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Realidad Aumentada: Teoría, Análisis De Su Desarrollo Actual Y Sus Posibles Aplicaciones En El Ecuador

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Realidad Aumentada: Teoría, Análisis De Su Desarrollo Actual Y Sus Posibles Aplicaciones En El Ecuador PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA ESCUELA DE SISTEMAS DISERTACIÓN PREVIA A LA OBTENCIÓN DEL TÍTULO DE INGENIERA EN SISTEMAS Y COMPUTACIÓN REALIDAD AUMENTADA: TEORÍA, ANÁLISIS DE SU DESARROLLO ACTUAL Y SUS POSIBLES APLICACIONES EN EL ECUADOR AUTOR: Alfredo Muñoz DIRECTORA: Ing. Beatriz Campos QUITO, 2012 CAPÍTULO I: Fundamentos teóricos de la Realidad Aumentada ....................................................... 1 1.1 El avance tecnológico ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Definición de avance tecnológico. .................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Orígenes. ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Edad de Piedra. ................................................................................................................. 2 1.1.4 Edad de los metales. ......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.4.1 Edad de cobre y edad de bronce. ............................................................................... 2 1.1.4.2 Edad de hierro. ........................................................................................................... 3 1.1.5 La tecnología anterior a la edad media en diferentes civilizaciones. ................................ 4 1.1.5.1 Egipcios. ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.5.2 Antigua Grecia. ........................................................................................................... 4 1.1.5.3 Roma. ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.5.4 China. .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.5.5 Incas. .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.6 Tecnología en la Edad Media. ........................................................................................... 5 1.1.7 Filosofía de la Tecnología. ................................................................................................. 5 1.1.7.1 Teoría Instrumental y Substantiva de la Tecnología. ................................................. 6 1.1.8 El dilema tecnológico. ....................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Orígenes e influencias de la Realidad Aumentada. .................................................................. 8 1.3 Definición de la Realidad Aumentada y relación con otras realidades. ................................... 9 1.3.1 La Realidad Aumentada y otras realidades. .................................................................... 10 1.4 Características fundamentales de la Realidad Aumentada. .................................................. 12 1.4.1 Aumento. ......................................................................................................................... 12 1.4.1.1 Realidad Aumentada no Visual. ............................................................................... 12 1.4.1.2 Sonido. ..................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.1.3 Tacto. ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.4.2 Portabilidad. .................................................................................................................... 14 1.4.2.1 Hardware, Ley de Moore y dispositivos portátiles. ................................................. 16 ii 1.4.2.2 Baterías. .................................................................................................................... 17 1.4.3 Reconocimiento. ............................................................................................................. 19 1.4.3.1 Dispositivos de seguimiento mecánicos. ................................................................. 23 1.4.3.2 Dispositivos de seguimiento magnético................................................................... 23 1.4.3.3 Dispositivos de seguimiento acústico. ..................................................................... 25 1.4.3.4. Dispositivos de seguimiento visual. ........................................................................ 27 1.4.4 Visualización. ................................................................................................................... 29 1.4.4.1 Sistemas de Realidad Aumentada basados en Monitores. ...................................... 29 1.4.4.2 Sistemas Transparentes de Realidad Aumentada (See-through). .......................... 30 1.4.4.3 Sistemas Espaciales de Realidad Aumentada. ......................................................... 31 1.4.4.4 Visualizadores Disponibles para sistemas de Realidad Aumentada. ....................... 32 1.4.4.4.1 Visualizadores sujetos a la cabeza. ................................................................... 33 1.4.4.4.1.1 Visualizador de Retina. ............................................................................... 33 1.4.4.4.1.2 Visualizador montado en la cabeza. (Head Mounted Display). ................. 34 1.4.4.4.1.3 Proyectores sujetos a la cabeza. ................................................................ 36 1.4.4.4.2 Dispositivos de mano. ....................................................................................... 38 1.4.4.4.3 Visualizadores Espaciales. ................................................................................ 40 1.4.4.4.3.1 Transparencia por video basada en pantalla. ............................................ 41 1.4.4.4.3.2 Visualizadores espaciales de transparencia óptica. ................................... 42 1.4.4.4.3.3 Dispositivos de visualización espaciales basados en proyección. .............. 42 1.5 Los sistemas y dispositivos básicos para su creación. ............................................................ 44 1.5.1 Sistemas de información geográfica. .............................................................................. 44 1.5.2 GPS. ................................................................................................................................. 46 1.5.2.1 Funcionamiento. ...................................................................................................... 46 1.5.2.2 Precisión de un GPS. ................................................................................................. 47 1.5.2.3 El sistema de satélites GPS. ...................................................................................... 47 1.5.2.4 Señal GPS. ................................................................................................................. 47 iii 1.5.2.5 Fuentes de error en la señal GPS. ............................................................................ 48 1.5.3 Teléfono Inteligente. ...................................................................................................... 49 1.5.3.1 Sistema Operativo. ................................................................................................... 49 1.5.3.2 Software. .................................................................................................................. 50 1.5.3.3 Teclado con distribución QWERTY. .......................................................................... 50 1.5.3.4 Mensajes. ................................................................................................................. 50 CAPÍTULO II: Avances y situación actual de la Realidad Aumentada ............................................... 52 2.1 Introducción. .......................................................................................................................... 52 2.2 Limitación en su desarrollo. ................................................................................................... 59 2.2.1 Complicaciones de paralaje por el desfase de la cámara con respecto a los ojos. ......... 59 2.2.2 El continuo seguimiento de los ojos para aumentar el campo de visión y aprovecharlo como interfaz de interacción humano-máquina...................................................................... 60 2.2.3 La eliminación de los objetos reales que se sustituyen con los virtuales, o viceversa dentro de la Realidad Aumentada. .......................................................................................... 60 2.2.4 Complicaciones en lo referente a la complejidad de ambientes exteriores o la amplitud de una aplicación o contenidos a ambientes no preparados. ................................................. 60 2.2.5 El lento accionar del cálculo de transformaciones geométricas con respecto al despliegue de video. ................................................................................................................ 61 2.2.6 Interoperabilidad............................................................................................................. 61 2.3 Ventajas de las aplicaciones de Realidad Aumentada. ......................................................... 62 2.3.1 Introducción. ..................................................................................................................
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