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THE DIPLOMACY of GEORGE GRAY by MICHAEL PAUL CROSSLIN

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THE DIPLOMACY of GEORGE GRAY by MICHAEL PAUL CROSSLIN THE DIPLOMACY OF GEORGE GRAY - - By MICHAEL PAUL ,,CROSSLIN Bachelor of Arts University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma 1962 Master of Arts Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 1968 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ~1ay, 1980 lhe::> \ ..~ \ q ~ 01) C./15\d ~p .;~. THE DIPLOMACY OF GEORGE GRAY Thesis Approved : ~ · . ~~\h .Pt-s;b 1064648 ii PREFACE In common with all historical writings, this attempt to examine the application of irenic internationalism and to identify its quali­ ties is shaped by the availability of resources. In this respect, the students of Oklahoma State University are well served because the holdings of the Edmon Low Library include the essential volumes of primary and secondary materials. Especially useful are the Papers Re­ lating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the President to Congress (cited as Foreign Relations), the Congressional Record, the Senate and House Documents, and the micro­ films of The New York Times. Supplementing the published works are the papers of George Gray which have been collected in two depositories. Special thanks must be extended to Gladys Coghlan and Peyton Lewis of the Historical Society of Delaware, Wilmington, and to Stuart Dick of the University Library of the University of Delaware, Newark, fortheir kind assistance in making available research facilities and for helping to locate relevant material. Appreciation must also be expressed to family and friends, to teaching colleagues, and to students all of whom have endured1 slights in the interest of academics. The personnel of the Edmon Low Library of Oklahoma State University, especially the administration and the documents staff, deserve appreciation for providing typing facilities and assistance with problems of research. iii For their valuable guidance and stoic patience, the sincerest ap­ preciation is expressed to the committee members, Dr. Raymond N. Habiby, Dr. Neil John Hackett, Jr., Dr. Robert M. Spaulding, and Dr. Norbert R. Mahnken. The strongest expression of gratitude must be reserved for the major adviser, Dr. Douglas Denton Hale, who has demonstrated the finest qualities of patience and encouragement, of academic freedom and academic discipline, of a scholar and a gentle­ man. Working with him has been a privilege and an inspiration. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION . 1 II. CAREER . • . 39 III. THE JOINT HIGH COMMISSION. 78 IV. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE . 102 V. THE PERMANENT COURT OF ARBITRATION 146 VI. CONCLUSIONS. 184 LITERATURE CITED ... 193 v CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION An ill and unfit choice of words leads men away into unnumer­ able and inane controversies and fancies. Francis Bacon Popular unfamiliarity with the name of George Gray is in part ex- plained by the concept of diplomacy which he practiced during the period of America•s emergence as a great power with a colonial empire. Irenic diplomacy, as distinct from the diplomacy of imperialism and the diplomacy of isolationism was not likely to attract the attentjon of later generations of historians, and those who applied its precepts were not likely to acquire a reputation which would survive their career. The natural tendency of historians to dwell on presidents and secretaries of state, on premiers and ambassadors, and an associ- ated tendency to polarize the debate over imperialism have the effect of excluding the less dramatic names from the pages of the textbooks. Accordingly, the great debate of 1898 is reduced to a contest be- tween the expansionists and the anti-expansionists, between Theodore Roosevelt and William Jennings Bryan, between Senator Lodge and Sen- ator Hoar. Easily omitted from such an examination are other argu­ ments which supported neither imperialism nor isolationism. Irenic internationalism was positioned between the two extremes, and, while it shared qualities with them, it was also distinct from them. Although it would not command the same degree of attention from l 2 later scholars, it nevertheless functioned as a viable alternative to imperialism and isolationism. A foreign policy based on international cooperation rather than on the competition for colonies was championed by a small number of articulate spokesmen, both within and without the government. Of these, George Gray, as United States Senator, federal judge, and private citizen, was actively involved in American diplo­ matic activities and consciously sought to influence the formulation of foreign policy. For over a decade he was the leading proponent of an internationalist foreign policy which would emphasize peaceful co­ operation rather than imperialistic competition. The nature of this irenic internationalism, the extent to which it was applied by the United States Government, and its distinctions from other policies can therefore be revealed by an examination of the diplomatic career of George Gray, a man highly regarded in his own time but little known to later generations. Unlike his more famous contemporaries, George Gray sought for his nation an active role in international affairs which avoided the ex­ cesses of both imperialism and isolationism. Although opposed to the transformation of America into an imperial republic, he could not ac­ cept the opposite extreme of denying American participation in the world cormnunity. Like the imperialists, he favored an America more active in international society; but unlike them, he opposed the im­ position of American soverei.gnty upon unwilling and distant subjects. Like the isolationists he opposed the use of America's new military and industrial power to construct an empire on the European model; un­ like the isolationists, he supported the use of American moral and 3 economic influence in world affairs. As distinct from both imperial­ ism and isolationism, George Gray•s irenic internationalism was predi­ cated on the end and not on the means to attain that end. As the spokesman for irenic internationalism in the United States, George Gray was part of the great peace movement which was increasing its activity and its influence, especially in Europe and North America during the last years of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century. This associated him with kindred spirits in other lands who, like himself, saw the benefits to accrue to mankind from a policy of international cooperation rather than international competition. The trend was not limited to the peace movement but em­ braced reformers of every conceivable description. Geographical bar­ riers and political frontiers were ignored as visionaries and realists joined to bring to their respective populations better health, greater security, improved nutrition, and more comfort. Pacifists, humani tar­ ians, businessmen, labor leaders, and scientists shared in common the cosmopo 1it an spirit of the age. The very forces which are most often pictured as divisive--industrialism and the resultant competition for raw materials and for markets--also served to foster cooperation and coordination to a degree never before experienced. Although not confined to Europe, it was there that the new spirit was most evident. The huge population in a small area made it incum­ bent upon the various sovereignties to set aside their tradition of political and military competition in favor of cooperation on matters of common interest. Weights and measures were standardized, river and rail traffic were regulated, postal and telegraph systems were coordi~ nated, patents and trademarks were reciprocally recognized. The 4 tradition was already strong within the scientific community, which by 1914 had created more than 100 international organizations to encourage the exchange of ideas and information. The labor movement also tended to blur national distinctions even before it culminated in the con- gresses of the Second International, and by 1910, 60 percent of Europe's unionized workers, representing 28 different trades, were linked through international federation. An associated development was the rapid organization of consumer and producer cooperatives, so that in 1913~over 4,000 of these were represented at an international conference. Parallel developments were also occurring within manage- ment and ownership. In 1905 the International Association of Chambers of Commerce was founded, followed in 1908 by the International Federa- tion of Permanent Committees for Expositions. The desire for reform naturally attracted the attention of churches which recognized the value of international cooperation. The 1910 World Missionary Confer­ ence in Edinburgh launched the ecumenical drive which was to be such an important aspect of religious development in the twentieth century. Temperance, Zionism, and women's rights, especially suffrage, were causes which transcended national frontiers. The Olympic Games were reconstituted during this period, an indication of the thoroughness with which the spirit of internationalism permeated every form of communal activity. The formation of 317 international organizations, 13 governmental and 304 private between 1900 and 1914, make this pe­ riod the most productive in the twentieth century. 1 The peace movement was, by its very nature, international in or- ientation and a natural magnet for those, such as George Gray, who advocated international cooperation through conferences, congresses, 5 arbitration, international law,
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