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B. Fragilis Is Mediated by Capsular
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.19.258442; this version posted August 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Hemagglutination by B. fragilis is mediated by capsular 2 polysaccharides and is influenced by host ABO blood type. 3 Kathleen L. Arnolds a, Nancy Moreno-Huizar b, Maggie A. Stanislawski c, 4 Brent Palmer c, Catherine Lozupone c* 5 a Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 6 Aurora, CO, USA [email protected] 7 b Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA. 8 c Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, 9 CO, USA [email protected] 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.19.258442; this version posted August 21, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 16 Hemagglutination by B. fragilis is mediated by capsular polysaccharides and is 17 influenced by host ABO blood type. 18 19 Bacterial hemagglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) is mediated by 20 interactions between bacterial cell components and RBC envelope glycans 21 that vary across individuals by ABO blood type. -
Bacteriophages Targeting Acinetobacter Baumannii Capsule
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.25.965590; this version posted February 26, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Bacteriophages targeting Acinetobacter baumannii capsule 2 induce antimicrobial resensitization 3 4 Fernando Gordillo Altamirano1*, John H. Forsyth1, Ruzeen Patwa1, Xenia Kostoulias2, Michael Trim1, Dinesh 5 Subedi1, Stuart Archer3, Faye C. Morris2, Cody Oliveira1, Luisa Kielty1, Denis Korneev1, Moira K. O’Bryan1, 6 Trevor J. Lithgow2, Anton Y. Peleg2,4, Jeremy J. Barr1* 7 8 1 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University 9 2 Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University 10 3 Monash Bioinformatics Platform, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University 11 4 Department of Infectious Diseases, The Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University 12 13 *Corresponding authors 14 Fernando Gordillo Altamirano [email protected] 15 Jeremy J. Barr [email protected] 16 School of Biological Sciences, Monash University 17 25 Rainforest Walk, 18 Clayton, 3800, VIC 19 Australia 20 21 Abstract 22 Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is responsible for frequent, hard-to-treat and often fatal 23 healthcare-associated infections. Phage therapy, the use of viruses that infect and kill bacteria, is an approach 24 gaining significant clinical interest to combat antibiotic-resistant infections. However, a major limitation is that 25 bacteria can develop resistance against phages. Here, we isolated phages with activity against a panel of A. -
Infection Control
infection control JANICE CARR The above photo depicts an E.coli (ATCC 11775) biofilm grown on PC (polycarbonate) coupons using a CDC biofilm reactor. Microorganisms often colonize, and adhere strongly to living and non-living surfaces forming biofilms, and at times, demonstrate an increased resistance to antimicrobials. Biofilms on indwelling medical devices pose a serious threat to public health. BIOFILMS:BIOFILMS: Friend or Foe? By NICOLE KENNY, B.Sc, Assoc.Chem., Director of Professional & Technical Services, Virox Technologies Inc 38 Sanitation Canada - SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2006 JANICE CARR Scanning electron micrograph of a Staphylococcus biofilm on the inner surface of a needleless connector. A distinguishing characteristic of biofilms is the presence of extracellular polymeric substances, primarily polysaccharides, surrounding and encasing the cells. Here, there polysaccharides have been visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Picture yourself a con- “Why didn’t I listen to my mother and take Biofilms can be dangerous or benefi- testant on Jeopardy. Alex more science courses?” But in that split cial depending on where they are found Tribec has just asked you second you also remember a documen- and of which organisms they are com- to choose the category. tary you watched on CNN about whirl- prised. In industry, biofilms are responsi- You’re lagging behind the pool tubs and you know the answer. ble for billions of dollars in lost produc- leader by $400. All but “Alex, what are BIOFILMS?” tivity due to equipment damage, notori- one of the $500 questions ously famous for causing pipes to plug or Phave been taken, and the last category has THE ISSUE corrode. -
An In-Vitro Investigation to Determine the Neuroinflammatory Response of CNS Cells to Oral Bacteria and Their Virulence Factors
An in-vitro investigation to determine the neuroinflammatory response of CNS cells to oral bacteria and their virulence factors by Rahul Previn A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of MSc (by Research) at the University of Central Lancashire February 2013 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the University of Central Lancashire, UK for the opportunity to undertake my postgraduate research degree. I wish to thank my Principle Investigator (PI) and Director of studies (D0S), Dean, Prof St John Crean for steering me into an interesting, and a hybrid dental-neurosciences project. His inspirational and expert guidance made the challenges of education seem more manageable. I would also like to thank Dr Peter Robinson, my Research Degrees Tutor (RDT), as without his expert help in getting through the various postgraduate degree hurdles would have been impossible. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr Sim Singhrao for the daily guidance, advice, and patience throughout the practical work of the project. I would also like to thank Miss Sophie Poole, currently a PhD student, for ad-hoc assistance in the lab and for guidance in interpreting row data whenever she was nearby. I would like to acknowledge Prof. M. Curtis for the essential reagents I used to investigate my research question without which, my project would be incomplete. Above all, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my family, especially my mother for her undying love, invaluable moral and financial support and encouragement to do well, during my time away from home. -
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES BY DR JAWAD NAZIR ASSISTANT PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES, LAHORE Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for pre-nucleus Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus. Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Eukaryotes One circular chromosome, not in Paired chromosomes, in nuclear a membrane membrane No histones Histones No organelles Organelles Peptidoglycan cell walls Polysaccharide cell walls Binary fission Mitotic spindle Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Average size: 0.2 -1.0 µm 2 - 8 µm Basic shapes: Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli Clusters: staphylococci Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Size and shape Unusual shapes Star-shaped Stella Square Haloarcula Most bacteria are monomorphic A few are pleomorphic Genus: Stella Genus: Haloarcula Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial cell structure Structures external to cell wall Cell wall itself Structures internal to cell wall Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Glycocalyx Outside cell wall Usually sticky A capsule is neatly organized A slime layer is unorganized & loose Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach Capsules prevent phagocytosis Association with diseases B. anthracis S. pneumoniae Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Outside cell wall Filament made of chains of flagellin Attached to a protein hook Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Flagella Arrangement Functional anatomy of prokaryotes Bacterial motility Rotate flagella to run or tumble Move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) Flagella proteins are H antigens (e.g., E. -
Cell Structure and Function in the Bacteria and Archaea
4 Chapter Preview and Key Concepts 4.1 1.1 DiversityThe Beginnings among theof Microbiology Bacteria and Archaea 1.1. •The BacteriaThe are discovery classified of microorganismsinto several Cell Structure wasmajor dependent phyla. on observations made with 2. theThe microscope Archaea are currently classified into two 2. •major phyla.The emergence of experimental 4.2 Cellscience Shapes provided and Arrangements a means to test long held and Function beliefs and resolve controversies 3. Many bacterial cells have a rod, spherical, or 3. MicroInquiryspiral shape and1: Experimentation are organized into and a specific Scientificellular c arrangement. Inquiry in the Bacteria 4.31.2 AnMicroorganisms Overview to Bacterialand Disease and Transmission Archaeal 4.Cell • StructureEarly epidemiology studies suggested how diseases could be spread and 4. Bacterial and archaeal cells are organized at be controlled the cellular and molecular levels. 5. • Resistance to a disease can come and Archaea 4.4 External Cell Structures from exposure to and recovery from a mild 5.form Pili allowof (or cells a very to attach similar) to surfacesdisease or other cells. 1.3 The Classical Golden Age of Microbiology 6. Flagella provide motility. Our planet has always been in the “Age of Bacteria,” ever since the first 6. (1854-1914) 7. A glycocalyx protects against desiccation, fossils—bacteria of course—were entombed in rocks more than 3 billion 7. • The germ theory was based on the attaches cells to surfaces, and helps observations that different microorganisms years ago. On any possible, reasonable criterion, bacteria are—and always pathogens evade the immune system. have been—the dominant forms of life on Earth. -
What Are the Differences Between These Microbial Ecosystems? Wwwwe Now Know That, Like Other Org Gm,Anisms, Bacteria Exhibit Social Behaviors
What are the differences between these microbial ecosystems? WWwwe now know that, like other org gm,anisms, bacteria exhibit social behaviors. Bacterial cell escaping for a rare moment of peace and quiet contemplation Sociomicrobiology I. Cell signaling A. Definition/description B. Intraspecific (within spp.): Myxococcus C. Interspecific (between spp.): Pseudomonas aureofaciens II. Biofilms A. Biofilm formation B. Planktonic cells vs. biofilm cells C. General characteristics, structures D. Biofilms as social entities Small diffusible molecules mediate bacterial communication O O N H AHL O O O N H O http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/bonnie_bassler_on_how_bacteria_communicate.html Why cell-cell signaling in bacteria? Often, single cells in a population might benefit from knowing how many cells are present… “A multitude of bacteria are stronger than a few, thus by union are able overcome obstacles too great for few.” -- Dr. Erwin F. Smith, 1905 (Father of Plant Bacteriology) Pseudomonas aeruginosa in lungs Xylella fastidiosa in xylem Why cell-cell signaling in bacteria? Cell-cell signaling enables bacteria to coordinate behavior to respond quickly to environmental stimuli… such as: -presence of suitable host -change in nutrient availability -defense/competition against other microorganisms -many others! CmmiCommunica tion among btbacteri i:a: The example of Myxococcus xanthus, the Wolf Pack feeder of bacteria http://cmgm.stanford.edu/devbio/kaiserlab/about_myxo/about_myxococcus.html Cooperation among cells in a population: myxobacteria. The myxobacteria are Gram-negative, ubiquitous, soil-dwelling bacteria that are capable of multicellular, social behaviour. In the presence of nutrients, “swarms” of myxobacteria feed cooperatively by sharing extracellular digestive enzymes, and can prey on other bacteria. -
Bacterial Size, Shape and Arrangement & Cell Structure And
Lecture 13, 14 and 15: bacterial size, shape and arrangement & Cell structure and components of bacteria and Functional anatomy and reproduction in bacteria Bacterial size, shape and arrangement Bacteria are prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms, which lack chlorophyll pigments. The cell structure is simpler than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.Due to the presence of a rigid cell wall, bacteria maintain a definite shape, though they vary as shape, size and structure. When viewed under light microscope, most bacteria appear in variations of three major shapes: the rod (bacillus), the sphere (coccus) and the spiral type (vibrio). In fact, structure of bacteria has two aspects, arrangement and shape. So far as the arrangement is concerned, it may Paired (diplo), Grape-like clusters (staphylo) or Chains (strepto). In shape they may principally be Rods (bacilli), Spheres (cocci), and Spirals (spirillum). Size of Bacterial Cell The average diameter of spherical bacteria is 0.5- 2.0 µm. For rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria, length is 1-10 µm and diameter is 0.25-1 .0 µm. E. coli , a bacillus of about average size is 1.1 to 1.5 µm wide by 2.0 to 6.0 µm long. Spirochaetes occasionally reach 500 µm in length and the cyanobacterium Accepted wisdom is that bacteria are smaller than eukaryotes. But certain cyanobacteria are quite large; Oscillatoria cells are 7 micrometers diameter. The bacterium, Epulosiscium fishelsoni , can be seen with the naked eye (600 mm long by 80 mm in diameter). One group of bacteria, called the Mycoplasmas, have individuals with size much smaller than these dimensions. -
Bacterial Capsular Polysaccharides of Pathogens – a Toolbox for Vaccines and Therapeutics
In: Glycome: The Hidden Code in Biology ISBN: 978-1-53619-377-0 Editor: Dipak K. Banerjee © 2021 Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Chapter 13 BACTERIAL CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDES OF PATHOGENS – A TOOLBOX FOR VACCINES AND THERAPEUTICS Vamsee Veeramachineni, PhD, Shonoi A. Ming, PhD, Justine Vionnet, PhD and Willie F. Vann*, PhD Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, US ABSTRACT The bacterial capsule is a hydrated polysaccharide structure that covers the outermost layer of the cell wall. It is an important virulence factor and acts as armor in shielding the bacteria from a variety of environmental pressures and host immune defenses. Considerable structural diversity exits not only between capsular polysaccharides of different bacterial species, but also within the same species. While most pathogenic bacteria are encapsulated, most encapsulated bacteria are not pathogenic. As a result, understanding the structural and immunological diversity of capsules together with cellular components and machinery involved in capsule biosynthesis is paramount in developing new therapeutics to fight deadly bacterial infections. This chapter presents an overview of the capsular polysaccharide of pathogenic bacteria. This overview includes the structural diversity of capsules among virulent bacteria, the organization of capsule genetic elements, the mechanisms of capsule biosynthesis and transport, along with current technologies employed in the preparation of glycoconjugate vaccines. Keywords: bacterial virulence, capsular polysaccharide, K-antigen, capsule diversity, gram- negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, capsular gene organization, capsular biosynthesis, ABC transporter pathway, wzy pathway, synthase pathway, capsule transport, glycoconjugate vaccines, vaccine preparation technologies * Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected]. -
Introduction to Microbiology
Introduction to microbiology Prof. dr hab. Beata M. Sobieszczańska Department of Microbiology University of Medicine • http://www.lekarski.umed.wroc.pl/mikrobiologia • schedules, rules, important information • Consulting hours – teachers are always available for students during consulting hours or classes – apart from consulting hours – you must chase ! • Sick leaves (original) must be shown to the teacher just after an absence but not longer than after two weeks otherwise a sick note will not be honored - a copy of the sick note must be delivered to the secretary office • Class tests – 10 open questions • Terms: 1st, 2nd – if failed commission test from the whole material at the end of semester • Students with the average 4.8 will be released from the final exam • Presence on lectures and classes are obligatory • The final grade from classes is the average of all grades during semester Your best friend in this year: Medical Microbiology by Patrick R. Murray, Ken S. Rosenthal, Michael A. Pfaller Answer questions: • Name important cell wall structures of GP and GN bacteria • What is a role of these structures in human diseases? • Name other than bacterial cell wall structures and explain their role in bacterial pathogenicity • Do you understand the term pathogenicity? • Name five different genera GP and GN bacteria and indicate the colour they have after Gram staining Answer questions: • Name clinically important bacteria producing endospores – why endospores are important? • What is the difference between capsule and glycocalyx layer on GP bacteria? • What is axial filament? What role it plays? What bacteria produce axial filaments? • Name two types of pili and their role in bacterial pathogenicity Most bacteria come in one of three basic shapes: coccus, rod or bacillus & spiral MURRAY 7th ed. -
Along the Path of Bacterial Nonulosonic Acids
Faculty of Science and Technology Along the path of bacterial nonulosonic acids A study of the bio- and in vitro synthesis of sialic acid related compounds — Marie-Josée Haglund Halsør A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor – June 2019 Along the path of nonulosonic acids A study of the bio- and in vitro synthesis of sialic acid related compounds Marie-Josée Haglund Halsør A dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY June 2019 "There is a single light of science and to brighten it anywhere is to brighten it everywhere." - Unsourced, credited to Isaac Asimov. Preface “Why?”, and later “How?”. Those two questions are what led me to research, without doubt. I’ve asked them (aloud or not) every day for as long as I can remember, about practically everything. The other thing is being amazed by Nature. The diversity of every aspect and how it all functions as one, somehow. My favorite as a child were the documentaries by “le Commandant Cousteau” (the sharks!), and my dream was to be an oceanographer. I pursued that dream up until my first year of university, when I discovered biochemistry. I had already grown a liking for chemistry, and it was the only discipline that answered the “biological whys and hows” without going into physics. Biochemistry studies and does, both trying to unravel Nature’s secrets and building its own means to do so. It also uses the knowledge to improve human living conditions, at least in theory. I was sold, and here I am. -
Gram Negative Bacterial Structure Explain the Medical Implications of Spore Formation
Lecture (3) Bacterial cell structure Objectives Enumerate Essential and non-essential bacterial cell components Describe the common anatomical structures found in bacteria and explain their function [flagella, pili, glycocalyx, capsule, endospores, cytoplasm, inclusions, chromosome, plasmids, cell membrane, and cell wall]. Compare gram positive and gram negative bacterial structure Explain the medical implications of spore formation. Bacterial cell structure •Cell wall Essential •Cytoplasmic Membrane •Cytoplasm Structures •Nuclear body •Capsule. Non Essential •Flagella •Pili structures •Inclusion granules Cell wall Cytoplasmic Essential structures membrane Any bacterial cell is composed of the following structures (Essential structures): 1. Cell wall. 2. Cytoplasmic membrane. 3. Cytoplasm. 4. Nuclear body. Nuceloid Cytoplasm Non Essential Structures Capsule Inclusion Some (Not all) bacteria may granules contain one or more of the following structures: 1. Capsule. 2. Flagella (single Flagellum) 3. Fimbria (pili). Pili 4. Inclusion granules Flagellum Cell wall Cytoplasmic THE CELL WALL membrane The cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds the bacterial cell just outside of the plasma membrane. Nuceloid Cytoplasm Cell wall Structure Bacteria are classified according to their cell wall as: Gram positive or Gram negative. Peptidoglycan Polysaccharide chains The main structural component of the cell wall. Peptidoglycan is formed of carbohydrate + protein. It consists of long polysaccharide chains that are cross-linked by amino acid bridges. Gram positive Cell Wall In Gram-positive bacteria the peptidoglycan forms a thick layer external to the cell membrane. Cell wall of gram positive bacteria also contain Teichoic acid molecules. Gram negative Cell Wall In Gram-negative bacteria, the peptidoglycan layer is thin and is overlaid by an outer membrane.