WX1 Table of Contents VIEW PER PAGE:102050ALL SHOWING 1-31 of 31 WACKERNAGEL, JACOB RÜDIGER SCHMITT (1853-1938), Swiss classicist and scholar of Indo-European and Indo- Iranian studies. This Article Has Images/Tables. WAKIL-AL-RAʿĀYĀ JOHN PERRY regnal title assumed by Karim Khan Zand (r. 1164-93/1751-79) after he established himself at Shiraz in 1765. It is recorded in variants wakil-al-raʿiya, wakil-e raʿiat, and wakil-al-ḵalāʾeq, all meaning “deputy of the people.” WAKIL-AL-RAʿĀYĀ, ḤĀJI SHAIKH TAQI IRĀNI JOHN R. PERRY (1868-1939), a prominent merchant and the Majles deputy of Hamadān, who, in October 1906, was the first provincial deputy to take his place in the First Majles (parliament) to be established after the Constitutional Revolution. WALDMAN, MARILYN DICK DAVIS (b. Dallas, Texas, April 13th 1943-d. Columbus, Ohio, July 8th, 1996), scholar of Islamic history. WAR KABUD BRUNO OVERLAET an archeological site to the north of Čavār in Ilām Province (Pošt-e kuh, Lorestān). Two hundred and three individual tombs of a large plundered graveyard (more than 1,000 tombs estimated to have been plundered) were excavated in 1965 and 1966. They all date to the Iron Age III (ca. 800/750-600 BCE). This Article Has Images/Tables. WARŠTMĀNSR NASK CROSS-REFERENCE See SŪDGAR NASK AND WARŠTMĀNSR NASK. WAṢF A. A. SEYED-GOHRAB a literary term meaning “description;” but it can carry several other connotations, including “quality,” “attribute,” “characterization,” “distinguishing mark,” and “adjective.” WATER CROSS-REFERENCE See ĀB. WAṬWĀṬ, RAŠID-AL-DIN NATALIA CHALISOVA bilingual poet, philologist, and prose writer in Persian and Arabic, as well as a high-ranking official of the Khwarazmian court in the 12th century. WAZIRITABĀR, ḤOSAYN-ʿALI MORTEŻĀ ḤOSEYNI DEHKORDI (1906-1958) musician and prominent performer of the qaranei (clarinet). WEBLOGS ALIREZA DOOSTDAR The vast majority of Iranian bloggers write in Persian, although other languages – chief among them English – are also used. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES I. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD A. D. H. BIVAR Evidence for ancient standards is provided by examination of weights surviving from antiquity, and from inspection of certain specimens of ingot currency. There are six surviving, well-preserved Achaemenid weights with inscriptions. This Article Has Images/Tables. WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS LUDMILA HANISCH scholar of Biblical studies, who primarily gained renown as an Old Testament scholar and Semitist. This Article Has Images/Tables. WERTIME, THEODORE ROYA ARAB (b. Chambersburg, Pa., 31 August 1919; d. Chambersburg, 8 April 1982), diplomat and scholar, expert on the history of technology in the ancient Middle East. WESTERGAARD, NIELS LUDVIG RÜDIGER SCHMITT (1815-1878), Danish orientalist scholar with special interest in Indology. This Article Has Images/Tables. WHEAT CROSS-REFERENCE See GANDOM. WHEAT CROSS-REFERENCE See GANDOM. WHITE SHEEP DYNASTY CROSS-REFERENCE A confederation of Turkman tribes who ruled in eastern Anatolia and western Iran until the Safavid conquest in 1501. See AQ QOYUNLU. WIKANDER, OSCAR STIG BO UTAS; JACQUES DUCHESNE-GUILLEMIN Wikander soon became known as a brilliant young scholar with wide interests and a deep knowledge of many fields. In 1935 and 1936, he and Geo Widengren (1907-1996) were among the members of the Avesta seminars, held by his older compatriot, the professor of Semitic languages at Uppsala University, H. S. Nyberg (1889-1974). This Article Has Images/Tables. WILD RUE CROSS-REFERENCE See ESFAND. WILD THYME CROSS-REFERENCE See ĀVĪŠAN. WILLIAM OF RUBRUCK PETER JACKSON a Flemish Franciscan missionary who traveled through the lands that the Mongols had conquered in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Asia Minor between 1253 and 1255. WILLOW CROSS-REFERENCE See BĪD. WISDOM LITERATURE CROSS-REFERENCE See ANDARZ, APHORISM, IRAN viii. PERSIAN LITERATURE (1) Pre-Islamic. WOLSKI, JÓZEF MAREK JAN OLBRYCHT distinguished Polish historian, whose research has had an enduring effect on the study of ancient Iranian history. WOMEN I. IN PRE-ISLAMIC PERSIA MARIA BROSIUS To learn about women, we depend on the often hostile secondary sources of the Greek and Roman periods which, however, are of limited historical value, as they tend to focus on particular aspects of the lives of royal Persian women or use specific descriptions for historiographical purposes. WOMEN II. IN THE AVESTA LEON GOLDMAN The egalitarian ideals of Zoroastrianism—in particular, the recognition of women as “men’s partners in the common struggle against evil” have long served to protect the dignified status of women within the Mazdayasnian community. WOMEN III. IN SHIʿISM MOOJAN MOMEN In theory, Shiʿism has a more favorable attitude towards women than Sunni Islam. These favorable differences are largely annulled, however, by some specific Shiʿite practices as well as the social realities of women’s lives in Shiʿite communities. WOMEN IV. IN THE WORKS OF THE BAB AND IN THE BABI MOVEMENT MOOJAN MOMEN The Bab elevated the status of women in his writings and confirmed this in his actions. The Babi community reflected this change in the actions of the Babi women. WOOL WILLEM FLOOR (Pers. pašm), the oldest fiber to have been used for the making of textiles in Persia. Archeological finds have shown that sheep wool and goat hair were already woven around 6500 BCE, although some doubt this data. Spinning whorls and warp weights dating from 5000 BCE have also been found. W~ CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS CROSS-REFERENCE list of all the figure and plate images in the W entries _______________________________________________________ ________ WACKERNAGEL, JACOB (1853-1938), Swiss classicist and scholar of Indo-European and Indo- Iranian studies. WACKERNAGEL, JACOB, Swiss classicist and scholar of Indo- European and Indo-Iranian studies (b. Basel, Switzerland, 11 December 1853; d. Basel, 22 May 1938; Figure 1), the son of Wilhelm Wackernagel (1806-1869), professor of German Language and Literature in Basel from 1835. He was named Jacob (written with “c”) after the famous German scholar Jacob Grimm, who acted as his godfather. Jacob received a fine classical education in his hometown and then studied classical philology and comparative linguistics in Basel (1871), and from 1872 in Göttingen, where the great Indologist Theodor Benfey (1809-81) taught him Vedic and Sanskrit and exerted a particular influence on him. Wackernagel left Göttingen for Leipzig after two years, where, in the winter term of 1874-75, he attended the lectures of Ernst Kuhn (1846- 1920) and other prominent linguists. He returned to Basel and obtained his doctorate there in 1875 with a thesis on the ancient Greek grammarians’ phonological doctrine and theory (Wackernagel, 1876). After a six-month stay in Oxford, he completed in the following year his habilitation as a lecturer in Greek Philology and Sanskrit. In 1879 Wackernagel was appointed extraordinary professor, and two years later became full professor of Greek Language and Literature in Basel. In 1902 he was offered the chair of Comparative Philology at Göttingen University, where he taught until 1915. In protest against the German-Prussian nationalist policy in World War I, in particular against the infringement on Belgian neutrality, he resigned his professorship and returned to his native town. From 1915, he held first his former chair of Greek Philology and, from 1926 until his retirement in 1936, that of Linguistics. Twice (in 1890 and 1918-19) he served as the rector of Basel University, and in 1912-13 he was also pro-rector in Göttingen (where the King of Prussia himself, in name only. was the rector). His worldwide standing is reflected by the honorary degrees conferred on him and his membership in several academies of sciences. Wackernagel described himself as “a linguist of philological orientation” (Sprachforscher philologischer Richtung). This means that his linguistic studies were not based on the data collected in grammars and dictionaries, but on the factual material preserved in the texts themselves, more exactly, on historical principles and on a philological foundation. His method made it possible for him to develop the idea that various phenomena considered before as characteristics typical of Greek or of the Indo-Iranian languages only, actually belong to the common Indo-European heritage (especially the so-called Wackernagel’s Law; see below). Works. Connected with his name are important publications concerning Greek studies, his syntactic investigations, and in particular his scholarship in the field of Old Indo-Aryan, best reflected in his large-scale Altindische Grammatik, a work of fundamental significance for Indo-Iranian and Iranian studies. Perhaps the most significant feature of Wackernagel’s approach to Indo-European studies is that he pursued what we may call an Indo-European Philology, that is, renouncing comparative reconstruction as a goal in itself, but, on the contrary, taking into account a linguistic development within separate languages as a feature from prehistoric times, thus imbuing linguistics with the spirit of history (e.g., his discussion of the Atticisms in Homer; see below). Though being professor of Greek, Wackernagel began in the early 1880s to collect material for a comprehensive grammar of Old Indo- Aryan, which was to become his masterpiece, Altindische Grammatik. This work, which originally was proposed to him by Ernst Kuhn, is the first historical grammar of that language ever compiled. It is the most exhaustive scholarly treatment that an Old Indo-European language has ever received, although even today it is not yet completed and presumably remains a torso. This standard work is presenting a fundamental view of the history and comparative grammar of Old Indo-Aryan language and thus is the model of a linguistic handbook, combining both stringent linguistic methodology and philological accuracy and scrutiny, not to mention its comprehensive factual and bibliographical aspect. As expected, however, certain points discussed in the book would be indicated, expressed, or explained in a different way, at least formally, by today’s Indo-European scholars.