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Handbook of Satellite Applications Handbook of Satellite Applications Joseph N. Pelton • Scott Madry Sergio Camacho-Lara Editors Handbook of Satellite Applications With 494 Figures and 78 Tables Editors Joseph N. Pelton Sergio Camacho-Lara Former Dean CRECTEALC International Space University Tonantzintla Arlington Puebla, Mexico Virginia, USA Scott Madry International Space University Chapel Hill North Carolina, USA ISBN 978-1-4419-7670-3 ISBN 978-1-4419-7671-0 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4419-7672-7 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/ 978-1-4419-7671-0 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952160 # Springer ScienceþBusiness Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Foreword Imagine if all satellite services would close down for even a few hours. The global consequences of such a catastrophic event – even for specialists in the field – would be hard to grasp. We can easily imagine huge disruptions in telecommunications traffic and banking operations occurring within minutes. In time chaos would spread to stock markets, television broadcasts, weather forecasting, and storm alerts, as well as airline travel. By the second hour the problems would have even spread to activities like education, health care, and many other basic services of industry and government. Some years back, a communications satellite failed and the satellite-based pager system for many doctors, surgeons, police, and firemen suddenly went down. For the first time people began to realize just how dependent they were on satellites in their daily lives. At the 2012 International Space University (ISU) symposium on Space Sustain- ability, one expert referred to the “Day After” scenario for the possibility when all satellites might fail. Whereas one can survive without a utility like electricity for a short time, the longer-term consequences for a global society would be quite dramatic. The same would happen for a world without satellite services. A world stripped of its application satellites would be set back many decades in its progress. We would suddenly inhabit a world where misinformation could reign again. It is not an overstatement to say that a world without satellites could actually plunge us into war. In short, space applications today have become a utility, just as in the case of electricity or water. We basically do not wonder where our electricity or our water was produced when we use a power socket or turn on a water faucet. We just assume it will be available with good quality in a sustainable way. Today, in a world with rising population and climate change we are becoming more and more concerned about long-term availability of resources, and when we do so we also need to reflect on the availability of space resources. Just think about the conse- quences of a strong solar storm such as that occurred in 1859. This quite unusual Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) or solar eruption, now called the Carrington Event, managed to set telegraph offices on fire and brought the aurora borealis as far south as Cuba and Hawaii for many days. It is evident that a repetition of such an event nowadays would bring considerable damage to our application satellites and could interrupt global satellite services in a major way. v vi Foreword Knowledge of satellite applications is important, but it is equally important to understand the whole system starting from the underlying basics of the technology and how satellites are built and operated nationally, regionally, and globally. We need to know the potential of these satellites today and tomorrow as well as understand the threats that can influence their performance. This handbook is exactly aimed to fulfill this purpose and provides an excellent and outstanding overview of satellite applications, at the same time emphasizing the regulatory, business, and policy aspects. The authors are among the best experts worldwide and it is a pleasure to note that many of them are regular lecturers at the International Space University, which at the same time guarantees the interdisci- plinary character of this unique standard work. ISU is for these reasons proud to fully endorse this important handbook! President, ISU Prof. Walter Peeters Strasbourg, France Acknowledgments The multiyear creation of the Handbook of Satellite Applications represents a mammoth effort by many dozens of authors. Some of the world’s most outstand- ing experts in their field graciously supported this effort as volunteers. We thus wish, first and foremost, to thank these authors who have so generously contributed toward this attempt to creating a truly definitive reference work across the closely related fields of satellite communications, remote sensing, space navigation, and meteorological sensing from space. We also wish to thank Dr. Michael Simpson, former President of the Interna- tional Space University (ISU). It was he who first encouraged the creation of this reference work and had the vision to support a handbook that would comprehen- sively cover the entire range of major satellite applications. Also, it is important to recognize the current president of the International Space University (ISU) Walter Peeters, dean Angelina Bukley, plus the current and past chairs of the ISU Aca- demic Council, who were also involved with this project, namely, Drs. Edward Chester and Stefano Fiorilli. Finally we would like to thank the many people at Springer Publishing who nurtured and supported this project during its 2-year gestation. We wish to thank Maury Solomon, who first conceived that such a project would be an important undertaking for the scientific literature in the field. Particular thanks also go to Barbara Wolf, Marion Kraemer, and Saskia Ellis who carefully oversaw the final editing and kept the production schedule more or less on track. Then there was Vasuki Ravichandran, who, along with Ms. Ellis, very scrupulously oversaw the production of this extensive reference work on a day-after-day basis. We thank them both for their constant eye to detail and their tireless efforts. Joseph N. Pelton Sergio Camacho-lara Scott Madry vii Contents Volume 1 Section 1 Satellite Communications ......................... 1 1 Satellite Applications Handbook: The Complete Guide to Satellite Communications, Remote Sensing, Navigation, and Meteorology .......................................... 3 Joseph N. Pelton, Scott Madry, and Sergio Camacho Lara 2 Satellite Communications Overview ....................... 19 Joseph N. Pelton 3 History of Satellite Communications ....................... 27 Joseph N. Pelton 4 Space Telecommunications Services and Applications ......... 67 Joseph N. Pelton 5 Satellite Orbits for Communications Satellites ............... 93 Joseph N. Pelton 6 Fixed Satellite Communications: Market Dynamics and Trends ........................................... 115 Peter Marshall and Joseph N. Pelton 7 Satellite Communications Video Markets: Dynamics and Trends ........................................... 135 Peter Marshall 8 Mobile Satellite Communications Markets: Dynamics and Trends ........................................... 163 Ramesh Gupta and Dan Swearingen 9 An Examination of the Governmental Use of Military and Commercial Satellite Communications ..................... 187 Andrew Stanniland and Denis Curtin 10 Economics and Financing of Communications Satellites ........ 221 Henry R. Hertzfeld ix x Contents 11 Satellite Communications and Space Telecommunications Frequencies ........................................... 239 Michel Bousquet 12 Regulatory Process for Communications Satellite Frequency Allocations ............................................ 271 Ram S. Jakhu 13 Satellite Radio Communications Fundamentals and Link Budgets .........................................
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