DOCSLIB.ORG

Information to Users

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Information to Users INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrationsand photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyrightmaterial had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuingfrom left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. U-M-I University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell tntormancn Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, M148106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 933492'1 Colonization of seagrass leaves: A model biological system for the study of recruitment in a marine environment Michael-Taxis, Teena, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1993 U·M·! 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 COLONIZATION OF SEAGRASS LEAVES; A MODEL BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF RECRUITMENT IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANICAL SCIENCES (BOTANY) AUGUST 1993 By Teena Michael-Taxis Dissertation Committee: Celia M. smith, Chairperson Isabella A. Abbott Kent W. Bridges Harry Yamamoto Robert Kinzie III Copyright by Teena Michael-Taxis All Rights Reserved iii ------------------- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I deeply appreciate each committee member including the late Dr. Sanford Siegel for his or her role in the development of this resea~ch. The insights and efforts of Dr. Celia smith in particular as well as Drs. Isabella Abbott, Kim Bridges, Robert Kinzie III and Harry Yamamoto were invaluable in preparation of the text and extending questions that furthers the research. Tina Corvalo and the Biological Electron Microscope Facility assisted in many aspects of the ultrastructural analysis. This research was supported by the Department of Botany, University of Hawaii, the U.S. Office of Naval Research Grant No. N00014-90-J-1932 and Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. I extend special appreciation to Rick Hanna for his multifaceted role in development of this dissertation. I gratefully acknowledge the support of Harriet Matsumoto, Dr. Gerry Carr, Gerry Ochicubo and Dora Tsuha from the Botany Department. I sincerely thank my friends and family, Jan Taketa, Sue Douglas, Phillip Moravchic, In Sun Kim, Chris Omeara, Jane Dawson, Marie Bruegman, Naomi Phillips, Luis Vega and my mother and daughter, Milledge and Teale for their patience, help and challenges. iv ABSTRACT Leaves of the Hawaiian seagrass, Halophila hawaiiana Doty and stone are a base for diverse epiphyte communities. The leaves were considered a model system for the study of patterns in colonization. The anatomy of the leaves, as substrate for colonization, was documented prior to investigating patterns and processes of colonization along a gradient of wave exposure. Ultrastructural assessment of mature leaves revealed details of epidermal, ground and vascular tissues that extends our knowledge of the genus. Cell wall ingrowths with invaginated plasmalemma characterized the epidermal cells and were most elaborately developed in the upper leaf surfaces. Chloroplasts, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and dictyosomes are commonly associated with the ingrowth regions. structures indicative of symplastic and apoplastic systems were detected. Mature, twelve day old leaves showed ultrastructural modifications of when colonized by specific epiphytes. These modifications included: 1) distinctive elaborations of the cell wall ingrowths and abundant secretory organelles when colonized by crustose coralline algae, 2) disruption of the fibrillar cell wall, osmiophilic droplets, vesiculate membrane-bound structures and altered ingrowth regions as well as reduced numbers of chloroplasts and mitochondria when colonized by specific bacteria. The v distribution of these epiphytes followed a wave exposure gradient. Colonization by filamentous red algae, cyanobacteria and bacteria in microcolonies occurred in both sites and did not alter the leaf ultrastructure. Distinctive polysaccharides were observed at the microbial cell surfaces; these molecules may provide adhesion between host and epiphytes. A possible mechanism(s) driving patterns in colonization and recruitment was examined via novel use of specific lectins as probes for newly emergent seagrass leaves and an artificial substrate. Distributions and identities of several naturally occurring glycoconjugates were resolved in films that formed between one and three days on glass slides. In contrast, no film nor glycoconjugate sites were visible on surfaces of young seagrass leaves. The spatial and chemical heterogeneity of settlement cues on substrates may generate microscale patterns in "lock and key mechanism(s)". Surface glycoconjugates appear to provide a cue for recognition by settling stages that may provide an initial step that influences ultimate community features. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ••......••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••. i v Abstract v List of Tables xi List of Figures xii List of Abbreviations xviii Chapter 1: Literature Review••••••••.••••••.••••••••••.•.•.1 Background 1 Introduction to Plant community Ecology•.•..•..•.••.••• 2 Hawaiian Seagrass Biology, Taxonomy and Ecology•.•...•. 6 Seagrass Leaves as Host Substrates•••.••••••••••••••••• 9 Epiphyte Communities••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Epiphyte Influences on Hosts••••••••••••.••.•.••.•.•.• 17 Establishment of Seagrass and Epiphyte Associations•.• 19 Forces of Attachment..•....•................•......... 25 Surface Properties and Modifying Films••.••.••••••..•• 28 Surface Texture 29 Surface Tension 30 Hydrophobic Surface Properties.•••.•...•..•.••.•.•.• 31 Surface Charge 32 Surface Modifications•.•••.•••••••••••.•.••....•.... 33 Glycoprotein-mediated Cell Surface Interactions•.... 34 Focus on Halophila hawaiiana as Host for Epiphytes...• 37 Literature Cited 38 Chapter 2: Leaf Ultrastructure of the Hawaiian Seagrass, Halophila hawaiiana Doty and Stone.... 56 Abstract 56 vii Introduction 57 systematics 57 Anatomy •.••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.••••.•••••••.••• 60 Materials and Methods. • ••••••••••••••••••• 63 Collection of Halophila hawaiiana. ........ 63 Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy . 64 Observations by Light Microscopy......•.••.•......•... 65 Results 66 The Epidermis 67 Ground Tissue 69 Vascular Tissue 70 Discussion 73 Conclusions. 82 Literature cited. •••.• 102 Chapter 3: Ultrastructure of Seagrass and Epiphyte Interfaces from Wave Exposed and Sheltered Subtidal Habitats••••••..•••...••..•.••••...... 107 Abstract 107 Introduction. .108 Epiphytes... • 109 The Host and Epiphyte Interface••......••...•....•... 111 Environmental Influences on Settlement of Epiphytes 114 Materials and Methods....•..•......................•... 116 Sampling and site.. ................... 116 Sample Preparation for Electron Microscopy 116 viii Epiphyte Population Counts..••••••••.•.••••••••••.••. 118 Results••• .120 Part A. Technical and Qualitative Evaluation of Epiphytes and the Host••••••••••••••••••••.•••••• .120 Fixation Results••••• .120 A Contrast of Seagrass and Epiphyte Populations/Site••••••••••••••••.••• • ••• 122 Part B. Qualitative Observations on Epiphytized Seagrass Leaves ••.•..•••••.•.•••.•••............. .125 The Epiphytes. .125 The Host and Epiphyte Interface. .127 Discussion•• .......................................... .132 Conclusions. .145 Literature cited. .173 Chapter 4: Lectins Probe Molecular Films in Biofouling: Characterization of Early Films on Living and Non-living Surfaces•••.••••••• .182 Abstract••••• ......................................... .182 Introduction. ................................ .183 Materials and Methods. .186 Laboratory Films•.•• .186 Natural Films on Glass. .187 Natural Films on a Living Surface. .187 Application of Lectins••••.••••••• .187 Microscopy. .189 Results•••••• .189 single Lectin Studies in Artificial Films. .189 ix Lectin Studies of One and Three-day Natural Films on Glass Slides . • •• 190 Lectin Studies of a Newly Emergent Living Substrate 192 Discussion•• ...................................... • •••• 193 Conclusions. • •••• 197 Literature cited. • .203 Chapter 5: Synthesis. •• 208 x LIST OF TABLES Table Page 3.1. Preservation of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells and Cell Products•.••••.••••••••••••••••. 147 3.2. A Profile of Halophila hawaiiana and its Epiphytes; Number of Epiphyte Cells/Host cell. N = 100 host cells 148 3.3. A Profile of Halophila hawaiiana Surface Cell Components;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Global Seagrass Distribution and Diversity: a Bioregional Model ⁎ F
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 350 (2007) 3–20 www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model ⁎ F. Short a, , T. Carruthers b, W. Dennison b, M. Waycott c a Department of Natural Resources, University of New Hampshire, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, Durham, NH 03824, USA b Integration and Application Network, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA c School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia Received 1 February 2007; received in revised form 31 May 2007; accepted 4 June 2007 Abstract Seagrasses, marine flowering plants, are widely distributed along temperate and tropical coastlines of the world. Seagrasses have key ecological roles in coastal ecosystems and can form extensive meadows supporting high biodiversity. The global species diversity of seagrasses is low (b60 species), but species can have ranges that extend for thousands of kilometers of coastline. Seagrass bioregions are defined here, based on species assemblages, species distributional ranges, and tropical and temperate influences. Six global bioregions are presented: four temperate and two tropical. The temperate bioregions include the Temperate North Atlantic, the Temperate North Pacific, the Mediterranean, and the Temperate Southern Oceans. The Temperate North Atlantic has low seagrass diversity, the major species being Zostera marina, typically occurring in estuaries and lagoons. The Temperate North Pacific has high seagrass diversity with Zostera spp. in estuaries and lagoons as well as Phyllospadix spp. in the surf zone. The Mediterranean region has clear water with vast meadows of moderate diversity of both temperate and tropical seagrasses, dominated by deep-growing Posidonia oceanica.
    [Show full text]
  • Infection Control
    infection control JANICE CARR The above photo depicts an E.coli (ATCC 11775) biofilm grown on PC (polycarbonate) coupons using a CDC biofilm reactor. Microorganisms often colonize, and adhere strongly to living and non-living surfaces forming biofilms, and at times, demonstrate an increased resistance to antimicrobials. Biofilms on indwelling medical devices pose a serious threat to public health. BIOFILMS:BIOFILMS: Friend or Foe? By NICOLE KENNY, B.Sc, Assoc.Chem., Director of Professional & Technical Services, Virox Technologies Inc 38 Sanitation Canada - SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2006 JANICE CARR Scanning electron micrograph of a Staphylococcus biofilm on the inner surface of a needleless connector. A distinguishing characteristic of biofilms is the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, primarily polysaccharides, surrounding and encasing the cells. Here, there polysaccharides have been visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Picture yourself a con- “Why didn’t I listen to my mother and take Biofilms can be dangerous or benefi- testant on Jeopardy. Alex more science courses?” But in that split cial depending on where they are found Tribec has just asked you second you also remember a documen- and of which organisms they are com- to choose the category. tary you watched on CNN about whirl- prised. In industry, biofilms are responsi- You’re lagging behind the pool tubs and you know the answer. ble for billions of dollars in lost produc- leader by $400. All but “Alex, what are BIOFILMS?” tivity due to equipment damage, notori- one of the $500 questions ously famous for causing pipes to plug or Phave been taken, and the last category has THE ISSUE corrode.
    [Show full text]
  • Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
    FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES BY DR JAWAD NAZIR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for pre-nucleus Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes One circular chromosome, not in Paired chromosomes, in nuclear a membrane membrane No histones Histones No organelles Organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls Polysaccharide cell walls Binary fission Mitotic spindle Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm Basic shapes: Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: staphylococci Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Unusual shapes Star-shaped Stella Square Haloarcula Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic Genus: Stella Genus: Haloarcula Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial cell structure Structures external to cell wall Cell wall itself Structures internal to cell wall Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Glycocalyx Outside cell wall Usually sticky A capsule is neatly organized A slime layer is unorganized & loose Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach Capsules prevent phagocytosis Association with diseases B. anthracis S. pneumoniae Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Outside cell wall Filament made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Arrangement Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial motility Rotate flagella to run or tumble Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E.
    [Show full text]
  • Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
    4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • The Global Distribution and Status of Seagrass Ecosystems
    The global distribution and status of seagrass ecosystems ^^ ^^^H Discussion paper prepared for tlie UNEP-WCWIC Global Seagrass Workshop St Pete's Beach, Florida, 9 November, 2001 Prepared by: Mark D. Spalding, Michelle L. Taylor, Sergio Martins, Edmund P. Green, and Mary Edwards WA.. WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE Digitized by tine Internet Archive in 2010 witii funding from UNEP-WCIVIC, Cambridge Iittp://www.archive.org/details/globaldistributi01spal The global distribution and status of seagrass ecosystems Discussion paper prepared for tlie UNEP-WCIVIC Global Seagrass Workshop St Pete's Beach, Florida, 9 November, 2001 Prepared by: Mark D. Spalding, Michelle L. Taylor, Sergio Martins, Edmund P. Green, and Mary Edwards With assistance from: Mark Taylor and Corinna Ravilious Table of Contents Introduction to the workshop 2 The global distribution and status of seagrass ecosystems 3 Introduction 3 Definitions 3 The diversity of seagrasses 3 Species distribution 4 Associated Species 6 Productivity and biomass 7 The distribution and area of seagrass habitat 8 The value of seagrasses 13 Threats to seagrasses 13 Management Interventions 14 Bibliography; 16 29 Annex 1 : Seagrass Species Lists by Country Annex 2 - Species distribution maps 34 Annex 3 - Seagrass distribution maps 68 74 Annex 4 -Full list of MPAs by country ; /4^ ] UNEP WCMC Introduction to the workshop The Global Seagrass Workshop of 9 November 2001 has been set up with the expressed aim to develop a global synthesis on the distribution and status of seagrasses world-wide. Approximately 20 seagrass experts from 14 counu-ies, representing all of the major seagrass regions of the world have been invited to share their knowledge and expertise.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Phylogenetic Regionalization of Marine Plants Reveals Close Evolutionary Affinities Among Disjunct Temperate Assemblages Barna
    Phylogenetic regionalization of marine plants reveals close evolutionary affinities among disjunct temperate assemblages Barnabas H. Darua,b,*, Ben G. Holtc, Jean-Philippe Lessardd,e, Kowiyou Yessoufouf and T. Jonathan Daviesg,h aDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA bDepartment of Plant Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa cDepartment of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, United Kingdom dQuebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada eDepartment of Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada; fDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida campus, Florida 1710, South Africa gDepartment of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada hAfrican Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] (B.H. Daru) Running head: Phylogenetic regionalization of seagrasses 1 Abstract While our knowledge of species distributions and diversity in the terrestrial biosphere has increased sharply over the last decades, we lack equivalent knowledge of the marine world. Here, we use the phylogenetic tree of seagrasses along with their global distributions and a metric of phylogenetic beta diversity to generate a phylogenetically-based delimitation of marine phytoregions (phyloregions). We then evaluate their evolutionary affinities and explore environmental correlates of phylogenetic turnover between them. We identified 11 phyloregions based on the clustering of phylogenetic beta diversity values. Most phyloregions can be classified as either temperate or tropical, and even geographically disjunct temperate regions can harbor closely related species assemblages.
    [Show full text]
  • What Are the Differences Between These Microbial Ecosystems? Wwwwe Now Know That, Like Other Org Gm,Anisms, Bacteria Exhibit Social Behaviors
    What are the differences between these microbial ecosystems? WWwwe now know that, like other org gm,anisms, bacteria exhibit social behaviors. Bacterial cell escaping for a rare moment of peace and quiet contemplation Sociomicrobiology I. Cell signaling A. Definition/description B. Intraspecific (within spp.): Myxococcus C. Interspecific (between spp.): Pseudomonas aureofaciens II. Biofilms A. Biofilm formation B. Planktonic cells vs. biofilm cells C. General characteristics, structures D. Biofilms as social entities Small diffusible molecules mediate bacterial communication O O N H AHL O O O N H O http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html Why cell-cell signaling in bacteria? Often, single cells in a population might benefit from knowing how many cells are present… “A multitude of bacteria are stronger than a few, thus by union are able overcome obstacles too great for few.” -- Dr. Erwin F. Smith, 1905 (Father of Plant Bacteriology) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lungs Xylella fastidiosa in xylem Why cell-cell signaling in bacteria? Cell-cell signaling enables bacteria to coordinate behavior to respond quickly to environmental stimuli… such as: -presence of suitable host -change in nutrient availability -defense/competition against other microorganisms -many others! CmmiCommunica tion among btbacteri i:a: The example of Myxococcus xanthus, the Wolf Pack feeder of bacteria http://cmgm.stanford.edu/devbio/kaiserlab/about_myxo/about_myxococcus.html Cooperation among cells in a population: myxobacteria. The myxobacteria are Gram-negative, ubiquitous, soil-dwelling bacteria that are capable of multicellular, social behaviour. In the presence of nutrients, “swarms” of myxobacteria feed cooperatively by sharing extracellular digestive enzymes, and can prey on other bacteria.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Microbiology
    Introduction to microbiology Prof. dr hab. Beata M. Sobieszczańska Department of Microbiology University of Medicine • http://www.lekarski.umed.wroc.pl/mikrobiologia • schedules, rules, important information • Consulting hours – teachers are always available for students during consulting hours or classes – apart from consulting hours – you must chase ! • Sick leaves (original) must be shown to the teacher just after an absence but not longer than after two weeks otherwise a sick note will not be honored - a copy of the sick note must be delivered to the secretary office • Class tests – 10 open questions • Terms: 1st, 2nd – if failed commission test from the whole material at the end of semester • Students with the average 4.8 will be released from the final exam • Presence on lectures and classes are obligatory • The final grade from classes is the average of all grades during semester Your best friend in this year: Medical Microbiology by Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller Answer questions: • Name important cell wall structures of GP and GN bacteria • What is a role of these structures in human diseases? • Name other than bacterial cell wall structures and explain their role in bacterial pathogenicity • Do you understand the term pathogenicity? • Name five different genera GP and GN bacteria and indicate the colour they have after Gram staining Answer questions: • Name clinically important bacteria producing endospores – why endospores are important? • What is the difference between capsule and glycocalyx layer on GP bacteria? • What is axial filament? What role it plays? What bacteria produce axial filaments? • Name two types of pili and their role in bacterial pathogenicity Most bacteria come in one of three basic shapes: coccus, rod or bacillus & spiral MURRAY 7th ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Extinction Risk Assessment of the World's Seagrass Species
    Author version: Biol. Conserv.: 144(7); 2011; 1961-1971. Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species Frederick T. Short a,*, Beth Polidoro b, Suzanne R. Livingstone b, Kent E. Carpenter b, Salomao Bandeira c, Japar Sidik Bujang d, Hilconida P. Calumpong e, Tim J.B. Carruthers f, Robert G. Coles g, William C. Dennison f, Paul L.A. Erftemeijer h, Miguel D. Fortes i, Aaren S. Freeman a, T.G. Jagtap j, Abu Hena M. Kamal k, Gary A. Kendrick l, W. Judson Kenworthy m, Yayu A. La Nafie n, Ichwan M. Nasution o, Robert J. Orth p, Anchana Prathep q, Jonnell C. Sanciangco b, Brigitta van Tussenbroek r, Sheila G. Vergara s, Michelle Waycott t, Joseph C. Zieman u *Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 603 862 5134; fax: +1 603 862 1101. [email protected] (F.T. Short), a University of New Hampshire, Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Jackson Estuarine Laboratory, 85 Adams Point Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA b IUCN Species Programme/SSC/Conservation International, Global Marine Species Assessment, Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA c Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Department of Biological Sciences, 1100 Maputo, Mozambique d Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Sarawak, Malaysia e Silliman University, Institute of Environmental and Marine Sciences, Dumaguete City 6200, Philippines f University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA g Northern Fisheries Centre, Fisheries Queensland, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia h Deltares (Formerly Delft Hydraulics), 2600 MH Delft, The Netherlands i University of the Philippines, Marine Science Institute CS, Diliman, QC 1101, Philippines j National Institute of Oceanography, Donapaula, Goa-403 004, India k University of Chittagong, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh l The University of Western Australia, Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology Crawley, 6009, W.
    [Show full text]
  • Gram Negative Bacterial Structure  Explain the Medical Implications of Spore Formation
    Lecture (3) Bacterial cell structure Objectives Enumerate Essential and non-essential bacterial cell components Describe the common anatomical structures found in bacteria and explain their function [flagella, pili, glycocalyx, capsule, endospores, cytoplasm, inclusions, chromosome, plasmids, cell membrane, and cell wall]. Compare gram positive and gram negative bacterial structure Explain the medical implications of spore formation. Bacterial cell structure •Cell wall Essential •Cytoplasmic Membrane •Cytoplasm Structures •Nuclear body •Capsule. Non Essential •Flagella •Pili structures •Inclusion granules Cell wall Cytoplasmic Essential structures membrane Any bacterial cell is composed of the following structures (Essential structures): 1. Cell wall. 2. Cytoplasmic membrane. 3. Cytoplasm. 4. Nuclear body. Nuceloid Cytoplasm Non Essential Structures Capsule Inclusion Some (Not all) bacteria may granules contain one or more of the following structures: 1. Capsule. 2. Flagella (single Flagellum) 3. Fimbria (pili). Pili 4. Inclusion granules Flagellum Cell wall Cytoplasmic THE CELL WALL membrane The cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds the bacterial cell just outside of the plasma membrane. Nuceloid Cytoplasm Cell wall Structure Bacteria are classified according to their cell wall as: Gram positive or Gram negative. Peptidoglycan Polysaccharide chains The main structural component of the cell wall. Peptidoglycan is formed of carbohydrate + protein. It consists of long polysaccharide chains that are cross-linked by amino acid bridges. Gram positive Cell Wall In Gram-positive bacteria the peptidoglycan forms a thick layer external to the cell membrane. Cell wall of gram positive bacteria also contain Teichoic acid molecules. Gram negative Cell Wall In Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is thin and is overlaid by an outer membrane.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Issues Encountered in Wastewater Treatment at Moorhead Factory and Remedial Measures
    MICROBIAL ISSUES ENCOUNTERED IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT AT MOORHEAD FACTORY AND REMEDIAL MEASURES Indrani S. Samaraweera*1, Terry D. McGillivray1, Diane L. Rheault1 and Dennis Burthwick2 American Crystal Sugar Company, Technical Services Center 11700 N. 11th Street and 22500 N. 11th Street, Moorhead, MN 56560 Introduction: Wastewater treatment is an integral part of processing of sugar beets in the sugar industry. American Crystal Sugar Company (ACS) has five factories. Three of these factories, Moorhead (MHD), Hillsboro (HLB), and East Grand Forks (EGF) each have a 6.7 million gallon anaerobic contactor, aerobic basin, and ponds for processing of wastewater while the other two factories have lagoons and wetlands for the treatment of their wastewater. During the 2007/2008 campaign our efforts were focused on microbial issues in wastewater treatment at the MHD factory. Therefore, this paper deals with problems encountered with filamentous bacteria, poor settling in treatment of the high strength wastewater and studies to circumvent these problems. In addition some differences observed in the MHD and HLB anaerobic systems will also be discussed. Materials and Methods: A) Microbiology 1) Sample collection Weekly samples of wastewater were obtained aseptically in sterile screw cap containers from each of three locations: a) anaerobic influent from the new covered wastewater pond, b) anaerobic tank or anaerobic contactor, and c) aerobic basin or activated sludge system. These samples were observed microscopically at the ACS Technical Services Center Microbiology Lab. Samples from similar locations in the wastewater treatment systems at the Hillsboro and East Grand Forks factories were intermittently obtained for comparative purposes. 2) Microscopy and Photography i) Wet Mounts, Staining, Floc formation and Higher Life Forms – Separate wastewater (WW) wet mounts on slides were observed microscopically with or without a drop of lactophenol cotton blue and/or India ink stain.
    [Show full text]
  • Staining the Purpose of Staining : We Stain Bacteria to Study There : A) Morphology and Arrangement
    Staining The purpose of Staining : We stain bacteria to study there : A) Morphology and Arrangement . B)Differentiated bacteria to groups according to their biochemical composition of cell wall . C)Study structures of bacteria (capsule,flagella) . Stains are classified according to their functions into : 1)Simple stain (methylene blue , safranin) that help to stain the outlines of bacterial cells, giving one the characteristic shape ,size, and arrangement of the cells stained with the simple stain . 2)Differential stain (Gram stain ,acid fast stain) Differential stain will Differentiate between the two cells . 3)Special stains (capsule stain,flagella stain ) stained some structures of bacteria . Preparation of smear : 1. Clean the slide . 2. Place a loop full of water in the center of the slide . 3. Mix a small amount of bacteria using a loop with the water and spread it out . 4. Allow the slide to air dry. 5-Heat-fix the smear by passing the slide through the Benzen burner . 1)Simple stain : methylene blue stain 1. Prepare the smear . 2. Flood the slide with methylene blue stain for 3 mints . 3. Wash the slide with tap water gently,drain off excess water then let the slide dry in air or by using filter paper . 4. Exam it microscopically . 5. The bacteria will appear blue cells . 2) Differential stains : A)Gram staining . B)Ziehl Neelsen (Acid Fast ) staining : Is a differential stain used to identify acid-fast organisms as members of the genus Mycobacterium . Acid-fast organisms are characterized by wax-like,nearly impermeable cell walls;they contain mycolic acid and large amounts of fatty acids ,waxes,and complex lipids .
    [Show full text]