Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas ISSN: 1026-8774 [email protected] Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México Chávez-Álvarez, María Jazmín; Cerca, Mariano; Ferrari, Luca Physical and geological description of the Nanchititla dyke swarm Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, vol. 29, núm. 3, noviembre, 2012, pp. 551-571 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57225130004 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas,Physical andv. 29, geological núm. 3, 2012, description p. 551-571 of the Nanchititla dyke swarm 551 Physical and geological description of the Nanchititla dyke swarm María Jazmín Chávez-Álvarez1, Mariano Cerca2,*, and Luca Ferrari2,3 1 Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Geociencias, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico. 2 Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Juriquilla, 76230 Querétaro, Mexico. 3 Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México D.F., Mexico. * [email protected] ABSTRACT The Late Eocene Nanchititla mafic dyke swarm consists of over one hundred vertical and parallel dyke segments emplaced in southern Mexico. Here, we present a geological and physical description of the dyke swarm, and discuss the emplacement mechanism at the regional and local scale. The host-rock is a continental sedimentary sequence interbedded with volcanic rocks at different levels. Measurements of the apparent Young´s modulus and Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) made with a Schmidt hammer at different levels of the host-rock sequence yielded values from 5 to 45 GPa and from 20 to 90 MPa, respectively. The stratified host rock is mechanically heterogeneous, composed of soft (siltstone) to strong (volcanic breccia) materials. This mechanical contrast has a local effect in the emplacement of dykes inducing sill formation, non-planar morphologies of the dyke walls, en echelon dyke segments, finger-like intrusions, and plastic deformation in some part of the host rock. The weaker siltstone-bearing sequences allowed heterogeneous interaction with the magmatic fluid; whereas stiffer sequences produced fractures parallel to dykes and brecciation. The general trend of the swarm indicates a NNE-SSW orientation of the minimum compressive stress during dyke emplacement, and the parallelism of the dykes with respect to strike-slip faults suggests that the left-lateral deformation regime prevailing in southern Mexico during the early Cenozoic might have influenced its general orientation. We propose that the Nanchititla mafic dyke swarm was emplaced by overpressure of the magma at a shallow crustal level, during the early stages of a non-coaxial transtensional deformation episode in southern Mexico. Key words: dyke swarm, tectonic regime, apparent Young´s modulus, mechanical stratigraphy, Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico. RESUMEN El enjambre de diques máficos de Nanchititla está conformado por más de un centenar de segmentos de diques verticales y paralelos del Eoceno tardío y se encuentra ubicado en los estados de Michoacán y de México. En este trabajo presentamos una descripción geológica y física del enjambre con la cual discutimos el mecanismo de emplazamiento en la escala regional y local. La roca encajonante es una secuencia sedimentaria continental de ambiente fluvio-lacustre intercalada con rocas volcánicas en diferentes niveles. Se realizaron mediciones del modulo de Young aparente y de Resistencia Compresiva Uniaxial (UCS por sus siglas en inglés) con un martillo de Schmidt en diferentes niveles de la roca encajonante, las cuales arrojaron valores desde 5 hasta 45 GPa y de 20 a 90 MPa, respectivamente. La roca encajonante es mecánicamente heterogénea al estar compuesta por materiales suaves (limolita) Chávez-Álvarez, M.J., Cerca, M., Ferrari, L., 2012, Physical and geological description of the Nanchititla dyke swarm: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, v. 29, núm. 3, p. 551-571. 552 Chávez-Álvarez et al. a resistentes (brecha volcánica). Este contraste mecánico influye en el emplazamiento de los diques provocando la formación de sills, morfologías no planares de las paredes de los diques, segmentos de diques en echelon, intrusiones en forma de dedos, y evidencias de deformación plástica en la roca encajonante. Las secuencias débiles de limolita permitieron una interacción heterogénea con el fluido magmático, mientras que las secuencias más rígidas produjeron fracturas paralelas a los diques y brechamiento. La orientación general del enjambre indica una orientación general NNE-SSW del esfuerzo mínimo compresivo, y el paralelismo de los diques con las fallas de rumbo sugiere que el régimen de deformación lateral izquierdo del Terciario en el sur de México pudo haber influido en su orientación general. Proponemos que el enjambre de diques de Nanchititla fue emplazado por sobrepresión del magma en un nivel cortical somero, durante las etapas tempranas de un episodio de deformación transtensional del sur de México. Palabras clave: enjambre de diques, régimen tectónico, Modulo de Young aparente, estratigrafía mecánica, Sierra Madre del Sur, México. INTRODUCTION end of an alignment of silicic magmatic centers, making the zone an important natural laboratory for the study of The Late Eocene Nanchititla basaltic dyke swarm is these processes. In this paper we present a description of the a regional geological structure constituted by a group of Nanchititla dyke swarm and address some of the physical parallel WNW-ESE-oriented mafic dykes (Serrano-Durán, conditions of its emplacement. 2005), intruding the upper crust in the north-central part of the Sierra Madre del Sur, southern Mexico (Figure 1). This major structure is relevant in the evolution of southern GEOLOGIC AND TECTONIC CONTEXT Mexico, where shearing deformation has been reported in many regions during the early Cenozoic (Menella et Our study was carried out in the area with the best al., 2000; Morán-Zenteno et al., 2007; Cerca et al., 2007; outcrops of the late Eocene to Early Oligocene Nanchititla Martini et al., 2009). Yet a detailed structural study of this mafic dyke swarm (Figure 2a). Other younger dykes, ori- large dyke swarm is lacking. Magmatic and volcanic pro- ented NE-SW, are also present (e.g., the Tuzantla dyke; cesses produce fracturing of the crust whose geometry is Serrano-Durán, 2005) but are not considered in this study commonly controlled by the regional stress state, and thus because they represent a younger volcanic episode. The dyke swarms can be used to understand the stress conditions dykes crop out along a 32 km long area between the N-S that prevailed at the time of intrusion. oriented Tzitzio anticline at the west and the Late Eocene Cenozoic large-scale left-lateral shearing and mid- Nanchititla silicic volcanic center to the east (González- crustal rock exhumation has been documented by numerous Cervantes, 2007). They form a 24 km wide swarm oriented authors along the Pacific coast at the northern boundary WNW-ESE at elevations ranging from 350 to 900 m.a.s.l. of the Xolapa metamorphic complex (Riller et al., 1992; The Nanchititla dyke swarm yielded 40Ar/39Ar* ages around Schaaf et al., 1995; Morán-Zenteno et al., 1996; Tolson- 37 Ma (Serrano-Durán, 2005) and some of the larger Jones, 1998, 2005; Ducea et al., 2004; Corona-Chávez et dykes of this swarm feed the lava flow basalts that predate al., 2006; Solari et al., 2007; Cerca et al., 2009; Martini Oligocene silicic magmatism in the zone. Basaltic flows are et al., 2009; among others). Parallel WNW-ESE shear partially eroded and their remnants crop out at elevations zones active in Cenozoic times have also been documented greater than 1200 m.a.s.l. The host rock is constituted by north of the Xolapa complex, often associated with silicic a thick sequence (more than 2500 m) of conglomerates, magmatism (Alaniz- Álvarez et al., 2002; Morán-Zenteno sandstones, and siltstones deposited in a continental fluvial et al., 2004; Morán-Zenteno et al., 2007; Martini et al., and lacustrine environment. The dyke swarm is bounded 2009; Martiny et al., 2012). Particularly, several Late to the west by the N-S trending Tzitzio anticline of latest Eocene-Early Oligocene silicic volcanic centers, such as Cretaceous to Early Paleocene age (Martini et al., 2009) Nanchititla, La Goleta, Taxco, Tilzapotla, and Huautla, and (Figure 2b). The Nanchititla dyke swarm is oblique with left lateral fault systems have been described east of the respect to this shortening structure that affected the lower dyke swarm area (Figure 1) (Alaniz- Álvarez et al., 2002; part of the host rock sequence (Figure 2c). Serrano-Durán, 2005: Morán-Zenteno et al., 2007; Cerca et al., 2007; González-Cervantes, 2007; Martini et al., 2009; Martiny et al., 2012; Díaz-Bravo and Morán-Zenteno, 2011) Summary of the stratigraphy and geological evolution (Figure 1). This suggests that magmas were channeled along this weakness zone during a relatively short period of time The stratigraphy of the studied area has been de- between the Late Eocene and the Oligocene (Figure 1). The scribed by numerous authors with a major emphasis in the Nanchititla dyke swarm was emplaced at the westernmost Cretaceous sequences. A critical review of the literature has Physical and geological description of the Nanchititla dyke swarm Mexico Dyke swarm Figure 2 Gulf of Mexico Pacific Ocean 20 km Undifferentiated rock units T Faultetipac Anticline Thrust Tzitzio Amatepec Tuxpan Fault Los FaultAmates eloloapan Thrust T Figure 1. Schematic map showing the regional geological setting. The mafic dyke swarm under study is located at the western end of a regional lineament of Eocene –Oligocene volcanic centers delineating a crustal scale left-lateral shearing zone (modified from Morán-Zentenoet al., 2007).