Notes Introduction 1. “Democratic Party Platform of 1900, July 4, 1900,” American Presidency Project, ed. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, http://www.presidency .ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29587#axzz1ezMogtls. 2. William Jennings Bryan, “Speech in Indianapolis: Imperialism, August 8, 1900,” Bryan on Imperialism: Speeches, Newspaper Articles and Inter- views (Chicago: Bentley and Company, 1900), 84. 3. Theodore Roosevelt, “Speech in Grand Rapids: Free Silver, Trusts, and the Philippines, September 9, 1900,” Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt, http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/txtspeeches/ 619.pdf. 4. Victor Gillam, “A Powerful Democratic Argument against Imperial- ism,” Judge, August 11, 1900. 5. William Allen Rogers, “Mr. Bryan Has a Good Bugaboo, and He Pushes It Along,” Harper’s Weekly, September 8, 1900; Udo J. Keppler, “The ‘Fake’ Beggar,” Puck, August 22, 1900. 6. “Already a Dead Issue,” Chicago Tribune, August 22, 1900; “Demo- cratic Poverty of Ideas,” Chicago Tribune, August 18, 1900; “Asked to Drop Bryan,” Washington Post, October 31, 1900; “The Pesky Anti- Imperialist,” New York Evening Post, May 3, 1902. 7. Fred Harvey Harrington, “The Anti- Imperialist Movement in the United States, 1898– 1900,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 22, no. 2 (September 1935): 211. 8. Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expan- sion, 1860– 1898 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963), 412; Wil- liam Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York: Dell Publishing Company, 1959), 209; John Rollins, “The Anti- Imperialists and Twentieth Century American Foreign Policy,” Studies on the Left 1 (1962): 9– 24. 9. Only a few studies have evaluated the movement throughout its full existence, and these are typically descriptive accounts rather than analyti- cal. See E. Berkeley Tompkins, Anti- Imperialism in the United States: The Great Debate, 1890– 1920 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylva- nia Press, 1970); Jim Zwick, “The Anti- Imperialist Movement, 1898– 1921,” in Whose America? The War of 1898 and the Battles to Define the Nation, ed. Virginia M. Bouvier (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001); Maria 184 Notes Lanzar- Carpio, “The Anti-Imperialist League” (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1928). 10. Robert L. Beisner, Twelve against Empire: The Anti- Imperialists, 1898– 1900 (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1968), 220. There are some exceptional transnational histories that touch on aspects of the movement’s inter- national networks and collaborations. See Paul A. Kramer, The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines (The University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 117– 19, 355– 56; Jim Zwick, “The Anti- Imperialist League and the Origins of Filipino- American Soli- darity,” Amerasia 22, no. 2 (1998), 65– 85. 11. For an extensive list of members of the various Anti- Imperialist Leagues, see “The Anti-Imperialist Leagues, 1898– 1920,” Liberty and Anti- Imperialism, ed. Michael Patrick Cullinane, http://www.antiimperialist .com/1626.html. 12. Bryan, “Speech in Indianapolis,” Bryan on Imperialism, 83. 13. Tompkins, Anti- Imperialism; Beisner, Twelve against Empire; Daniel B. Schirmer, Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Philippine War (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1972); Ernest R. May, American Imperialism: A Speculative Essay (Chicago: Imprint Pub- lications, 1967). 14. Robert L. Beisner, “1898 and 1968: The Anti- Imperialists and the Doves,” Political Science Quarterly 85, no. 2 (June 1970): 187– 216. 15. Paul Kramer’s definition of empire as a “dimension of power in which asymmetries in the scale of political action, regimes of spatial ordering, and modes of exceptionalizing difference enable and produce relations of hierarchy, discipline, dispossession, extraction, and exploitation” is a useful one for understanding how the notion power is at the heart of the imperialism. Paul A. Kramer, “Power and Connection: Imperial Histo- ries of the United States in the World,” American Historical Review 116, no. 5 (December 2011): 1348– 91. 16. For an account of “empire” and associated terminology, see Charles Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cam- bridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006); Michael Hardt and Anto- nio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000); Herfried Münkler, Empires: The Logic of World Domination from Ancient Rome to the United States (London: Polity, 2007). 17. Charles Fried, Modern Liberty and the Limits of Government (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 47. 18. Anne- Marie Slaughter, The Idea That Is America: Keeping Faith with Our Values in a Dangerous World (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 20. 19. For a rich examination of linguistics as a framework for the study of history, see Richard Rorty, The Linguistic Turn: Essays in Philosophical Method (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967). 20. Since Harrington’s study, the most influential works on anti-imperialism have concurred on the movement’s failure as a result of its diversity. Notes 185 See Beisner, Twelve against Empire, 222– 33; May, American Imperial- ism, 95– 115; Tompkins, Anti- Imperialism, 290– 96; Richard E. Welch, Response to Imperialism: The United States and the Philippine-American War, 1899– 1902 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 156– 59. 21. James A. Zimmerman, “Who Were the Anti- Imperialists and Expan- sionists of 1898 and 1899? A Chicago Perspective,” Pacific Historical Review 46, no. 4 (November 1977): 589–601; Jim Zwick, Confront- ing Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti- Imperialist League (West Conshohocken, PA: Infinity Publishing, 2007), 45– 51. 22. For two outstanding studies of law in American foreign policy and its value as an analytical framework, see Bartholomew H. Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of American Empire (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2006); Daniel Margolies, Spaces of Law in American Foreign Relations (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2011). 23. “H. Parker Willis to Herbert Welsh, 1902,” Herbert Welch Papers (hereafter cited as HWP), Box Correspondence: 1902, Folder Undated. 24. Zwick, Confronting Imperialism, 2. 25. Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), 45. Chapter 1 1. Robert Buzzanco, “The Roots of American Anti- Imperialism,” in Ency- clopedia of American Foreign Policy (New York: Scribner, 2002), 50. 2. Eric Foner, The Story of American Freedom (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), xiii, xvi. 3. Jon Kukla, A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America, (New York: A. A. Knopf , 2003), 289–98; Fisher Ames, Works of Fisher Ames (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1854), 346; Thomas Jefferson, “Jefferson to James Madison, April 27, 1809,” The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, eds. Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, vol. 12 (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 277; Thomas Jefferson, “Jefferson to George Rog- ers Clark, December 25, 1780,” Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Julian P. Boyd, vol. 4 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1951), 237– 38. 4. Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2001), 14– 16; Gary Law- son and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 75– 76; Sparrow, The Insular Cases and the Emergence of Ameri- can Empire (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 14–29. 5. David Stephen Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, The War of 1812 (West- port, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 2002), 87– 104; Wesley B. Turner, The 186 Notes War of 1812: The War that Both Sides Won (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2000), 15– 32; Harry L. Coles, The War of 1812 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), 107– 48. 6. Theodore Dwight, History of the Hartford Convention (New York: N&J White, 1833), 407; Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: Amer- ican Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 18– 27; Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Con- flict (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 255–80. 7. Walter Nugent, Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansion (New York: Vintage Books, 2009), 130– 86. 8. William Lloyd Garrison, William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight Against Slavery: Selections from The Liberator, ed. William E. Cain (New York: Bedford Books, 1995), 115; Henry Clay, Speech of Henry Clay, at the Lexington Mass Meeting, November 13, 1847 (New York: G. F. Nesbitt, 1847), 8; James Porton, Life of Andrew Jackson (New York: Mason Brothers, 1860), 658– 60. 9. John C. Pinheiro, Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil- Military Relations during the Mexican War (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007), 26– 58; Thomas R. Hietala, Manifest Design: American Exceptionalism and Empire (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985), 211– 14; Louis A. Pérez, Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1990), 29– 54. 10. Ulysses S. Grant, “Second Annual Message, December 05, 1870,” American Presidency Project, ed. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29511 #axzz1XvH7eLY1; Grover Cleveland, “Special Message, December 18, 1893,” American Presidency Project, ed. John Woolley and Gerhard Peters, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=70788. 11. Daniel B. Schirmer, Republic or Empire: American Resistance to the Phil- ippine