoodardyHomestead on road to Noondie Lat.:27" 15' l8u S Long.:1l7o 25' 57'E creekline

Themedaantralis (Poaceae) Coll.:George A.S. 2983 Date:3l 08 196l ( PERTH00490350 ) Locality: Near "The Zoo", Laverton- WarburtonRoad ' Lat:.27" 09' 'l S Long.'.124" 34' 'E

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.:Lefroy A.L.B. s.n. Date: ( PERTH 00490296) Locality:Boolardy Station Lat.:26"59'00'S Long.:116'3l'59u E

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.: SpeckN.H. 839 Date:15 09 1957 ( PERTI{00489638 ) Locality:N of Wiluna Lat.:26"35'23'S Long.:120' 13'29'E creekflat Previousdet.: Themeda

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: L.A. Craven5166 Date:26 04 1978 ( PERTH489417 ) Loca.lity:North Pool, edgeof waterhole Lat.:26o27'0' S Long.:120" 9'0 " E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:G.Buchanans.n. Date: 04 1925 (PERTH00490083) Locality: Murchison district Latj26" 16'24uS Long.:116'35'4l"E

Themedaoustralis @oaceae) Coll.:G. Buchanans.n. Date: 04 1925 (PERTH00489816) Locality:Murchison district Lrt:26" 16'24' S Long.:116' 35' 41"8 H5.

APPENDD(H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra (7. australis)FROI{ THE WAEERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (lPoaceae) Coll.:R.J.Cranfield 5448 Date:03 05 1986(PERTH 80594'l ) Locality: 14km SSEof BeleleStation Lat.:26"7'0 " S Long.:118' 19'0 " E red clayeysand river plain openforest

Themedaaustralis (R. Br.) Stapf. (Poaceae) Coll.:A.S. George 8185 Date:30 09 1966( PERTH00490\'12) Locality:Near Mount Talbot, 5 miiesE of WarburtonMissron Lat:26'06'06' S Long.:126" 39'09" E Perennialsrass. In creekbed.

Themeda australis (Poaceae) Coll.: GeorgeA.S. 5225 Date:21 07 1963( PERTH00490148 ) Locality: Mt. Aloysius,E of BlackstoneRange Lat.:26"02' 00' S Long.:128" 35' 59" E rockycreek bed

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Co11.:P.J. Fuller 12 Date:10 0l 1977( PERTH00489425 ) Locality: i6 km NE of Warburtonon GilesRoad Lat.:26'01'53"S Long.:126' 42'25'E red sa:rdvsoil ooenflat

Themeda australis (Poaceae) Coll.: Lay b. 869 Date:29 08 193'1( PERTH00489492) Locality: Ca. 5 km W of Blacktone Campnear Blackstone Range, (Blackstone Mining Campis ca.80 km W of S.A.-N.T.-W.A.border) Lat.'.25"59'30" S Long.:128" 06' 54" E clayeysoil gilgai

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.:A.M. Ashby4018 Date: ( PERTH00489891 ) Locality:Blythe Pool Lat.:25'59'00" S Long.:125'30'30" E Previousdet.'. Themeda australia

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:GardnerC.A. s.n. Date: 08 1932(PERTH00489751) Locality: GascoyneRiver Lat.:25"09' 18" S Long.:i 16' 56'29' E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Barnett G. s.n.Date: ( PERTH00489'743 ) Locality:Carnawon Lat.:24' 52'4'7" S Long.:1 13' 39'29' E H6.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatrianiha(7. australis)BROM. THE WAHERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.: StewartA. s.n. Date: 02 1938 ( PERTH00490334 ) Locality: 36 ml N of ThreeRivers Lat.'.24"36' 26" S Long.:119" 08' 47" E plain Spinifex

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: MeadlyG.RW. M.43 Date: l5 07 1937 ( PERTH 00489824) Localiry:Wandagee Station - via Carnarvon Lat.:23' 45'59' S Long.:114' 32' 59'E

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) coll.: G.G.Gooch 403 Date: ( PERTH00490091 ) Locality: WandageeStation Lat.:23'45'59"S Long.:1i4" 32'59'E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:G.G. Gooch s.n. Date:01 08 1937( PERTH 00490342) Locaiity: Wandagee- Kookilya Dlk Lat.:23"45'54'S Long.:114'33' 11"E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: GeorgeA.S. 3285 Date'.22 02 1962 ( PERTH00489476 ) Locality: LearmonthRoad, 44 ml S of Bullaraturnoff " Lat.: 23' 16'05" S Long.: I 13 43'41' E red sand

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.:J.S.Beard3544 Date:21 07 1964(PERTH00489484) Locality: 17ml N of Cardabian:rnoff " Lat.:22' 56' " S Long.:113" 58' E Spinifex

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:A.S. Mitchell 704 Date:25041979 ( PERTH490628 Locality: Little SandyDesert Lat..22"51'0 " S Long.:121" 55'0 " E sand-plainSpinifex '

Themedaattstralis @oaceae) Coli.:Stewart A. s.n. Date: 02 1938( PERTH00490369 ) Locality: Roy Hill Lat.:22"36'00'S Long.:i19" 57'11" E H'7.

APPENDD(E: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatrianilra(7. azsfralrs)FROM THE WAEERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.: StewartA. s.n. Date: 02 1938 ( PERTH00490377 ) Locality:Roy Hill Lat:.22o36'00" S Long.:119' 57' 11" E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: StewartA. s.n. Date: 02 1938 ( PERTH00490105 ) Locality:Roy Hiil Lat.'.22"36'00'S Long.:119' 57'11" E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:GeorgeA.S. 10795 Date: 16 07 1979(PERTH490253 ) Locality: S of RudallRiver "E LLatj22'34'0's Longj.122" 11'0 sandv sandvcreek bed

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:K.RNewbey 10'723Date:0508 1984 (PERTH490229 ) Locality: BoolgeedaCreek, 9km ESEof QuarryHill, ca 120km W ofTom Price Lat.'.22" 33' 17"S Long.:116' 39'24' E well-drained, stony, red alluvium narrow flood plain high sbrublallldAcacia citrinoviridis

Themedaaustralis (PoaceaQ Coll.:Royce R.D .8422 Date'.14 06 1968( PERTH00490180 ) Locality:Dale's Gorge, Hamersley Range Lat.'.22'29'35"S Long.:118" 36'53" E red loem amongrocks on sidesof gorge

Themedaaff. australis (Poaceae) Coll.:J.S.Beard4510 Date: 1408 1966 (PERTH00489840) Locality:Dales Gorge Lat:22"29'35" S Long.:118'36'53" E cliffs Callitris Previous det.'. Themedaaustralis

Themedaaff. australis @oaceae) Coll.: M.I.H. Brooker 2208 Date'.29 09 1969 ( PERTH00489794 ) Locality:Dale's Gorge, on fvestem(shaded) side of gorge Lat.'.22'29' 35" S Long.:118" 36' 53" E Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.:Pullen R. 10.933Date: 0l 05 1917( PERTH319902 ) Locality:Tum-off to KalaminaGorge, Hamersley Range National Park " Lat.:22"23'0 " S Long.:118'20'0 E ironstonegravel plain grasslandMallee Ez calyptus Grevillea Triodia H8.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra(7. australis)FROM THE WAEERB SPECIMENDATABASE

Themedna/f. australis (Poaceae) Coll.: K.R. Newbey10044 Date:29 03 1984 ( PERTH00490202) Locality: i2 km S of Wittenoon Lat.:22"20'0 " S Long.:118" 19'0 " E excessively-drained,red sandy loam colluvialslope of gorgehigh openshrubland Acaciapruinocarpa Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Col1.:GeorgeA.S. 1085 Date:26 08 1960(PERTH00489441 ) Locality: 138ml S of PortHedland Lat.:22"i8' 30"S Long.:118" 35' 42'E opencreek bed, pla:n Triodia

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:J.S. Beard 6131 Date: 08 1970( PERTH00490156 ) Locality:Hamersley Station Lat:22"17'00" S Long.:117'41'00'E grassolain

Themedadustrdlis (Poaceae) Col1.:George A.S. 6679 Date:2'/05 1965( PERTH00489468 ) Locality:4-5 ml N of YardieCreek Lat.:22"15'31" S Lons.:113' 51'41" E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:R.Blacks.n.Date: 13 05 1976(PERTH004903I8) Locality:W of WeelumuuaCreek Lat.'.21"55'35" S Long.:117' 3'l' 53'E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:K.R. Newbey9917 Date:23 03 1984( PERTH490210 ) Locality: 15km E of PanawonicaHill Lat.'.21"41'0 " S Long.:116'34'0 "E well-drained,red, stony l6amy sand lowerslope of BandedIronstone Formation hills

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:R. Blacks.n. Date:09 05 1976( PERTH00490636 ) Locality:Robe River, uppef transect, to N Lat.:21' 37'42'S Long.:115" 55'48" E rockv ledee

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Cotl..R. Blacks.n. Date:09 05 1976( PERTH00490601 ) Locality:Rocky bank of pool to north,Robe River Upper transect Lat.:21" 37'42' S Lons.:115' 55'48" E H9.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra(?i azsfralrs,)FROM THE WAEERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:J.S. Beard 4545 Date:17 0S 1966( PERTH00489735 ) Locality:Millstream Station Lat.'.21'34'59" S Long.:117' 03' 59" E grassplain

Themedaaustralis (R. Br.) Stapfin Prain (Poaceae) Coll.:K.L. Tlnley3272 Date'. 04 1988(PERTH 1848577) Locality: In Fold Rangeson E marginof AbydosAVoodstockReserve, North Pilbararegion " Lat.:21"23' " S Long.:118' 50' E Tuftedperennial up to 80 cm high. on alluviaof stonycreeks. Abundance:corlmon.

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:N.T. Burbidge1197 Date:13 06 1941( PERTH00489395 ) Locality:Mount Edgar Station, SE from MarbleBar Lat:21" 18'00" S Long.:i20" 03'59" E amongstboulders on rocky hillside

Themedaausrralis (Poaceae) Coli.:N.T. Burbidge1036 Date: 08 06 1941( PERTH00490i 13 ) Locality:Eginbah Station, bank of CoonganRiver Lat.:20"52'00" S Long.:119' 46'59'E sandysoil

Themednaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Olsson C. 8i Date:23 03 19s6 ( PERTH837091 ) Locality: BesideNorth West CoastalHighway about 10 km dueSW of Karrathanear Humes turnoff Lat.'.20"48'0 " S Long.:116" 4'7'0'E growingin scatteredclumps about 1 m high,leaves medium green, stalls a light purple-brown greenwith pinkishbrown bracts coarsesand and gravel over clay flat plainbordering a small creek

Themedaaff. australis @oaceae) Coll.:A.S. Weston 12?15 Date: 11 09 1981( PERTH00489786 ) Locality:Cossack " Lat.'.20"41'0 " S Long.:117" 11' 0 E steep,barren sloPes of boulders Previousdet.: Themedaaustralis

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:N.T. Burbidge686 Date: 05 1941( PERTH00490i21 ) Locality:Warralong Station, near water in Coonganfuver Lat:20'38'08"S Long.:119'35'03" E H10.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra (7. australis)FROM THE WAHERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: RoyceRD.7793 Date:05 06 1962 ( PERTTI00489883 ) Locality:Dolph in Island,Dampier Archipelago Lat.:2Q'30'29'S Long.:116' 50'24'E Previousdet.: Themeda

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: Andersons.n. Date: 1898 ( PERTH00489808 ) Locality:Mulyie Station,De GreyRiver Lat.:20"27'59'S Long.:119'30'59" E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: RoyceR.D . 7266 Date'.09 06 1962 ( PERTH00490164 ) Locality:Legendre Island, Dampier Archipelago Lat.:20"23'59' S Lone.:116' 54'18" E

Themedamtstralis (Poaceae) Coll.: A-nonymouss.n. Date: ( PERTH00490245 ) Locality:De GreyRiver Lat.:20"2l'47" S Long.:119"20'36'E Previousdet: Anthisfiria ciliata

Themedaanstralis (Poaceae) Coll.:George A.S. 15514Date: 30 04 1979( PERTH490288 ) Locality:l(uaningarra Rockhole, Southesk Tablelands Lat.:20"15'0 " S Loag.:126'34'0'E sand flat below sandstonehills neardry creekherbs grasses

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: KenneallyK.F. 5420 Date:04 08 1976 ( PERTH490032 Locality:Edgar Ranges Survey, Site Rl, SE of Broome Lat.:18' 55'0" S Long.:123" 57'0 " E sandyalluvium gorge

Themedaoustralis @oaceae) Coll.: KenneallyK.F. 5420 Date:04 08 1976 ( PERTH490040 Locality:Edgar Ranges Survey, Site Rl, SE of Broome Lat.:18" 55'0 " S Long.:123" 57'0 " E sandyalluvium gorge

Themedaaustralb @oaceae) Coll.:SlatyerR.O. 50 Date'.22 02 1949 ( PERTH 00490008) Locality:Ord Lat.'. l'1" 25' 42' S Lohe.: 127" 36' 41" E sandyloam Hl1.

APPENDD(E: KNOWN LOCATIONS O'F Themedatriandra (7. australis)FFiOl.{ THE WAHERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) co11.:Slatyer RO. 50 Date:22 021949 ( PERTH00490024 ) Locality: Ord River Lat.:17" 25' 42^S Long.'.121" 36'4l'E sandvloam

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Co11.:Gardner C.A.7270 Date'.26051944 (PERTHO048992t ) Locality:Ord Riveq belowCarlton Reach Lat..17" 25'42' S Long.:121'36'41"E basalticsoil

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Co11.:W.R. Easton508 Date: 04 1922 ( PERTH00490075 ) Locality:Lennard fuver, Kimberley Lat.:17"24'36" S Long.:125. 03' 11" E Previousdet.: Anthistiriaimberbis

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Co11.:W.V.Fitzgerald 814 Date: 05 1905( PERTH00489905 ) Locality:Base of Mount Broome Lat.'.17" 21'00' S Long.;125' 22' 41"E Previousdet.: Anthistiriaimberbis

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coil.:Forbes S.J. 2664 Date:14 7 1984( PERTH477923 \ Locality:SE Kimberley Red Rock creek crossing of BungleBungle outstation winnama Spring track Lat.'.17" 20'6 " S Long.:128" 21, 30, E brownsandy loam abovefloodplain floodplainopen woodland SpintfexEucalrytus dichromophloia,Lysiphhyllun cunninghamii,Hakea orborescens

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coltr.:GeorgeA.S. 12391 Date: 18 08 1974(PERTH489948 ) Locality:Blyxa CreelqPrince Regent River Resewe Lat.:i5'48'0, S Long.:125" 20,0 " E sand openwoodland

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) coll.: MichaelP. 3 Date:16 t2 t970 ( PERTH00489999 ) Localiry: Kununurra, near Irrigation Chanuelon Departmentof Agriculture Farrn Lat.:15" 45'42"S Long.:128'44'06" E I{t2.

APPENDD( H: KNO1VN LOCATIONS OF Themetlatriantha(T. australis)FROM THE WAHERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: GardnerC .A.7403 Date: I I 06 1944 ( PERTH00490016 ) Locality: Ivanhoe Station,Lower Ord River Lat.:15'41'59" S Long.:128'4l'00'E

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.: LangfreldE.C.B. 148 Date: 1302 1950 ( PERTH00490067 ) Locaiity:Kimberley Research Station Lat.:15'39' 17'S Long.:128" 42' 18" E Previousdet.: Themeda

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Co11.:George A.S. 12385Date: 17 08 1974( PERTH489980 ) Locality:Bushfire Hill, PrinceRegent River Reserye Lat.:15'28'0' S Long.:125'39'0'E lateritic lateriticplateau & basalticslopes woodland

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Wilson P.G. 10833 Date: 18 05 1972( PERTH489964 ) Locality:Augustus Island, Bonaparte Archipelago Lar.:15'25'0 " s Long.:724"35'0'E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: C.A. Gardner1323 DaIe:09 05 1921 ( PERTH00489956 ) Locality: CamdenSound Lar.:15'24'48" S Long.:124'30' i7" E Previousdet.: Anthistiria avenacea

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Kenneally K.F. 4101 Date:08 08 1975( PERTH490059 ) Locality:Pseudomys Hills, DrysdaleRiver National Park" N. Kimberley 'E Lat.:15' Lotg.:127"12' 0 Eucalyptus

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Kenneally K.F. 4359 Date:16 08 1975( PERTH489913 ) Locality: Euro Gorge,Drysdale River National Park, N Kimberley " Lat.:15'3'o uS Long.:126'44'0 E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: G. Chippendales.n. Date:25 11 1954 ( PERTH00490407 ) Locality:Ayefs Rock Waterhole ''"E Lat.:" "'S Long.: H13.

APPENDD( H: KNowN LocATIoNs oF Themedatriandra(7. austratis)FRC/M THE WAHERB SPECIMENDATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Perry RA.32Q9 DaIeOs03 1953( PERTTI00490466 ) Locality: 1 ml E of Aiice Sprhgstownship Lat.:o "'S Long.:"'"E nearwashaways & erodedareas Acacia aneura

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Lazarides M. 5269Date: 12 05 1955( PERTH00490431 ) Locality: Sandoverfuver, 14ml NW of OoratippraStation Lat.:'"'S Long.:"''E sandyred levee Eucalyptuspapuana

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coli.: WinkworthR.E. 1 Date:26 02 1954 ( PERTH0049045S ) Locality:Alice Springsto owen springson Jaycreek Reserve - 18ml wSW of Alice sp.ngs Long.: ' ' "E creekbank Eucalyptuscam aldulensis

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.:R.J. Anketell s.n. Date:18 07 l90l ( PERTH00489875 ) Locality:Not given Long.: " ' "E Previous det.: Anthistiria australis

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Koch M. 315 Date: 05 1899 ( PERTH00490482 ) Locality:Mt. Lyndhurst Lat.:'"'S Long.:" ' "E Previousdet.: Anlhistiriaciliata

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Nelson D.J. 1658 Date: 13 02 t968 ( PERTH00490474) Locality:McGrath Flag 30 ml N of Alice Springs Long.: " , "E clayey flat clayeyswamp grasses

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:Gardner C.A. 11713Date: 18 03 1953( PERTH00489433 ) Locality:Palmer River Lat.:''"S Long.:''"E

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.:G. Chippendales.n. Date:26 03 1958( PERTH00490415 ) Locality:White Range,4 ml NE of ArltungaMission Lat.''''S Long.:"'"E rockyhill 8I14.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra (L australis) FROM TEE WAHERBSPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: NelsonD.J. 296 Date: 13 04 1962 ( PERTH00490423 ) Locality: 26 mlE of PineCreek Long.: blue granite rocls undulating land openforest Eucalyptus

Themedaaustralis @oaceae) Coll.: LuehmannJ.G. - Date: 1779 ( PERTH00489867 ) Locality: Africa, SouthAsia, all Australia Lat.:o "'S Long.:''"E Previousdet. : Anthistiria ciliata

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: LazaridesM.4372 Date: 15 03 1954 ( PERTI{00490393 ) Locality: NearMt. Isatownship Lat.:o "'S Long.:''"E ,redgravelly soil

Themedaaustralis (Poaceae) Coll.: R.J.Aaketell s.n. Date: 18 08 1901 ( PERTH00489409 ) Locality: Muirs Trans Austr Rly Suwey Lat.: ' '"S Long.: o ' rtE

Themedatrimdra @oaceae) Coll.: C. Andrewss.n. Date: 03 1903 ( PERTH00489646 ) Locality: Bridgetown Lat.:33" 57'30"S Long.:116' 08'06" E Previous det.'. Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.: R.j. Cranfield1012/79 Date:02 ll 19'19( PERTH00489565 ) Locality: Mills Road, 0.5 km E of Metro Water Supplyaccess road, Gosnells 'Lat.:32"04'30u S Long.:116' 00'11" E lateritic gravel and clay

Themedatriandra @oaceae) Coll.: C. Andrewss.n. Date: 07 1902 ( PERTT{00489689 ) Locality: Darlington i Lat.:31'54 53'S Long.:116'04 18'E

(Poaceae) ' Themedatriandra Coll.: King H.I. s.n. Date:OS 05 1924 ( PERTH00489670 ) Locality:Toodyay Lat.:31'33' 12" S Long.:116'28' 11'E Previousdet.: Themedaforskalii H15

APPENDD( H; KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra(7. azsfralis)FROM THE WAHERB SPECIMENDATABASE

Themedatriandra @oaceae) Coll.:Morrison A. s.n. Date:01 l1 1903( PERTH00489654 ) Locality:Bowes River (StateFarm) Lat.'.28"23' " S Long.:i 14' 40' " E Previousdet: Themedaaustralis

Themedatriandra (Poaceae) Coll.:D. PearsonDJP 639 Date:26 06 1989( PERTH01781235 ) Locality:Pungkalpini (Banggalbiri) Rockhole, Walter James Range Lat.:24"40' " S Long.:i28'45' " E Tussockgrass 90 cm tall. On rocky creeklinein brownsand. In grasslandwith E. camaldulensigsedges, Grevillea wickhamii. Abundance:dominant.

Themedatriandra @oaceae) Coll.:M.K. Deighton72 Date:0404 1981( PERTH00489662 ) Locality:Pistol Club flats,Newman Lat.:23' 21' 05'S Long.:119" 43'48' E Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themedatrimdra (Poaceae) Coll.:E. LeylandMC. 181 Date:i 5 05 1990( PERTH01781243 ) Locality:Millstream Creek cross;ng Panawonnica Road, Miiistream Lat.'.21"35' 23" S Long.:117" 03' 59' E Stiffly erectgrass 1-2 m. Tuftedat base.Heads clustered in spikesand racemes,subtended by longlhear acutebracts. Edgeof claypannear runoff with regrowthof spinifex.

Themedatriandra (Poaceae) Coli.:A.A.Mitchell2664 Date: 20 08 1992( PERTH3144909 ) Locality:10km W of Karrathaon roadto Dampieropp & Mile Railwaysheds on E sideof road Lat.:20" 43'45"S Long.:i 16" 45'44. E 1.8mtail uprighrgrass bsaes not buriedin ground Drainagefocus in crackingclay plain Eragrostis xerophi la grassland Common

Themedatriandra F orsskal @oaceae) Coll.:B.K. Simon3895Date: 11 04 1988(PERTH 02522535) Locality: SandyCreelq 53 km on roadto Millewindefrom Gibb Riverroad Lat.:17'23' " S Long.:125'33' "E Tuftedperennial. High grasssavanna woodland.

Themedatriandra (Poaceae) Coll.:B.K. Simon& M. SandsBKS 4023 Date:20 04 1988 ( PERTH01775723 ) Locality: 30 km on Miilewinderoad from GibbRiver road, King LeopoldRanges Lat.:17'19' " S Long.:I25'24' 'E Blackcrackine clav. Hl6.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra (7. australis) FROI$I THE WAEERB SPECIMENDATABASE

Themedatriandra (Poaceae) Coll.: R.D. Blythe 26 Date: ( PERTH 00489336) Locality: Mount House Station Lat.:l'1" 03'00* S Long.:125"42'00" 8 Previous det.'. Themedaarguens

Themedatriandra (Poaceae) Coll.:HartleyT.G. 14539 Date: 13 03 1978(PERTH00274453 ) Locality: About I mile N of the mouth of RevolverCreelg base of the Soutlern Can Boyd Rangesborderi:rg Lake Argyle Lat.:16" 14'0 " S Long.:128'34'0 " E rocky, openslope Previous det.: Themedatriandra

Themeda triqndru @oaceae) Coll.:KenneallyK.F.9564 Date:11 05 1986(PERTT{ 00912654) Locality: smallunnamed bay just S of entranceto SaleRiver in Doubfrrl Bay,W Kimberley Lat.:15' 59'0 " S Long.:124"46'0 " E grass sandstonebelow sandstone cliffs vinethicket

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coil.: T.E.H. Aplin et al. 426 Date:25 04 1985 ( PERTH00846554 ) Locality: 34 km W of Kununurra,ca 10km E ofjunction of GreatNorthern and Victoria Highways, GardnerBotanicai district Lar.:15" 53'0 " S Loag.:128'28'0 " E Caespitoseherb 1.3m high. Unduiatingbasalt country. With sparselow woodlandwith Eacalptus tectfura and,E. terminalis. Abundance:frequent. Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themedatriandra Forsskal @oaceae) Coll.: K.M. Duracks.n. Date: 04 1945 ( PERTH00559229) Locality: Ord River Lat.:15" 35'0 " S Long.:128'46'0 " E Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra @oaceae) Coll.: PaijmansK. 2249 Date:08 03 1978 ( PERTH003 i 1316 ) Locality: 30 km NW of Kununurr4 dry plain of Ord River Lat.:15" 33'0 " S Long.:128" 33'0 " E dry plain grassland Previous det.'. Themedaaustralis Il17

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra (7. australis)FROM TEE WAHERB SPECIMENDATABASE

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.:Gardner C.A. 823 Date:09 05 1921 ( PERTH00490717 ) Locality:Port GeorgeIV Mission,Camden Sound, Kimberley Lat.: 15' 19'35'S Long.:124"39' 12'E Previous det.: Ihemedatriandra

Themedatrian*a (Poaceae) Coli.:T.E.H. Aplin et al.769 Date'.3004 i985 ( PERTH00845485 ) Locality:Rocky Creek,Kalumburu road, 129.1km by roadN ofjunction with Gibb River andEllenbrae road, Gardner Botanical district Lat.:15' 14'0" S Long.:126" 12'0 " E Caespitoseherb 1.5m high. On basalticrocks with waterhole. Previous det.'. Themedaavenacea

Themedatriandra F orsskal (Poaceae) Coll.:K.F. Kenneally10064 Date: 30 05 1987( PERTH00844462 ) Locality: CareeningBay in PortNelson, NW Kimberleycoast Lat.:15" 6'0 " S Long.:125"03'00" E Caespitosegrass. In denseclumps. In screeon eitherside of creekbed. Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triondra @oaceae) Coll.:A.A. Mitchell2138 Date: 04 03 1992( PERTH3210839 ) Locality:East side of mainroad Lat.:14' 57'08"S Long.:128' 44'06'E 1.0mtall tussockingperennial Taii drainbeside main road Weeds Sparse

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.:Kenneally K.F.6743 Date:20 05 1978( PERTH00490520 ) Locality: Dog Leg Swamp,35 km SE of AmaxCampsite on the ThedaStation Road, Mitchell Plateau,West Kimberley Lat.: 14" 56'0 " S Long.:726"0' 0 " E laterite Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triqndra (Poaceae) Coll.: R l{natiuk MP 192 Date:25 06 1976 ( PERTH00490563 ) Locality:Mitchell Plateau,"gaugiag station Lat::74"53'0 " S Long.:125' 50'0'E Besidevery small,intermittent creek. ''Closedgrassland" (Specht-ABRS) with a few emergenttrees. Previous det: Themedaaustralis F{18.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themedatriandra (7. austratis)FROM THE WAHERB SPECIMENDATABASE

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.:J.S.Beard8325Date: 21 02 19'19(PERTTI 00490512) Locality:River plain on CampCreek below crusher, Mitchell Plateau,N.W. Kimberlev Lat.'.14" 52'0 " S Long;125" 46'0 " E very opensavanna Eucal\tptus papuana Sorghum Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.:Shivas R RS 17 Date:09 02 1986(PERTH 00879231 ) Locality:Mitchell Plateau,Camp Creek roadside Lat.:14" 50' " S Long.:125'45' " E Previous det.: Themedatriandra

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.:K.F. Kenneally 4886 Date:15 06 1976( PERTH00490571) Locality:Mitchell Plateau,(Palm Woodland area) W Kimberley Lat.'.14" 50'0 " S Long.:125' 50'0 'E Caespitosegrass. On bauxite. Palmwoodland. Abundance:patchy in understorey. Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.: KenneallyK.F. 7873 Date:21 0 1 1982 ( PERTH0049053 9 ) Locality: 1.5km SE of mining s:mpsite,Mitchell plateau,N. Kimberley " Lat.: 14" 50'0 S Long.:125" 50'0 " E red clay overbasait exposedsheets of basalt Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Col1.:K.F. Kenneally 4887 Date:15 06 1976( PERTH00490598 ) Locality:Mitchell Plateau,(Palm Woodland area) W Kimberley " Lat.:14" 50'0 s Long.:125. 50'0 " E Caespitosegrass. On bauxite. Underpalms. Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.:Kenneally K.F.7725 Date:i4 01 19S2( PERTH00490547 ) Locality:Fuel Dump swamp, 1 km NW of miningcampsite, Mitchell plateau,N. Kimberley " Lat.:14'49'0 S Lbng.:i25" 50'o- E Eucalyptusapodophylla, Banksiadentata Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandrd (Poaceae) Coll.:ShivasR.RST Date: 0802 1986(PERTH00879258) Locality: MitchellPlateau, Base Camp " Lat.:14" 44' S Long..125" 44' ,E Previousdet: Themedatriandra H19.

APPENDD( H: KNOWN LOCATIONS OF Themeilatriandra(7. australis)FR:OI.{ THE WAHERB SPECIMEN DATABASE

Themedatriandra (Poaceae) Coll.: ShivasR. RS 8 Date:08 02 1986 ( PERTH00879266 ) Locality: Mitchell Plateau,Benr OrchidFalls turnoff Lat.: 14" 44' " S Long.:125' 44' . E Previous det.: Themedatriandra

Themedatriandra (Poaceae) coll.: J.s.Beard 8386 Date..23 02 t979 ( PERTH00490504 ) Locality:Mitchell Plateau,near Surveyor's Pool, N.W. Kimberley Lat.: 14" 41'0 " S Long.:125" 43'0'E savannaTerminalia Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coli.: J.S.Beard 8488 Date:28 02 1979 ( PERTH00490490 ) Locality:Mitchell Plateau,Lone Dingo,N.W. Kimberley Lat:.74"35'0 " S Long.:125" 45'0 " E vine thicket Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coll.: KenneallyK.F. 7962 Date:25 01 1982( PERTH00490555 ) Locality: Remoteweather station, 29 km N of mining camp,Mitchell Plateau,N. Kimberley Lat.'.14" 34'6 " S Long.:125" 48'6 " E red soil overbasalt vine thicket Previous det.: Themedaaustralis

Themeda triandra (Poaceae) Coli.:E.A. Chesterfield& S.J.Forbes EAC 339 Date:2405 1984( PERTH00817902 ) Locality:North Kimberley,Woppinbie Creet 4 km E of ConeMountair Lat.:14' 11'40"S Long.:126' 29't0'E biack cracking clay Eucalyptus microtheca - E. tectifera, Themeda- Sorghum - Heteropogon Previous det.: Themedatriandra

Themeda triandra @oaceae) Coll.:J. Borie82 Date:15 01 l92I ( PERTH00490857 ) Locality: Essexvale,Rhodesia Long.: " ' "E