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Plant Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests: Considerations Adout the Use of Induced Mutations

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Plant Breeding for Resistance to Insect Pests: Considerations Adout the Use of Induced Mutations IAEA-215 PLANT BREEDING FOR RESISTANC INSECO ET T PESTS: CONSIDERATIONF O SE ADOUUS E TTH INDUCED MUTATIONS PROCEEDING ADVISORN A F SO Y GROUP MEETING ON THE USE OF INDUCED MUTATIONS FOR RESISTANCE OF CROP PLANTS TO INSECTS ORGANIZEE TH Y DB JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOON I AGRICULTURD DAN E AND HEL DAKART DA , SENEGAL, 17-21 OCTOBER 1977 A TECHNICAL DOCUMENT ISSUED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1978 ADDENDUM TO LIST OP PARTICIPANTS Dr. P. Anglade I.N.R.A. Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux Station de Zoologie Agricole F-33140 Pont-de-la-Maye France PLANT BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO INSECT PESTS: CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE USE OF INDUCED MUTATIONS IAEA, VIENNA, 19?8 Printee IAEth n y AustriAi d"b a October 19?8 PLEASE BE AWARE THAT ALL OF THE MISSING PAGES IN THIS DOCUMENT WERE ORIGINALLY BLANK The IAEA does not maintain stocks of reports in this series. However, microfiche copies of these reports can be obtained from INIS Microfiche Clearinghouse International Atomic Energy Agency Kärntner Rin1 g1 0 59 P.Ox Bo . A-1011 Vienna, Austria on prepayment of US $0.65 or against one IAEA microfiche service coupon. CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................... 1 A.Mick Moor. I d eean Breeding for insect resistance in cotton .....•**................»...... 5 H. Khalifa Insect resistance in cotton ........................................... 17 T.P. Leigh Breeding vegetable crops for resistance to insect pests................ 27 Prem Nath Cereal crop resistanc insecto et e th n si United States: An example of induced mutation......................... 49 K.J. Starks and E.E. Sebesta Host plant resistanc majoo et r insect pest Sorghum................f so 3 6 . N.G.P. Rao, B.S. Rana, M.G. Jotwani La resistance des graminées aux lépidoptères foreurs................... 79 P* Anglade La resistance variétale de la luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) insectesx au . Intérê conceptiot e t programmes nde s relatifs aux aphides...........................................................5 .8 R. Bournoville Possible advantages of small differences in resistance to aphids....... 91 H.J.B. Lowe In tracing insect resistant plant mutagen si n treated populations technically and economically feasible.................................. 101 O.M.B, de Ponti Conclusion recommendations.......................................d san 7 .10 Annex...................................................................117 List of participants....................................................123 INTRODUCTION A. Micke and I. Moore Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Vienna To further increase agricultural productio declaree th s ni d first priority objective of national and international efforts in most developing countries. Nevertheless, the means to achieve this objective are disputed among agricultural advisors. There are those who "believe, that existing knowledge only needs to "be transferre necessarfarmere e th th d o dt san y materia financiad lan l inpute sb provided in order to "boost up production "by 50 or 100$. As true as this may Toe for certain areas and for certain farming systems, there are other points to consider and we want to mention a few: 1. Even under primitive farming conditions, the economy of production gains importance as soon as the level of subsistance farming is surpassed. Yield level costd san productio f so n elsewhere determine the product market pric decidd ean e whethe farmee r th affor n rca d inputs for increasing his production or not. The most efficient use of fertilizers, water, energy, pesticides under specific cropp- conditiong in determinee havy "b so ma et researchy db , evea t na stag developmenf eo t where these input utilizee sar d onla y yb fraction of the farmers and at levels far below those recommended as optimal. 2. At whatever level of productivity farmers are working, crops will always suffer from damag environmentay eb l stres pathogensd san . It appears to be a general phenomenon that with increased product- ion levels potential hazards increase too, but often one observes a change in pathogen pattern or the development of new pathogenic problems which require researc their hfo r solution. 3. Recent years have seen a tremendous demonstration of the potential to increase agricultural production by genetic improvement of cultivars. Many cultivars are being introduced from abroad, and if they turn out to be higher yielding than local ones they will replace them rather quickly. Such introduced cultivar havy sma e wida e geographical adaptation insurancethero t n , bu s ei , that unusual stress condition particulaa n si r are yea r causay o rma e greater harm to them than to those cultivars that evolved locally during many generations. Again research will hav tacklo et e eth problems arising. widespreae Th higf o . 4 he yieldindus wideld gan y adapted cultivars introduces another risk, hitherto unknow moso nt t developing countries rise ,whaf th k o calles ti d "genetic vulnerability". remembey ma u leae Yo rth f rust susceptibilit Mexicaf yo n wheats in the Near East and the tungro virus problems in Asia associated witearle hth y rice cultivar Internationae th f so l Rice Research Institute forgeo t catastrophie t t,th no c Helmine effecth f to - thosporium epidemic on maize in the USA facilitated by the in- considerat onl f source o yon e malef us eo e sterility asseso T . s the nee genetif do c diversit supplo t d yan appropriate germ plasm is a must. It is obvious that some disease and pest problems are man-made in the sense that they either arise or are aggravated with man's successful efforts to ste p productivitpu y whethe supplyiny r"b g irrigation, increasing mineral fertilizatio usinr n o cultivars w gne . Extensio existinf no g knowledgo et fanners must be intensified, "but cannot be an alternative for agricultural research, the need of which I have tried to illustrate with a few examples. In this context, one will have to see the activity of the Joint Division d IAEan A O oconcernefFA d witapplicatioe hth f so-calleno d nuclear techniques in agricultural research. This organization is responsible for determining areas of research that could benefit from the application of such techniques, and <ance determined will promote such applications, give information on the technique beso st usede tb d als,an o advise wher d whe ean devoto nt e resources betteutilizatioe th o rt othef no r than nuclear technique achievo st goae th el of upgrading agricultural production. FAO/IAEe meane th Th f so A programm manifolde ear provide W . e training through course fellowshipsr so sene W .d expert d supplsan y equipmente W . organize study tours and seminars. We also give financial research support to scientific institutes and help to increase efficiency of research by establish- ing coordinated research programmes. In these, scientists from developing and developed countries cooperate towards achieving objectives which have been agreed upon at research coordination meetings convened at certain intervals (1-2 years). Of course, we cannot rely upon our own restricted wisdom in determining objective prioritied an s work r ou d therefor ,r an fo s e seekinear advice gth f o e experts and specialists. This also is the frame and the purpose of the present meeting: PAO and IAEA are seeking your advice on a difficult and complex subject. We expect, that by the end of this week we have reached jointly convincing con- clusions, not only about the value of and the need for crop cultivars with im- proved insect resistance or tolerance, but also the available or missing tools for developing such cultivars, the kind of work to be done, the priorities of such work, the organization of such work, the financial support that might be required r reachinfo objectivee gth d eventuallsan e scientistyth d institutionsan s that shoul askee db becomo t d e engage plannea n i d d project. VJhat type of research may be considered? Concerning plant protection against insect pests, the most common and con- ventiona insecticidesf o e l us measure th s e.i Breedin insecr gfo t resistance receives ha d relatively little attentio mosn ni t plant breeding programmese Th . reasons are primarily that the breeder must give priority to yielding capacity d producan t quality. Resistanc microbiao t e l pathogen takes si n into account rather frequently, perhaps because of their more dangerous role in most parts of the world, or may be because of the relative easiness of selecting and manipulat- diseasg in e resistance factors. Insect resistanc coursf eo bees eha n attempted to breed for, where serious insect problems occurre wile w ld certainlan d y hear more about such programmes during this week. But it appears that in most pro- grammes progress has been hampered by difficulties to identify plant genotypes with better resistance or tolerance. In other words, selection using insects in nursera difficuls yi variour fo t s host/pathogee reasonth d san n interactione sar not sufficiently understood to select indirectly, e.g. by chemical tests or micro- scopical examination. Only when adequate selection technique handt a e e ,on sar n looca k deeper intmattee oth d fin whethet rwhao an dt ou td extenran d usable resistance trait e availablsar cron ei p plant germ plasm collection neer so o t d be created by genetic techniques such as mutation induction, alien gene transfer, chromosomal translocation etc. Here entomological research will be required. Identificatio usablf no e resistance traits, however, requires alsdefine oth - ition of breeding objectives and these cannot be defined without taking into con- sideration other means of pest control. Crop rotation, intercropping, crop diver- sification for instance are means to reduce the impact of insect pests and "by this the level of resistance to be aimed at "by the "breeder.
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