Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 6 (2012 5) 812-822 ~ ~ ~
УДК 81-2
Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
Victor V. Kabakchi* St.Petersburg University of Economics and Finance 21 Sadovaya st., St. Petersburg, 191023 Russia 1
Received 4.11.2011, received in revised form 11.11.2011, accepted 16.12.2011 The development of Foreign-Culture-Oriented English inevitably results in the formation of a specialized variety of this language with its own lexis. These are xenonyms, i.e. names of specific elements of the foreign culture in question. In the case of Russian-Culture-Oriented English the language accumulates the necessary amount of xenonyms. Once a part of the vocabulary, xenonyms develop according to the rules of English. Derivatives are formed by means of affixation, and in rare cases Russian affixes are borrowed (-NIK; -SKI/SKY). Keywords: functional dualism, interlinguoculturology, culturonyms, idioculturonyms: idionyms & xenonyms
Introduction of the language to a foreign culture by necessity Globalization accompanied by needs certain adaptations of the language. “globanglization” makes it necessary for all Actually such type of communication results non-English nations to use English in order in the formation of a specialized variety of the to promote their cultures. Foreign-Culture- language: Foreign-Culture-Oriented (FCO) Oriented English is a specialized variety of this Language. Naturally we are primarily interested language which is best studied by resorting to in Global English applied to Russian culture, original native English descriptions of these i.e. Russian-Culture-Oriented English (RCO cultures. Abundance of various English texts English). devoted to Russian culture allows us to see the Cultural reorientation of a language is formation of the peripheral layer of the English the result of its “functional duality”: the vocabulary oriented towards Russian culture language although primarily oriented towards and its naturalization. its “own” (“internal”) culture by necessity is Globalization made it necessary for all also used in application to foreign (“external”) nations to master international, therefore cultures, gradually accumulating all the intercultural, communication. Trying to reach necessary verbal means for it (Kabakchi 1998, for a wider audience all countries have started 9). We call the linguistic discipline devoted to resort to international languages (primarily to the study of the language in its secondary to English, but also to French, Spanish, German) cultural orientation towards a foreign culture in order to promote their cultures. Application ‘interlinguoculturology’ (ILCology, for short).
* Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] 1 © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved – 812 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
Types of Russian-Culture-Oriented from the lower reaches of the military English texts service classes. (Kaiser, 446) Our research which started in the early An extract from notes of a traveler: 1980s has shown that the FCO Language by There were three principle sorts necessity accumulates specific lexis, xenonyms of conveyance: the telega, a springless, (fr. Greek ‘xenos’, “strange”, “foreign) used in one-horse cart, which had a leather reference to the foreign culture thus described. hood and curtain for bad weather; the Xenonyms regularly appear in texts of various kibitka, which was similarly equipped genres: academic publications, popular travel but could also be converted into a notes, publicist and fiction. It proves the words of horse-drawn sleigh; and the tarantass, the editor of the OED: “The English vocabulary a sort of hooded and seatless basket is now federated rather than centralized. No one about seven feet long ... The tarantass person’s English is all English, but each English was drawn by a troika, a team of three speaker is to some extent ”multilingual” within shaggy Siberian horses. ... the tarantass English. We are competent in varieties of English was the most popular. Both kibitkas in which we do not perform”. (Weiner, 501). and tarantass could be bought or hired Naturally, Russian-culture xenonyms constitute in Perm ... All these sorts of vehicles a part of the layer of xenonyms too. were driven by a yamshchik (driver) Here are some extracts from English- who was invariably at least partially language description of Russian culture. For drunk. (Newby, 77) instance, in an academic article: Modern guides on foreign countries The gentry or middle service class sometimes include most unusual texts: (dvoryane) also figure in numerous Word of the Month: Kulich graveside inscriptions. A 1677 Pskov A kulich is a traditional Russian memorial, for example, recalls the Easter cake made from fruit, almonds “Moscow dvoryanin” Evsegneii Nikitin and raisins. It is usually made several syn Neelov, while a 1679 inscription days before Easter so that all the remembers another dvoryanin, Grigorii ingredients get a good soaking in rum Grigor’ev syn Chirikov. Numerous and saffron. When the cake is decorated, memorial plates from the Pskov Caves the initials XB can be written in icing on monastery identify the deceased as the sides. XB are the Russians initials “pomeshchik,” confirming the fact that KhV for Khristos Voskres, (Christ is the middle class level of Muscovite Risen). Many Orthodox people go servitors became accustomed to adding to the church on Saturday with their social rank to grave markers. Soon kulich to get them blessed and made zhiltsy and others who inhabited the holy. (SPbIYP Apr 2008:12) middle levels of the Muscovite social Trying to achieve objective results, we order also had their rank recalled in decided that only ‘authentic’ (original, not in commemorative tablets. Seventeenth- translation) texts, preferably written by native century ceramic memorials speakers, ought to be used as the source of our commemorate a musketeer (strelets), research. Therefore a file of over 4,000 citations artilleryman (pushkar’), and others from original texts describing Russian culture – 813 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English formed the corpus of the research: more than a blin (1889); doukhobor (1876); duma (1870); omul hundred books, icluding such fundamental works (1884). In fact, “balalaika” was first registered as The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia (1982; in 1788, which means that this Russian loan had 2nd ed. 1994, 604 р.), the result of joint efforts of been waiting to be registered over two centuries. over a hundred authors under a single editorship. (Kabakchi 1998, 39) We looked through numerous newspapers and magazines (Time, Times, Newsweek, National The Washington Post article «Czars» Geographic, Christian Science Monitor, Moscow It is particularly revealing to see Russian Times, St Petersburg Times, etc.). 26 dictionaries, xenonyms beyond the habitual context of Russian including general purpose dictionaries (OED, culture. The Washington Post published on RHD, W3, WNW, and smaller ones), dictionaries October 23, 2009 an article under the title «Czars» of foreign words and phrases, dictionaries of which opened with the following sentence: new words as well as specialized dictionaries of October revolutions just ain’t what Russian cultural terminology were used to check they used to be. the appearance of Russian-culture xenonyms It was 92 years, almost to the (specific elements of foreign cultures) in this type day, since the Bolsheviks stormed the of communication. At least ten dictionaries were Winter Palace. Sens. Joe Lieberman thoroughly, page-to-page examined in search of (I-Conn.) and Susan Collins (R-Maine), such xenonyms. The result was The Dictionary as fine a duo as Lenin and Trotsky, of Russia (2002): a compilation of about 2500 presided over the Senate Homeland Russian xenonyms, their presence in the English Security and Governmental Affairs language was checked in the abovementioned Committee, which for a couple of hours dictionaries. Thursday morning seemed more like the Council of People’s Commissars. Are xenonyms legitimate words? It is obvious that the problem discussed is The legitimacy of xenonyms as an integral the US politics and Russian xenonyms are simply part of the vocabulary can be proved by the used as metaphors to criticize appearance in presence of such words in the general purpose President Obama’s administration too many czars dictionaries of the English language. It is a well chosen by Democrats. The meaning of the word known fact that dictionaries register only those “czar” is local and has nothing to with Russian lexis which appear a certain amount of times in politics: the corpus of the texts forming the base of the [WNW czar] American English dictionary. any person having great or unlimited While checking Russian xenonyms which power; autocrat (the President’s energy regularly appear in our corpus in the OED we czar). <> discovered that the first citations with such The author compares “the Senate Homeland words which for the first time appeared only in Security and Governmental Affairs Committee” the second edition of the OED (1989) in many with Russia’s duma: cases go as far back as the publication of the first … Chairman Lieberman said after edition (1928). In the examples sipplied below the his duma was gaveled to order. date of the first citation is given in parentheses: 29 various Russianisms are used in the article: ataman (1835); balaclava (1881); balalaika (1788); Bolsheviks (2) <> Winter Palace <> Lenin <> – 814 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
Trotsky <> Council of People’s Commissars <> -dom: tsardom (DR) czars (17) <> Romanov <> Russia + <> Nicholas -esque Gogolesque <> II <> duma <> anti-czarist <> Yekaterinburg. In Pushkinesque <> fact, once the word “czar” is used in its original The second [masterpiece] was his meaning: dazzling Gogolesque fantasy, Master i Recognizing a chance for shtick, Margarita (The Master and Margarita). Lieberman described a scene from (EncBr) “Fiddler on the Roof” when one of -ian: Gogolian (DR) <> Chekhovian (DR) <> the townsfolk asks the rabbi if there Leskovian (Nabokov Pnin 378). is a prayer for the czar. “The rabbi The “English” park that separated answers, ‘Yes, my son, there is. It is: our house from the hayfields was an God bless and keep the czar -- far away extensive and elaborate affair with from us.’ May I paraphrase that prayer labyrinthine paths, Turgenevian this morning: God bless and keep the benches, and imported oaks among the title ‘czar’ forevermore away from the endemic firs and birches. (Nabokov, American government. 135) In other words xenonyms are a part, let it Some affixes are used seldom. For example, be peripheral one, of the vocabulary of English -id appears in the derivative of the the word which is becoming more and more cosmopolitan “Rurik” in reference to the dynasty of the first including xenonyms of various cultures: rulers of ancient Rus’ («Рюриковичи»): Jerusalem, Mecca, Rome, From the beginning of the Tatar Moscow – all are places of pilgrimage, period, the Rurikid princes displayed whether the faithful come to pray at much disunity. (EncBr) the Wailing Wall, circle the kaaba, be The Roman suffix –ina which forms blessed by the Pope or file past Lenin’s «feminine names and titles», is used in the embalmed body in the great mausoleum xenonym “tsarina”, alongside a rarer variant on Red Square. (Fodor 1989, 131) “tsaritsa”. The suffix –ism is so frequently used that Naturalization needs no comment. The list of the corresponding of xenonyms – affixation xenonyms is endless: Decembrism, Karamazovism, Once as a part of the Foreign-Culture- Tolstoyism, Leninism, Brezhnevism. Oriented English domain, xenonyms develop Sometimes affixation produces nonce words, in accordance with the laws of English. They but these are also helpful serving the stylistic receive affixes and give life to new words. These function: affixes are so familiar that new formations are The translation of the Philokalia, taken for granted so long as xenonyms are already a collection of Greek monastic texts, familiar: into Old Slavic by the starets Paissy -an: Kievan <> Tolstoyan (DR) <> Velitchkovsky (1722-94) contributed to Drevlians (DR) <> a revival of starchestvo (“staretsism”)... -ana (‘things associated with): (EncBr) Tolstoyana (Nabokov 1990 Pnin 415) The suffix «-ist» is also highly productive <> (Decembrist, Leninist, Stalinist, etc.): – 815 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
Rodchenko led a wing of artists The celebrated controversy in the Constructivist movement – the between Slavophiles and “Westernizers” Productivist group – who wanted to in the 1840s is but one episode in a long forge closer ties between the arts and struggle. (Billington, x) industry … (EncBr) Counter to these traditions ran the As the fund of affixes in English is not so ideas of the ‘Slavophils’ ... (CamEnc rich as in Russian, sometimes the same affix 1982: 100) covers the function of two Russian affixes. This Naturally< prefixes are also used. In the is the case of the xenonym “Octobrists” which article “Czars” it is the prefix “anti-”: “anti- first appeared in the beginning of the 20th czarist”. More examples: century in the meaning «октябристы», members cis-: Cisbaikalia (EncBr) of a party of that period, and later was used in de- de-Stalinization (EncBr) <> reference to «(юные) октябрята», members of dekulakization (EncBr) <> a Soviet children organization (a sort of Soviet It is worth while noticing that in the last case Scouts), cf.: we have a combined affixation – dekulakization, … Stolypin did obtain the and affixes are attached to the root borrowed cooperation of the party of the moderate from Russian: right (the Octobrists) … (EncBr) At the end of 1929 a campaign All the children of Grades 1, 2 and to “liquidate the kulaks as a class” 3 were Octobrists. (Smith E., 114) (“dekulakization”) was launched by The suffix -ite « » is regularly used to the government. (EncBr) form xenonyms with the meaning «adherent: The combining form “pseudo-” is rarely used: follower» – Muscovite, Trotskyite, Brezhnevite we have only one example – Pseudodemetrius (EncBr), sometimes parallel to the suffix «-ist». (the more usual version is “False Dmitry”): Thus the author of the book Black Earth prefers He came from Poland (the first the xenonym Trotskyist (Meier 2004: 2007), Pseudodemetrius, 1605-06). (Wittram, although the more familiar variant is Trotskyite: jn: DR) [Bukharin] was secretly arrested The prefix “trans-“ is used to form Russian in January 1937 and was expelled place names: Trans-Caucasian <> Trans- from the Communist Party for being a Dnestrian <> Trans-Siberian (EncBr) “Trotskyite.” (EncBr) “Sophisticated” formations are mostly used The suffixes “-ize” and “-ization” are most stylistically, but they also imitate native models: productive too: It had taken a very un-glasnost- -ize: Leninized Russia (Nabokov Pnin like 18 days to admit … (Kokker, 17) 375) <> Muscovitize (Figes 201) <> … the Chekist-in-Chief tossed -ization: collectivization (EncBr) <> the Bushists a lifeline … (SPb Times ‘Chechenization’ (Jack 121) <> 29.06.2004) The Russian idionym «славянофил» has Sometimes affixation is combined with two versions in English. One xenonym is formed descriptive xenonyms: by means of the suffix “-phile” – “Slavophile”, In the Soviet Union it is possible to while the other variants is a slightly Russified buy a pel’mennitsa, a pel’meni-maker. version of it: “Slavophil”, cf.: (Craig, 56) – 816 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
Russian morphemes are sometimes used The period from 1946 until stylistically to form hybrid neologisms. Obviously the death of Stalin in 1953 was one the authors consider such neologisms impressive of severe repression known as the because they include such formations into the zhdanovshchina, or Zhdanovism. titles of their books: (EncBr) Marshall I. Goldman. Petrostate: The Russian suffix is immediately supported Putin, Power, and the New Russia, by the familiar “-ism” because this Russian suffix Oxford University Press, May 2008. is unknown to the wider readership and needs Hollingsworth M., Lansley St. explanation: Londongrad. From Russia With Cash. The influence of Zhdanov was The Inside Story of the Oligarchs, so dominant that the post-war period 2009. became known as the Zhdanovshchina Blends are also, although sparingly, used (‘Zhdanov’s reign’). (Figes 503) in Russian-Culture-Oriented English. Thus However, this Russian suffix is so full of numerous airlines which multiplied after the cultural connotations, that authors frequently disintegration of the Soviet Union were (and still resort to borrowing: are) jokingly referred to as “babyflots” where [Biron] exercised extraordinary the morpheme “-flot” is taken from the familiar influence over Russian affairs during xenonym of the Soviet period “Aeroflot”: a period that became known as … a bunch of smaller regional Bironovshchina. (EncBr) airlines (often called “babyflots”) … When terror was loose, even the (Fodor 2002, xiii) <> also: Meier, 238 victims tended to speak of it as the <> creation of an underling: Yezhovshchina The Wikipedia encyclopedia has combined in the thirties, Zhdanovshchina in the two words – “siloviki” and “oligarchs”, the result forties. (Billington, 542) is “silogarchs” (Wikipedia Putinism). It would have been inappropriate, Writers are very inventive in this verbal for instance, to anglicize the title of M. game: Mussorgsky’s opera, so the title is traditionally [Cherney was asked] whether borrowed: Russia was closer to ‘Capitalism Left very much alone, Mussorgsky or KGBtalism?’ (Hollingsworth & began to drink to excess, although Lansley, 320) the composition of the opera Borrowing Russian affixes. Khovanshchina perhaps offered some Languages seldom borrow affixes. Even distraction (left unfinished at his death, when some affix already appears in several this opera was completed by Rimsky- xenonyms and becomes noticeable: Korsakov). (EncBr) -ik: There were four of us in the rattling However, one Russian suffix has entered Soviet Army jeep, known endearingly the club of English affixes, it is the suffix “-nik”. as a UAZik, pronounced wahzik, in the It first entered English through Yiddish in the common parlance. (Meier, 57) middle of the 20th century (OED 1945), was not Authors frequently feel necessity to borrow particularly productive and formed the words with the suffix «-ЩИНА»: the meaning similar to its Russian relation. These – 817 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English words usually belonged to slang, for instance Yuri was no Greenpeacenik. “noodnik”, “no-goodnik”: (Meier, 279) He falls in love with Rachael, a girl The Russian suffix “-ski/-sky” stands of Polish descent, but accept such a no- somewhat apart. It would be wrong to state that goodnik as a chaussen (son-in-law) her this suffix is used to form really English words. father will not. (V. Dognam, Morning However, it is not infrequently used to form Star, 28.10.1974). Russian-Culture-Oriented neologisms used The situation changed in October 1957 stylistically: when the launch of Sputnik 1 shocked the West. Kicking buttski. Making you The fact that the English language had the exact laughski. The Academy is backski! counterpart, “satellite”, was overlooked, the (Newsweek, 21.05.2001) Russian word was borrowed and used even as a All these words are united by two verb (Kabakchi 1985, 1990). characteristics. They are mostly used within As the world was in the midst of the Cold War the domain of Russian culture and they have and everything coming from the Soviet Union negative meaning or at least negative connotation. was considered by the official Western ideology Incidentally, words formed by means of that negatively, the suffix was used to create new suffix are registered by dictionaries: words describing a person who rejects the mores butt.in.sky also butt.in.ski n, pl of established society, the most famous word -skies [butt in + -sky, -ski (last element being “beatnik”, but also “peacenik”, “vietnik” in Slavic surnames)] (1902): a person and some others. However, later on, particularly given to butting in: a troublesome after the fall of the USSR, this meaning became meddler
Therefore the appearance of this loan in the yelling “Fabsky” and “Goodsky.” text usually marks the author’s stereotypically (SPbTimes 26.04.1996) negative attitude towards the nation: Rod Liddle, the reviewer of the book It is a magnificently emetic Londongrad makes his straightforward hatred account of the lifestyles of the Russki of Russian oligarchs in London both by the very oligarchs … (Sunday Times, review by title of the book “Londongrad”) and particularly Rod Liddle, July 26, 2009) <> by the “-sky” words: The word, however, becomes ambiguous, There’s bling, you see, and then because those who treat Russian culture there’s blingski – which is a different, positively borrow the word in its original neutral more elevated beast altogether. […] meaning, synonymous to the word “Russian”. And the yachts, each more outrageous This is definitely the case taken from Russia’s and blingski than the last. (The Sunday English language newspaper of expatriates The Times 26.07.2009) St. Petersburg Time (not to be confused with Undoubtedly, the word bling (bling Florida’s St. Petersburg): bling) itself is negative enough in its meaning: Last week, MuzTV started a show «expensive objects such as jewellery that are worn called “Top Model po-Russki.”… in a way that is very easy to notice» [LDCE]. By (SPbTimes 13.04.2011) attaching to the word ‘bling’ the suffix “-sky’ the For some reasons native speakers author indicates that here is tastelessness “in the of English think that it is enough to Russian (“Russki”) way. attach this suffix to any word to make The Cold War era inevitably influenced it “Russian”: the development of Russian-Culture-Oriented Abramovich’s purchase of English. The negative attitude to Bolshevism Chelsey – promptly nicknamed ‘Chelski’ created a verbal derivative, ‘Bolshie’: … (Hollingsworth & Lansley, 125) Bolshie (also bolshy) British It seems that this practice is amusing both for English informal tending to be angry the inventors of such words and for the readers, or annoyed and not to obey people <> because examples abound. When at the end of bolshiness noun (Longman) the Soviet Union the Communists in the elections failed, an American newspaper (Des Moines Nadtsat Register, 06.04.1989) published a cartoon which The novel A Clockwork Orange (1962) by showed the newspaper Pravda with the headline Anthony Burgess (1917 – 1993) was a curious “UPSETSKY”. literary experience of word creation and had The Time magazine published an article become the apotheosis of linguistic Cold War. (28.05.1990) devoted to religion in the Soviet A polyglot linguist, Anthony Burgess, invented Union under the title «Ad a m a n d Ev e s k y ». for his novel a Russian-based argot used by the In another item the newspaper The St. teenagers. The roots of the dialect are obvious (for Petersburg Time generously supplies its Russians, anyway) from its name – Nadtsat’, the description of a noisy party of expatriates with Russian suffix for numerals from 11 to 19, similar “-sky” words: to the English suffix “-teen” (as in ‘thirteen’). ... all horsing around the foyer of Similarly, the meaning of the Nadtsat words is one of the city [St Petersburg] hotels, transparent for all those familiar with Russian: – 819 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
droog <> baboochka <> korova <> golova Conclusion <> malchick <> soomka <> prestoopnick <> Foreign-Culture-Oriented English develops rooka <> litso <> malenky. depending on the intensity of the intercultural The function of the argot Nadtsat in the contact. Russian-Culture-Oriented English book is best described by one of the characters, develops noticeably. Xenonyms of Russian the doctor who examined the phenomenon culture come and go. Some get naturalized of the criminals: «most of the roots are Slav and acquire new meanings. This process needs propaganda». The author’s attitude towards constant monitoring and attention of linguists at the argot is particularly evident in the word the time when Russian culture needs English as “horrowshow” which is supposed to mean (A. the communicative second string to reach a wide Burgess supplies a ‘dictionary’ of the dialect) readership. khorosho (‘good”).
References Algeo, J. There’s Life in the Old Damenik Yet – After Archy’s Life of Mehitabel, American Speech, Vol.67, No.1 (Spring, 1992), pp.107-111. Kabakchi V.V. Семантический аспект освоения русизма SPUTNIK английским языком/ Семантика слова и предложения. – Ленинград, ЛГПИ, 1985, с.79-86. Kabakchi V.V. Of sputniks, beatniks and nogoodniks. – American Speech, 65(3), 1990, pp.277- 78. Kabakchi V.V. Основы англоязычной межкультурной коммуникации. – СПб: РГПУ, 1998. Weiner E.S.C. “The Federation of English”, in: State of the Language, The. (1990) Eds.: Chr. Ricks, L. Michaels. – Faber& Faber: London, Boston, pp.500-507.
Dictionaries Encyclopœdia Britannica 2001 Standard Ed. CD-ROM. (Copyright © 1994-2001 Encyclopedia Britannica) Kabakchi V.V. The Dictionary of Russia (2500 Cultural Terms). Англо-английский словарь русской культурной терминологии. – СПб: Издательство СОЮЗ, 2002. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. – UK: Pearson Education Limited, 4th ed., 2006. Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition – 1989). Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (unabridged). A Merriam-Webster, 1988.
Sources of illustrative quotations Billington James H. The Icon and the Axe. An Interpretive History of Russian Culture. – NY: Vintage Books, 1970. Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the Former Soviet Union, The (1982/1994). A.Brown, M.Kaser, G.Smith (eds.): Cambridge University Press. Craig K., Novgorodsev S. The Cooking of Russia. – A Sainsbury Cookbook, London, 1990. Figes, Orlando. Natasha’s Dance. A Cultural History of Russia. Penguin Books, 2003. Fodor’1989. Soviet Union. With Essays on History and Art. -NY&London: Fodor’s Travel Publications, 1988. – 820 – Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
Fodor 2002 => Moscow and St. Petersburg. Hollingsworth M., Lansley St. Londongrad. Fourth Estate, London, 2009. Jack, Andrew. Inside Putin’s Russia. Revised edition. Granta Books: London, 2004, 2005. Kaiser Daniel H. Discovering Individualism Among the Deceased: Gravestones in Early Modern Russia. – Kotilaine, Jarmo & Poe, Marshall (ed.). Modernizing Muscovy. London & NY: Routledge Curzon, 2004. Kokker S., Selby N. St. Petersburg. – Melbourne, Oakland, London, Paris: Lonely Planet, 2002. Meier, Andrew. Black Earth. Russia After the Fall. – Harper Perennial, UK, 2004. Moscow and St. Petersburg. Fodor’s 5th ed.: NY, Toronto, London, Sydney, Auckland, 2002. Nabokov V. Speak, Memory. An Autobiography Revisited. – NY: G.P.Putnam’s Sons, 1966. Nabokov V. Избранное. – М.: Радуга, 1990 (including the novel Pnin). Newby E. Big Red Train Ride. – Penguin, 1978. Smith E. Village Children. A Soviet Experience. – Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1982. St. Petersburg. In Your Pocket. Essential City Guides. BCB Tourism And Publishing BV. Wittram, Reinhard. Russia and Europe. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973.
Abbreviations CamEnc – Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia DR – Кабакчи В.В. The Dictionary of Russia EncBr – Encyclopœdia Britannica FCO – Foreign-Culture-Oriented ILCology – ‘interlinguoculturology’ LDCE – Longman Dictionary … OED – Oxford English Dictionary RCO – Russian-Culture-Oriented SPb – St. Petersburg. SPbIYP – St. Petersburg. In Your Pocket. WNCD9 – Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary Victor V. Kabakchi. Formation of Russian-Culture-Orientated English
Формирование лексики английского языка, ориентированного на русскую культуру
В.В. Кабакчи Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет экономики и финансов Россия 191023, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Садовая, 21
Формирование «английского языка межкультурного общения» (АЯМО) неизменно приводит к формированию специализированной разновидности этого языка со специальной лексикой. Это «ксенонимы», т.е. наименования специфических элементов иноязычных культур. В случае АЯМО, ориентированного на русскую культуру, формируется слой ксенонимов-русизмов, которые могут принимать английские аффиксы, образуя необходимые производные слова. В редких случаях заимствуются русские аффиксы (-НИК; -СКИЙ). Ключевые слова: функциональный дуализм, интерлингвокультурология, культуронимы, идиокультуронимы: идионимы и ксенонимы.