Whose Man in Havana? : Adventures from the Far Side of Diplomacy
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University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2015-11 Whose man in Havana? : adventures from the far side of diplomacy Graham, John W. University of Calgary Press Graham, J.W. "Whose man in Havana? : adventures from the far side of diplomacy." Latin American and Caribbean Series; 12. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/51020 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca WHOSE MAN IN HAVANA? ADVENTURES FROM THE FAR SIDE OF DIPLOMACY by John W. Graham ISBN 978-1-55238-825-9 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. 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Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org BOOK TWO History is little more than the register of crimes, the follies, and the misfortunes of mankind. —Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire In late 1992 I left the Canadian Foreign Service and began a second career with international organizations. 155 Dominican Republic Stepping Back from the Precipice This story is about a deeply troubling election – the most trou- bling that the Organization of American States had encoun- tered up to that point. In April 1994 the secretary general of the OAS appointed me to lead the OAS observation mission in the Dominican Republic. I was at that time the head of the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy in the OAS. This was a Canadian- inspired and Canadian-funded innovation, and I was its first incumbent.1 Because I had been ambassador to Venezuela and non-resident ambassa- dor to the Dominican Republic from 1988 to 1992, I knew many of the players and was expected to have some knowledge of the intricacies of Dominican politics. It says something about how little I knew that, before leaving our home in Washington, I told Judy that I would be back in three weeks. That was the first of May. It was almost four months later that I returned to Washington. I don’t think it was naïveté, although I have certainly been guilty of that, but there wasn’t one among us – neither an observer, nor a senior Dominican politician, nor a member of the press – who forecast that sum- mer’s extraordinary sequence of events. This was not for lack of warning signals. The previous presidential elections, in 1990, had concluded in acrimony after incidents of violence, 157 confusion, bad organization, and accusations of fraud. Dr. Joaquín Balaguer was eventually declared the winner. Following pressure from the opposition parties, Jimmy Carter, who had come as a mediator, and others in the international community made recommendations for a major over- haul of the election process. These were accepted by the government and by the Dominican Electoral Commission (JCE). Advice was forthcoming, some paid for by Canada, but, as my team soon discovered, very little of this advice was implemented. Efforts to bring problems to the attention of the JCE were met by accusations of “intrusion.” International advisors were criticized for their “aggressiveness.” Meanwhile, the JCE informed the public that the preparations for the 1994 elections were “progressing well.” At this stage neither I nor my team scented fraud. Political interfer- ence, yes, because a majority of the magistrates on the JCE belonged to the government party, the Reformistas. The first person to speculate that fraud might be in the cards was the Spaniard Vicente Martin, an interna- tional consultant whose job was to advise the JCE’s computer centre. The more he learned the more he was alarmed, and his knowledge was alarm- ing the Reformista magistrates. Martin was getting too close to the heart of things. He was excluded from most of the computer centre’s activities. Martin was withdrawn from the country when he began to receive anon- ymous death threats, and he was soon followed by two other consultants who were concerned about their safety. Vicente Martin was replaced by a Puerto Rican, Jorge Tirado, an army veteran who always dined in Santo Domingo with his back to the wall to allow him a clear view of who was entering the restaurant – a habit he had acquired in Vietnam. It was into this incendiary environment that the International Election Observation teams came in the first week of May. The OAS team had twenty-seven members; the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), led by Charles Manatt, a former chairman of the US Democratic Party, twenty; and the National Democratic Institute (NDI), led by Stephen Solarz, a former New York congressman, twenty-six. Within days of our arrival the political temperature rose. The Partido Revolucionario Dominicano (PRD), the principal opposition party, ex- pected that it would go into the elections with a significant lead. However, national opinion polls indicated that the results would be very close, and this had the effect of cranking up doubts about the competence of the JCE, 158 WHOSE MAN IN HAVANA? allegations of predetermined fraud, incidents of violence, and corrosively bitter negative campaigning. The PRD leader, Peña Gomez, a Black man of Haitian ancestry, was accused of being unstable and a participant in Satanic cults. But it was President Balaguer who played the Haitian card most effectively. His bizarre concoction was that foreign governments, allegedly the United States and Canada, were plotting to force the union of Haiti and the Dominican Republic as a means of resolving the endemi- cally chaotic Haitian problem. Peña Gomez’s Haitian blood became a reg- ular Reformista theme, and he was accused of being the agent of this plot and the person who would implement it if elected president. Grotesque caricatures of Peña circulated. As tensions rose, so did concern about the possible breakout of widespread violence. Increasingly important as time went on was my connection with Monsignor Nuñez Collado, Rector of Madre y Maestra, the Catholic University. Monsignor Nuñez had been the moving force in Dominican efforts to reform the electoral process. Another important ally was Danny McDonald, commissioner of the US Federal Elections Commission, who had been inserted into the OAS team by the US ambassador to the OAS, in part to keep an eye on me. The clandestine side of this scheme rapidly col- lapsed when McDonald and I discovered shared interests in cigars, rum sours, and humour – and became friends. Election day was clear and warm. It began deceptively well. The pas- sion generated by this contest pushed the numbers even beyond the usu- ally high Dominican turnout. In fact, the turnout was extraordinary, later calculated to be 87.4 percent, by far the highest turnout in Dominican history. These numbers are absolutely unheard of in the more jaded de- mocracies of the North. In any event, the early morning produced few problems and no violence. Cheered by the reports to this effect, I set off to visit a few polling stations in the capital. At mid-morning I was in a slum quarter with Danny McDonald when the cell phone began ringing with calls from several observers.