Handbook of Satellite Applications

Joseph N. Pelton • Scott Madry Sergio Camacho-Lara Editors

With 494 Figures and 78 Tables Editors Joseph N. Pelton Sergio Camacho-Lara Former Dean CRECTEALC International Space University Tonantzintla Arlington Puebla, Mexico Virginia, USA

Scott Madry International Space University Chapel Hill North Carolina, USA

ISBN 978-1-4419-7670-3 ISBN 978-1-4419-7671-0 (eBook) ISBN 978-1-4419-7672-7 (print and electronic bundle) DOI 10.1007/ 978-1-4419-7671-0 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012952160

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Springer is part of Springer ScienceþBusiness Media (www.springer.com) Foreword

Imagine if all satellite services would close down for even a few hours. The global consequences of such a catastrophic event – even for specialists in the field – would be hard to grasp. We can easily imagine huge disruptions in telecommunications traffic and banking operations occurring within minutes. In time chaos would spread to stock markets, television broadcasts, weather forecasting, and storm alerts, as well as airline travel. By the second hour the problems would have even spread to activities like education, health care, and many other basic services of industry and government. Some years back, a communications satellite failed and the satellite-based pager system for many doctors, surgeons, police, and firemen suddenly went down. For the first time people began to realize just how dependent they were on satellites in their daily lives. At the 2012 International Space University (ISU) symposium on Space Sustain- ability, one expert referred to the “Day After” scenario for the possibility when all satellites might fail. Whereas one can survive without a utility like electricity for a short time, the longer-term consequences for a global society would be quite dramatic. The same would happen for a world without satellite services. A world stripped of its application satellites would be set back many decades in its progress. We would suddenly inhabit a world where misinformation could reign again. It is not an overstatement to say that a world without satellites could actually plunge us into war. In short, space applications today have become a utility, just as in the case of electricity or water. We basically do not wonder where our electricity or our water was produced when we use a power socket or turn on a water faucet. We just assume it will be available with good quality in a sustainable way. Today, in a world with rising population and climate change we are becoming more and more concerned about long-term availability of resources, and when we do so we also need to reflect on the availability of space resources. Just think about the consequences of a strong solar storm such as that occurred in 1859. This quite unusual Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) or solar eruption, now called the Carrington Event, managed to set telegraph offices on fire and brought the aurora borealis as far south as Cuba and Hawaii for many days. It is evident that a repetition of such an event nowadays would bring considerable damage to our application satellites and could interrupt global satellite services in a major way.

v vi Foreword

Knowledge of satellite applications is important, but it is equally important to understand the whole system starting from the underlying basics of the technology and how satellites are built and operated nationally, regionally, and globally. We need to know the potential of these satellites today and tomorrow as well as understand the threats that can inﬂuence their performance. This handbook is exactly aimed to fulﬁll this purpose and provides an excellent and outstanding overview of satellite applications, at the same time emphasizing the regulatory, business, and policy aspects. The authors are among the best experts worldwide and it is a pleasure to note that many of them are regular lecturers at the International Space University, which at the same time guarantees the interdisciplinary character of this unique standard work. ISU is for these reasons proud to fully endorse this important handbook!

President, ISU Prof. Walter Peeters Strasbourg, France Acknowledgments

The multiyear creation of the Handbook of Satellite Applications represents a mammoth effort by many dozens of authors. Some of the world’s most outstanding experts in their field graciously supported this effort as volunteers. We thus wish, first and foremost, to thank these authors who have so generously contributed toward this attempt to creating a truly definitive reference work across the closely related fields of satellite communications, remote sensing, space navigation, and meteorological sensing from space. We also wish to thank Dr. Michael Simpson, former President of the Interna- tional Space University (ISU). It was he who first encouraged the creation of this reference work and had the vision to support a handbook that would comprehen- sively cover the entire range of major satellite applications. Also, it is important to recognize the current president of the International Space University (ISU) Walter Peeters, dean Angelina Bukley, plus the current and past chairs of the ISU Aca- demic Council, who were also involved with this project, namely, Drs. Edward Chester and Stefano Fiorilli. Finally we would like to thank the many people at Springer Publishing who nurtured and supported this project during its 2-year gestation. We wish to thank Maury Solomon, who first conceived that such a project would be an important undertaking for the scientific literature in the field. Particular thanks also go to Barbara Wolf, Marion Kraemer, and Saskia Ellis who carefully oversaw the final editing and kept the production schedule more or less on track. Then there was Vasuki Ravichandran, who, along with Ms. Ellis, very scrupulously oversaw the production of this extensive reference work on a day-after-day basis. We thank them both for their constant eye to detail and their tireless efforts.

Joseph N. Pelton Sergio Camacho-lara Scott Madry

vii

Contents

Volume 1

Section 1 Satellite Communications ...... 1

1 Satellite Applications Handbook: The Complete Guide to Satellite Communications, Remote Sensing, Navigation, and Meteorology ...... 3 Joseph N. Pelton, Scott Madry, and Sergio Camacho Lara 2 Satellite Communications Overview ...... 19 Joseph N. Pelton 3 History of Satellite Communications ...... 27 Joseph N. Pelton 4 Space Telecommunications Services and Applications ...... 67 Joseph N. Pelton 5 Satellite Orbits for Communications Satellites ...... 93 Joseph N. Pelton 6 Fixed Satellite Communications: Market Dynamics and Trends ...... 115 Peter Marshall and Joseph N. Pelton 7 Satellite Communications Video Markets: Dynamics and Trends ...... 135 Peter Marshall 8 Mobile Satellite Communications Markets: Dynamics and Trends ...... 163 Ramesh Gupta and Dan Swearingen 9 An Examination of the Governmental Use of Military and Commercial Satellite Communications ...... 187 Andrew Stanniland and Denis Curtin 10 Economics and Financing of Communications Satellites ...... 221 Henry R. Hertzfeld

ix x Contents

11 Satellite Communications and Space Telecommunications Frequencies ...... 239 Michel Bousquet 12 Regulatory Process for Communications Satellite Frequency Allocations ...... 271 Ram S. Jakhu 13 Satellite Radio Communications Fundamentals and Link Budgets ...... 293 Daniel R. Glover 14 Satellite Communications Modulation and Multiplexing ...... 325 Paul T. Thompson 15 Satellite Transmission, Reception and On-Board Processing Signaling and Switching ...... 359 Bruno Perrot 16 Satellite Communications Antenna Concepts and Engineering ...... 373 Takashi Iida 17 Satellite Antenna Systems Design and Implementation Around the World ...... 397 Takashi Iida and Joseph N. Pelton 18 Satellite Earth Station Antenna Systems and System Design .... 427 Jeremy E. Allnutt 19 Technical Challenges of Integration of Space and Terrestrial Systems ...... 461 John L. Walker and Chris Hoeber 20 Satellite Communications Regulatory, Legal and Trade Issues ...... 507 Ge´rardine M. Goh Escolar 21 Trends and Future of Satellite Communications ...... 533 Joseph N. Pelton

Section 2 Satellite Precision Navigation and Timing Section .... 559

22 Introduction to Satellite Navigation Systems ...... 561 Joseph N. Pelton and Sergio Camacho-Lara 23 Global Navigation Satellite Systems: Orbital Parameters, Time and Space Reference Systems and Signal Structures ...... 573 Rogerio Enrı´quez-Caldera Contents xi

24 International Committee on GNSS ...... 603 Sergio Camacho-Lara

25 Current and Future GNSS and Their Augmentation Systems ...... 617 Sergio Camacho-Lara

Volume 2

Section 3 Space Remote Sensing ...... 655

26 Introduction and History of Space Remote Sensing ...... 657 Scott Madry

27 Electromagnetic Radiation Principles and Concepts as Applied to Space Remote Sensing ...... 667 M. J. Rycroft

28 Astronaut Photography: Handheld Camera Imagery from Low Earth Orbit ...... 683 William L. Stefanov, Cynthia A. Evans, Susan K. Runco, M. Justin Wilkinson, and Kimberly Willis

29 Electro-optical and Hyper-spectral Remote Sensing ...... 729 Scott Madry and Joseph N. Pelton

30 Operational Applications of Radar Images ...... 739 Vern Singhroy

31 Lidar Remote Sensing ...... 757 Juan Carlos Fernandez Diaz, William E. Carter, Ramesh L. Shrestha, and Craig L. Glennie

32 Digital Image Acquisition: Preprocessing and Data Reduction ...... 809 Siamak Khorram, Stacy A. C. Nelson, Halil Cakir, and Cynthia F. van der Wiele

33 Digital Image Processing: Post-processing and Data Integration ...... 839 Siamak Khorram, Stacy Nelson, Halil Cakir, and Cynthia Van Der Wiele

34 Remote Sensing Data Applications ...... 865 Haruhisa Shimoda xii Contents

35 Geographic Information Systems and Geomatics ...... 935 Jesus A. Gonzalez Section 4 Space Systems for Meteorology ...... 955

36 Introduction to Space Systems for Meteorology ...... 957 Joseph N. Pelton, Scott Madry, and Sergio Camacho-Lara

37 United States Meteorological Satellite Program ...... 967 Sergio Camacho-Lara, Scott Madry, and Joseph N. Pelton

38 EUMETSAT Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Programs ...... 991 Declan Murphy

39 International Meteorological Satellite Systems ...... 1021 Sergio Camacho-Lara, Scott Madry, and Joseph N. Pelton

Section 5 Spacecraft Bus and Ground Systems ...... 1043

40 Overview of the Spacecraft Bus ...... 1045 Tarik Kaya and Joseph N. Pelton

41 Telemetry, Tracking, and Command (TT&C) ...... 1067 Arthur Norman Guest

42 Lifetime Testing, Redundancy, Reliability and Mean Time to Failure ...... 1079 Joseph N. Pelton

43 Ground Systems for Satellite Application Systems for Navigation, Remote Sensing, and Meteorology ...... 1095 Scott Madry, Joseph N. Pelton, and Sergio Camacho-Lara

44 Common Elements versus Unique Requirements in Various Types of Satellite Application Systems ...... 1111 Joseph N. Pelton and Scott Madry

Section 6 Launch Systems and Launch-Related Issues ...... 1129

45 Launch Vehicles and Launch Sites ...... 1131 Joseph N. Pelton

46 Orbital Debris and Sustainability of Space Operations ...... 1145 Heiner Klinkrad

47 Space Weather and Hazards to Application Satellites ...... 1175 Michael J. Rycroft Contents xiii

Section 7 Appendices ...... 1195

A1 The World’s Launch Sites ...... 1197 Arthur N. Guest and Joseph N. Pelton A2 Major Launch Systems Available Globally ...... 1207 Arthur N. Guest and Joseph N. Pelton A3a Global Communications Satellite Systems ...... 1221 Joseph N. Pelton A3b US Domestic Communications Satellite Systems ...... 1225 Joseph N. Pelton

The Authors

Jeremy E. Allnutt Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Jeremy Allnutt earned his B.Sc. and Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Salford, UK, in 1966 and 1970, respectively. From 1970 to 1977, he was at the Appleton Laboratory in Slough, England, where he ran propagation experiments with the US satellite ATS-6 and the European satellites SIRIO and OTS. In 1977, he moved to BNR, now Nortel, in Ottawa, Canada, and worked on satellite and rural communications projects before joining the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) in Washington, DC, in 1979. Jeremy Allnutt spent 15 years at INTELSAT in various departments. During this period, he ran experimental programs in Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand, ﬁnishing as chief, Communications Research Section. Jeremy Allnutt spent 1 year as professor of telecommunications systems at the University of York, England, and then joined the Northern Virginia Center of Virginia Tech in 1986, where he later ran the master’s program in ECE, as well as being on the team that designed and set up the masters in information technology program. In August of 2000, he moved to George Mason University with dual appointments: director of the new masters in telecommunications

xv xvi The Authors program and professor in the ECE department. In August 2009, he became director of the new MS in computer forensics program at George Mason University. Jeremy Allnutt has published over 100 papers in conferences and journals and written three books, most in his special ﬁeld: radiowave propagation. He is a fellow of the UK IET (formerly the IEE) and a fellow of the US IEEE.

Michel Bousquet Institut Supe´rieur de l’Ae´ronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE), Toulouse Cedex 4, France

Prof. Michel Bousquet manages the academic and research programs in satellite communications and navigation at ISAE, the French Aerospace Engineering Insti- tute of Higher Education. He chairs the Scientiﬁc Board of TeSA (www.tesa.fr), a cooperative research lab on aerospace communications and navigation. With research interest covering many aspects of satellite systems, he participates in many national and international RR&DD programs (French DoD, CNES, ESA, COST, FPs, SatNex NoE). Prof. Bousquet has authored many papers and books including the widely used Satellite Communication Systems and sits on several boards of international conferences and journals to promote RR&DD results. The Authors xvii

Halil Cakir Air Quality Analysis Group/AQAD/OAQPS, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Dr. Halil I. Cakir attended one of Turkey’s top universities, the University of Istanbul where he earned a bachelor’s degree in forestry. Following his undergrad- uate program, he was awarded a complete scholarship to study abroad in the USA. He received his master’s degree in forestry from Clemson University, and a doctoral degree from the College of Natural Resources at North Carolina State University (NCSU). Upon graduation, he remained on staff as a postdoctoral research associate, then as a research assistant professor. At NCSU Dr. Cakir’s academic focus has been in the geospatial sciences and their application to natural resource issues. As a research associate at NCSU, he worked on and then led increasingly complex and multidisciplinary research projects for the Environmental Protection Agency, Water Resources Research Institute, Department of Defense, and various state and local governments. His research has advanced the geospatial sciences and has two provisional patents for two new image processing techniques and one new change detection technique. These techniques allow users to sharpen the spatial resolution of multispectral imagery to equal that of a more spatially precise geographically coincident panchromatic black and white image. The techniques retain the integrity of the multispectral characteristics of the imagery so that it can be used in most natural resource and environmental applications. Dr. Cakir maintains an expertise in applied research as well. He has authored peer-reviewed publications, book chapters, and technical reports. He’s also served as a reviewer for landmark professional publications like PE&RS. Dr. Cakir is currently employed in the Ofﬁce of Air and Radiation at the US Environmental Protection Agency. xviii The Authors

Sergio Camacho-Lara Centro Regional de Ensen˜anza de Ciencia y Tecnologı´a del Espacio para Ame´rica Latina y el Caribe (CRECTEALC), Tonantzintla, Puebla, Me´xico

Dr. Sergio Camacho-Lara is the secretary general of the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin America and the Caribbean. He was director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs and chief of the Space Applications Section and the Committee Services and Research Section in the same office. He worked on the organization of the Third United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III) and on implementing its recommendations, including the establishment of the Interna- tional Committee on GNSS. Prior to joining the United Nations, he carried out research on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter at the Instituto de Geofı´sica, Universidad Nacional Autońoma de Me´xico. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan. The Authors xix

William E. Carter NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM)/ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

William E. (Bill) Carter is a research professor at the University of Houston and a co-PI for the National Science Foundation (NSF) National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM). From 1996 to 2010, he was an adjunct professor at the University of Florida (UF), where he taught courses in geodesy and conducted research on advanced geodetic techniques. Prior to joining UF, Bill was chief of the Geosciences Laboratory, NOAA, and led research programs in Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), absolute gravimetry, and GPS. Bill has coauthored two books and more than a hundred technical papers. xx The Authors

Denis Curtin Eagle Group Partners, Rockville, MD, USA

Dr. Curtin retired from XTAR LLC in July 2010 and is now a communications satellite consultant. Before his retirement he was the COO of XTAR, the joint venture between Loral Space & Communications, Ltd. and HISDESAT Servicios Estrategicos, S.A., providing commercial X-band satellite services to the US and allied governments since October 2003. He was the executive VP, Engineering and Operations, from July 2001 to October 2003. Prior to that from January to July 2001, he led the Loral team that negotiated the joint venture. Previously, Dr. Curtin served as senior VP, Engineering and Operations, for Loral ORION and as EVP, Loral Cyberstar Broadband Systems. He was responsible for the technical design of the ORION satellites and was instrumental in the formation of the ORION partnership. Before joining ORION, Dr. Curtin held a series of progressively senior engineering and management positions at COMSAT Laboratories, COMSAT General, and COMSAT, culminating in senior director, Satellite Engineering, responsible for all COMSAT’s satellite engineering. Dr. Curtin has an M.S. in physics and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering. He is a fellow of the American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics (AIAA) and a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In 2006, he was named the recipient of the AIAA Aerospace Communications Award, presented for outstanding contributions in the ﬁeld of aerospace communications. In March 2009, he was inducted into the Society of Satellite Professionals Interna- tional (SSPI) Hall of Fame. In 2010, he was appointed to the Board of Directors of XTAR LLC. He is the coauthor of the article on “Communications Satellites” in the 10th edition of the McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology and has also published extensively on satellite technology and holds a patent on an infrared transparent solar cell. The Authors xxi

Rogerio Enrı´quez-Caldera Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin America and the Caribbean, Me´xico Campus (CRECTEALC), National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (INAOE), Coordinacio´nde Electro´nica, Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico

Rogerio Enriquez-Caldera is an engineering researcher at the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics of Mexico since 2000. He received his Ph.D. from the University of New Brunswick, Canada. He has ample experience in the area of astronomical instrumentation including control engineering, high sensitive detectors, and optical and radio telescopes. His expertise is related to areas of electrical engineering, including GPS receiver’s software and low noise amplifiers and correlators for very high dynamics platforms in the presence of high levels of noise as well as information systems. He also works for the Mexico Campus of the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin America and the Caribbean teaching in the fields of GNSS, State Estimation for Nonlinear Dynamics Navigation and Tracking Systems, and developing an Aero-Space Flight Simulator for formation flying satellites. xxii The Authors

Cynthia A. Evans Code KT, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Cynthia A. Evans received her Ph.D. in earth science from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1983. She joined the Space Shuttle Earth Observations Ofﬁce at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in 1989 and has participated in or led several Earth Observations experiments from the Shuttle, Shuttle-Mir, and International Space Station Programs. She also managed JSC’s Image Science and Analysis Lab. Currently with the Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation ofﬁce, her research interests include the use of remotely sensed data for investigation of coastal changes, including those related to human activities, and documenting regional responses to dynamic events and global climate change. In addition to training astronauts in Earth science, she participates in education and public outreach activities using astronaut photography. The Authors xxiii

Juan Carlos Fernandez Diaz NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM)/Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Juan Carlos was born in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in 1976. His formal education includes a B.S. in electrical engineering and an M.B.A. obtained from universities in Honduras, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in geosensing systems engineering obtained from the University of Florida. Other interests include aviation, Earth/space science and exploration, and the application of space science and technology to bring progress to developing countries. xxiv The Authors

Craig L. Glennie NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM)/ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Craig is an assistant professor at the University of Houston and co-PI of the NSF-funded National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM). Dr. Glennie was formerly the vice president of engineering for Terrapoint, a LIDAR remote sensing company with ofﬁces in Canada and the USA. He has been active in the design, development, and operation of kinematic remote sensing systems for 13 years. Craig holds a B.Sc. and a Ph.D. in geomatics engineering from the University of Calgary and is a registered professional engineer in Alberta, Canada. The Authors xxv

Daniel R. Glover International Space University, Bay Village, OH, USA

Daniel R. Glover spent a 27-year career working as an electrical engineer at NASA’s Glenn Research Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Johnson Space Center. He has worked on various projects including launch vehicles, shuttle experiments, satellite communications protocol research, image data compression, planetary spacecraft conceptual design, space suit design, software management, systems engineering, and strategic planning. He earned his MSEE and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Toledo and an MBA degree from Cleveland State University. Dr. Glover is a member of the faculty of the International Space University. He served as an engineering duty ofﬁcer in the US Naval Reserve. He has also worked as an independent consultant. xxvi The Authors

Ge´rardine M. Goh Escolar International Court of Justice, United Nations, The Hague, The Netherlands

Dr. Ge´rardine Goh Escolar is associate legal ofﬁcer at the International Court of Justice. She is also research scholar at the International Institute of Air and Space Law, Leiden University, the Netherlands. Previously, she was legal counsel and project manager at the German Aerospace Center in Bonn, Germany. In this role, she served as counsel on international transactions, assistant editor on a legal commentary, and legal advisor to the German delegation to the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Prior to that position, she was counsel at a satellite company near Berlin, Germany. A native of Singapore, Ge´rardine has been awarded the Bachelor of Laws (Honors) from the National University of Singapore, the Master of Laws in Public International Law from University College London, and holds the Doctor of Laws degree from Leiden University. She was appointed assistant secretary to the Board of Directors of the International Institute of Space Law, and was a contributing member to the International Academy of Astronautics’ study on space debris remediation. She is a fellow of the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety and an associate of the Commit- tee on Space Research of the International Council for Science. She is also a member of the International Law Association, the European Centre for Space Law and Women in Aerospace Europe. Ge´rardine continues to be heavily involved in academia, and has held the positions of assistant professor at Cologne University, research director at The Hague University of Applied Sciences, and lecturer at Webster University. The author of more than 45 research publications, Ge´rardine’s research interests include dispute settlement, international law, international humanitarian law, law and technology, human rights, and international environmental law. The Authors xxvii

Jesus A. Gonzalez National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics (INAOE)/Regional Center for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin America and the Caribbean (CRECTEALC) Campus Mexico, Tonantzintla, Puebla, Mexico

Jesus A. Gonzalez obtained his Ph.D. in computer science and engineering from The University of Texas at Arlington, Texas, in 2001. He is currently a researcher and professor in the Computer Science Department at the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Me´xico. He also holds the academic coordinator position at the Regional Centre for Space Science and Technology Education for Latin-America and the Caribbean, Campus Mexico, afﬁliated to the United Nations. xxviii The Authors

Arthur N. Guest International Space University, San Francisco, USA

Arthur Guest is a space system engineering consultant who specializes in the principles of system architecting and is located in San Francisco, USA. Arthur graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a master’s in aeronautics and astronautics and is a graduate of the Masters of Space Studies Program at the International Space University. He is currently serving as the space system engineering department chair for the International Space University’s 2011 Space Studies Program in Graz, Austria.

Ramesh Gupta LightSquared, Reston, VA, USA

Dr. Ramesh K. Gupta is vice president of Satellite Engineering and Operations group at LightSquared where he has supported the development of the next The Authors xxix generation hybrid satellite, its launch, in-orbit testing, and operations. He has more than 25 years experience in the satellite and wireless communications industries. He has held senior management positions as vice president of advanced business and technology at AMCOM Communications and managing director at COMSAT Laboratories and Lockheed Martin Global Telecommunications. His work has included the integration of large satellite/wireless systems, business planning, and strategic management in a high-technology business environment. He holds a Ph.D. and an M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Univer- sity of Alberta, Canada; an M.B.A. degree from the Wharton Business School at the University of Pennsylvania; and a B.S. degree (with Honors) in electronics and communications engineering from India. He has published extensively, and holds four US patents. He has received many honors and awards including Alberta Government Telephone’s Centennial Fellowship for graduate research in Telecom- munications and COMSAT Laboratories’ Research Award. He was corecipient of the Best Paper Award at the 9th International Digital Satellites Communications Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, and the 29th AIAA International Commu- nications Satellite Systems Conference, 2011, in Nara, Japan. He has served as an adjunct associate professor of strategic management and technology planning at the University of Maryland, College Park, MD. Dr. Gupta has published more than 75 papers on satellite and wireless RF technology and systems in AIAA and IEEE conferences and technical journals. Dr. Gupta is a fellow of the IEEE.

Henry R. Hertzfeld Space Policy Institute, Elliott School of International Affairs, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Dr. Henry R. Hertzfeld is a research professor of space policy and international affairs at the Space Policy Institute, Center for International Science and Technol- ogy Policy, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University. xxx The Authors

He is an expert in the economic, legal, and policy issues of space and advanced technological development. Dr. Hertzfeld has served as a senior economist and policy analyst at both NASA and the National Science Foundation, and is a consultant to both US and international agencies and organizations. He is the coeditor of Space Economics (AIAA 1992), as well as many articles on the economic and legal issues concerning space and technology. Dr. Hertzfeld has a B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, an M.A. from Washington University, and a Ph.D. in economics from Temple University. He also holds a J.D. degree from the George Washington University and is a member of the Bar in Pennsylvania and the District of Columbia. He can be contacted at: [email protected].

Chris Hoeber Space Systems/Loral, Palo Alto, CA, USA

Christopher F. Hoeber is senior vice president, Program Management & Systems Engineering at Space Systems/Loral (SS/L). With more than 35 years of industry experience, he leads the systems engineering and program management groups and oversees all of the company’s research and development programs. Mr. Hoeber has a broad base of experience in systems test and engineering and program and functional management and was the leader of the systems engineering team that developed SS/L’s industry leading geostationary satellite platform, the modular 1300. Before his current position, Mr. Hoeber was vice president of business development for SS/L and before that he was chief engineer of the company. The Authors xxxi

Takashi Iida Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan

Takashi Iida received B.E., M.E., and Dr.Eng. degrees from the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 1966, 1968, and 1971, all in electronic engineering. He joined Radio Research Laboratories (RRL), Ministry of Posts and Telecommuni- cations (MPT), in 1971. He was with National Space Development Agency and involved in the CS-3 satellite development, 1987–1989. He was director of Space Communications Division, Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) (former RRL), MPT, 1989–1991. He was visiting professor of University of Colorado at Boulder, 1991–1992. He was director general of CRL, 1999–2001, and President of CRL, Incorporated Administrative Agency, 2001–2004. He was executive director of JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), 2005–2007. He was invited advisor/distinguished researcher of National Institute of Information and Commu- nications Technology (NICT, former CRL), Incorporated Administrative Agency, 2007–2009. He was research professor, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 2009– 2010. Dr. Iida is now visiting professor of Tokyo Metropolitan University and Tokyo University of Technology. He is editor and author of the books entitled Satellite Communications – System and Its Design Technology, Ohmsha/IOS Press, 2000, and Satellite Communications in the 21st Century: Trends and Technologies, AIAA, 2003. He received the AIAA Aerospace Communications Award, 2002, and Hall of Fame Award from SSPI, 2003. Dr. Iida is IEEE life fellow and AIAA fellow. xxxii The Authors

Ram S. Jakhu Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

Prof. Ram S. Jakhu has over 25 years of experience in space-related fields. He is holding a position of associate professor at the Institute of Air and Space Law, Faculty of Law, of McGill University in Montreal, Canada, where he teaches several courses covering numerous subjects including public international law, international and national space law and policy, international trade, export controls, space applications, space commercialization, telecommunications, etc. From Janu- ary 1995 to December 1998, Dr. Jakhu served full-time the International Space University, Strasbourg, France, holding various titles, including a professor and the first director of the Master of Space Studies program. He has authored more than 60 articles in several reputed journals and edited two books: Space Safety Regula- tions and Standards and National Regulation of Space Activities. He has presented numerous papers and expert legal opinions at various conferences around the world and participated in several space-related studies. Prof. Jakhu is a fellow as well as the chairman of the Legal and Regulatory Committee of the International Associ- ation for the Advancement of Space Safety. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Institute of Space law of the International Astronau- tical Federation (Paris). In 2007, he received a “Distinguished Service Award” from the International Institute of Space Law for his significant contribution to the development of space law. He holds a Doctor of Civil Law (Dean’s Honours List) degree in space law from McGill University; a Master of Law (LL.M.) degree in the field of Air and space law from McGill University. In addition, he has earned LL.M. (in Public and Private International Law), LL.B. (in Laws of India), and Bachelor of Arts (in Economics and Political Science) degrees from Punjab University, Chandigarh, India. The Authors xxxiii

Tarik Kaya Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, Carleton Uni- versity, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Tarik Kaya has been working as a professor at the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department of Carleton University since 2002. He received his Ph.D. from ENSAE, Toulouse, France in 1993. Before joining Carleton University, he worked as a research associate at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Dr. Kaya’s current research interests includes mathematical modeling of two-phase heat trans- fer systems (heat pipes and loop heat pipes) for spacecraft thermal control and miniaturization of the heat pipe technology for electronics packaging. xxxiv The Authors

Siamak Khorram Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Manage- ment, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Dr. Khorram received M.S. degrees in engineering and ecology from the University of California (UC) at Davis. He received a Ph.D. in 1975 under a joint program from the University of California at Berkeley and Davis with emphasis in remote sensing and image processing. From 1974 to 1980, he served as the principal scientist at the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California in Berkeley. He joined the faculty in North Carolina State University (NCSU) in 1980. At NCSU, he has served as the Principal Investigator for over 60 major research projects. His research projects have focused on environmental remote sensing, image processing, and geospatial information technology. In 1982, he established the Computer Graphics Center at NCSU as a university- wide officially recognized center involved in research and training in spatial information technology and special purpose computing. In 1997, he changed the name of the Computer Graphics Center to the Center for Earth Observation (CEO) with the same mission. In 1986 and 1987, he served as a NASA-ASEE fellow at NASA Ames Research Center and as a summer faculty at Stanford University, California. Since 1988, he has served as a faculty member at the International Space University (ISU). Dr. Khorram has worked with well over 250 educators and world-renowned experts from over 30 countries and has participated in educating over 2,000 multidisciplinary graduate students from 70 countries worldwide. In 1995 and 1996, he served as the first dean and vice president for academic programs at ISU in Strasbourg, France. In this capacity, he played a major role in establishing academic relationships between ISU and major space organizations such as European, French, Japanese, Russian, German, Austrian, and Indian space agencies. Subsequent to his position as dean, Dr. Khorram served as the principal advisor to the president in 1996 and as the chair of the Academic Council and chair The Authors xxxv of the ISU’s 23 Affiliates Campuses Network worldwide. He currently serves as a member of the University’s Board of Trustees. He has served as the major professor for over 30 Ph.D. and M.Sc. students. He is the author of over 200 publications in peer-reviewed journals, conference proceedings, and major technical reports. He is a member of several professional and scientific societies. He has delivered keynote speeches on “Information Technology” in the IEEE International Symposia on Computers and Communications in Morocco in 2008 and on “Geospatial Information Science and Technology” in Italy in 2010.

Heiner Klinkrad European Space Agency ESA/ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany

Heiner Klinkrad graduated from the Braunschweig University of Technology (TUBS) in aeronautical engineering in 1980, and he received his Ph.D. from the same university in 1984. In 1980, he joined the European Space Agency, where today he is head of the Space Debris Ofﬁce at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany. In his current position he is ESA’s focal point and senior advisor for space debris matters, and he represents ESA, for instance, in the multinational Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). Heiner is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), a fellow of AIAA, and he has served as a member or chairperson of working groups and panels of AIAA, COSPAR, ECSS, IAA, IADC, IAG, ISO, and UNCOPUOS. He is a professor at the Braunschweig University of Technology since 2009, and he published a textbook Space Debris – Models and Risk Analysis in 2006. xxxvi The Authors

Scott Madry International Space University, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

Scott Madry is a specialist in the practical applications of satellite data, including remote sensing, GPS, and geographic information systems. His research interests are in regional cultural and environmental analysis, monitoring, and modeling, and he has conducted research in North America, Europe, and Africa. He is on the faculty of the International Space University and is the program manager of ISU’s Southern Hemisphere Summer Space Program. He is a research associate professor of archaeology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and is founder and president of Informatics International, Inc., an international consulting company located In Chapel Hill, NC, USA. The Authors xxxvii

Peter Marshall Royal Television Society, England, UK

After working for the BBC as a journalist and editor, Peter Marshall was a pioneer in developing the use of international satellites for worldwide TV news coverage and distribution. In 1986, he joined INTELSAT in Washington, DC as the ﬁrst Director of Broadcast Services. Then as competition in the global satellite industry began to emerge, he moved on to the private sector in 1989 as president of the US- based satellite services company, Keystone Communications, which became a leader in worldwide satellite distribution services. Keystone was acquired by France Telecom in 1996 after which Peter Marshall served as a member of the Board of the France Telecom subsidiary, GlobeCast. He is a past president of the Society of Satellite Professionals International (SSPI) and was elected to the Society’s “Satellite Hall of Fame” in 2002 for his pioneering work on the development of global satellite services for broadcasting. He was chairman of the Britain’s Royal Television Society (RTS) in 1985 and he continues to serve as a director of the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation. xxxviii The Authors

Declan Murphy Met E´ ireann (the Irish Meteorological Service), Glasnevin Hill, Dublin 9, Ireland

Declan Murphy graduated from University College, Cork, Ireland, with a master’s degree in experimental physics in 1973. His career in Met E´ ireann (Ireland’s National Meteorological Service) included roles as an operational weather fore- caster and developer of meteorological software before taking a management position in 1980. He became director of Met E´ ireann in 1989 and represented Ireland in many international meteorological organizations before his retirement from that position in 2009. He served as chairman of the Council of EUMETSAT from 2004 to 2008. He was lead author of the updated “History of EUMETSAT” published in 2011. The Authors xxxix

Stacy A. C. Nelson Center for Earth Observation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Dr. Stacy Nelson is currently an associate professor within the Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, and the Center for Earth Observation at North Carolina State University. Dr. Nelson received a B.S. from Jackson State University, M.A. from College of William and Mary’s Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, and Ph.D. from Michigan State University. His research centers around the use of remote sensing and GIS technologies to address questions of land use/ cover change on aquatic systems at both regional and local scales. He has worked with several federal and state agencies including the Earth Systems Science Ofﬁce at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, the NASA-Regional Earth Science Applications Center (RESAC), and the MI and NC Department of Environmental Quality. Dr. Nelson currently teaches as part of the spatial analyses curricula related to GIS science and technologies at NC State University and is active in several professional societies. xl The Authors

Joseph N. Pelton Former Dean, International Space University, Arlington, Virginia, USA

Dr. Joseph N. Pelton is an award winning author/editor of over 30 books and over 300 articles in the field of space systems. These include the four book series: e-Sphere, Future Talk, Future View, and Global Talk, for the latter of which he was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. He served as Chairman of the Board (1992–1995) and vice president of Academic Programs and Dean (1995–1996) of the International Space University of Strasbourg, France. He is currently a member of the ISU faculty and series editor for a number of books on behalf of the university. He is also the director emeritus of the Space and Advanced Communications Research Institute (SACRI) at George Washington University. This Institute, which he headed from 2005 to 2009, conducted state-of-the-art research on advanced satellite system concepts and space systems. From 1988 to 1996, Dr. Pelton served as director of the Interdisciplinary Telecommunications Program at the University of Colorado Boulder, which at that time was the world’s largest graduate level telecommunications program. Prior to that, he held a number of positions at Intelsat and Comsat including serving as director of Strategic Policy and director of Project Share for Intelsat. Dr. Pelton is a fellow of the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS), a member of its Executive Board and chairman of its Academic Committee. He is also the Executive Editor of the IAASS publication series. He is also acting president of the International Space Safety Foundation of the USA as well as the former president of the Global Legal Information Network. Dr. Pelton was the founder of the Arthur C. Clarke Foundation and remains as the vice chairman of its Board of Directors. This Foundation honors Sir Arthur Clarke, who first conceived of the Communications Satellite (as of 1945). Dr. Pelton was elected to full membership in the International Academy of Astronautics in 1998 and was awarded in 2000 the Sir Arthur Clarke Award for lifetime achievement in the field of satellite communications. He was elected to the Hall of Fame of the Society of Satellite Professionals International in 2001, an honor only extended to The Authors xli some 50 people in the field. In 2004, he was elected an associate fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. His degrees in physics and International Relations are from the University of Tulsa, New York University (NYU), and Georgetown University.

Bruno Perrot SES, Betzdorf, Luxembourg

Bruno Perrot, senior manager Fleet Planning in SES, has a broad background, encompassing the engineering, services, and business sides of a worldwide satellites operator, leader in its domain. With 25 years in the field of space telecommunications industry, he has experienced first hand the dynamics of the rapidly evolving and changing global telecommunications marketplace. The early years in Mr. Perrot’s career were spent with Aerospatiale, France, a period during which he became a key person of the communication engineering staff. He joined Alenia Aerospazio, Italy, in 1991, as a payload manager, and then Telespazio in 1999. From 2000, he worked for SES ASTRA and moved to SES Global in 2005. Since 2008, he is in charge of the European Fleet Planning in SES. Bruno graduated at ENSEA of Paris where he earned an honors degree in Telecommunication Engineering application and holds a management degree at INSEAD of Fontainebleau. As a member of the Technical Committees on Communication Satellites of the AIAA and on the Ka-band & Broadband Communication Conference, he has chaired and served on numerous industry panels, seminars, and roundtable discus- sions across the globe and is fluent in English, French, Italian, and Spanish. xlii The Authors

Susan K. Runco Code KX, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Susan K. Runco completed her M.S. in oceanography and meteorology at the Naval Postgraduate School in 1986. She is currently the principal investigator for the Crew Earth Observation Payload on the International Space Station at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, USA. She has provided Earth science training to astronauts and participated in Crew Earth Observations since 1988. As PI, her interests include developing imaging techniques and imagery collections for broadening utilization of astronaut photography in the areas of Earth science, education, and public awareness of Earth and space. The Authors xliii

Michael J. Rycroft Cambridge Atmospheric, Environmental and Space Activities and Research (CAESAR) Consultancy, Cambridge, UK

Prof. Michael Rycroft is visiting professor at Cranﬁeld University, UK, and part- time faculty member at the International Space University, Strasbourg, France. Previously he was Head, Atmospheric Sciences Division, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge; Lecturer in Physics Department at Southampton University; and postdoctoral NAS/NRC associate at NASA Ames Research Center, California. He obtained his honorary D.Sc. from De Montfort University, Ph.D. from Cambridge, and B.Sc. from Imperial College London. Prof. Rycroft has done research on solar-terrestrial physics, ionospheric and magnetospheric physics, and atmospheric studies. He is editor of the Cambridge Encyclopedia of Space (1990), Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (1989–1999), and Surveys in Geophysics (2002–present). He is author of more than 200 scientiﬁc publications and editor of more than 40 books and special issues of journals. xliv The Authors

Haruhisa Shimoda Earth Observation Research Center, Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Haruhisa Shimoda (Member, IEEE) received the B.S, M.E., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Tokyo. After he got his Ph.D., he joined Tokai University in 1972 as an assistant professor of Department of Electro-Photo-Optics of the Faculty of Engineering. He became an associate professor in 1974. In the same year, he also joined Tokai University Research & Information Center as a senior researcher. In 1985, he became a professor in the same faculty. In 1994, he also joined National Space Development Agency (now Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA) as an invited scientist, and has been working as the program scientist of ADEOS, and later also for GCOM. In 1999, he became the deputy director of Tokai University Research & Information Center, and in 2000, he became the director of Tokai University Space Information Center. He has been engaged in the ﬁeld of remote sensing from 1974. His main achievements are development of remote sensing image analysis system including both hardware and software, developments of high-accuracy classiﬁcation algorithms, development of IMG on ADEOS, etc. Also, he was elected as the Technical Commission President of ISPRS Commission 8 (Remote Sensing Applications) during 2008–2012. The Authors xlv

Ramesh L. Shrestha NSF National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM)/Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Ramesh L. Shrestha, Ph.D. is a Hugh Roy & Lillie Cranz Cullen University professor at the University of Houston (UH) and leads the GSE graduate research and academic programs. He is also PI and the director for the NSF funded National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping (NCALM) which is jointly operated by UH and the University of California-Berkeley. Dr. Shrestha’s main research activities are associated with the application of advanced geodetic and remote sensing techniques, particularly airborne laser swath mapping (ALSM, aka LiDAR) and digital mapping. xlvi The Authors

Vern Singhroy Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Natural Recources Canada, Ottawa, Canada

Dr. Vern Singhroy is the chief scientist at the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, a Centre of Excellence in Earth Observation research and application for the Government of Canada. He is also the principal scientist of the Radar Constellation Mission (RCM) to be launched in 2015, by the Canadian Space Agency. Dr. Singhroy received his Ph.D. in environmental and resource engineering from the State University of New York, Syracuse. He has published over 300 papers in scientiﬁc journals, proceedings, and books. He is also the coeditor of the Encyclo- pedia of Remote Sensing and was the editor in chief of the Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing. He is Professor of Earth Observation at the International Space University in Strasbourg, France, since 1998 and an adjunct professor in planetary and earth sciences at the University of New Brunswick and McMaster Universities in Canada. Dr. Singhroy received the prestigious Gold Medal Award for his contribution and impact to Canadian and International Remote Sensing from the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. The Authors xlvii

Andrew Stanniland Paradigm Secure Communications Ltd, Stevenage, Hertford- shire, UK

Andrew Stanniland, Senior Vice President, Business Development, Sales and Marketing. Andrew has over 15 years experience in the satellite communications industry, with a background in systems and aeronautical engineering, including development of satcom prospects in Australia and South Korea. He has been involved with the UK’s Skynet 5 Milsatcoms program since its inception, initially on the communications technical analysis before leading the Service Design aspects that eventually evolved into the company Paradigm. During the Skynet 5 proposal and contract negotiation phase, Andrew focused on the contract and ﬁnancial aspects of the program and was responsible for liaising with investors and satellite insurers to ensure that the complex and groundbreaking PFI deal was bankable. Since the contract signature and formal formation of Paradigm in October 2003, Andrew has been responsible for overseas business development activities, leverag- ing the capabilities of Paradigm’s constellation of Skynet 4 and 5 satellites to sell military satellite communications capacity into NATO, Canada, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Portugal, and, most recently, the US DoD. He has been the senior VP responsible for the Business Development, Sales and Marketing team, since 2007. He is also an alumnus of the International Space University, having attended the Summer Session Program in 1997 in Houston, TX. xlviii The Authors

William L. Stefanov Science Applications Research and Development, Code KA/ ESCG, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

William L. Stefanov completed his Ph.D. in geology at Arizona State University in 2000. He is currently chief scientist for the Engineering and Science Contract Group at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX. In association with the International Space Station (ISS) Program Science Ofﬁce, he works with instru- ment science/operation teams to coordinate collection, distribution, and analysis of remotely sensed data from the ISS in response to catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and ﬂooding. His research interests include the use of remotely sensed data for investigation of geohazards, geomorphology, and surface material characterization; mapping of urban riskscapes in the context of global and regional climate change; and assessing the role of humans as geological agents on the landscape. He is an active proponent of geoscience education and public outreach using remotely sensed data. The Authors xlix

Dan Swearingen Arlington, VA, USA

Daniel Swearingen is an engineering consultant who worked at Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) for 30 years. After earning degrees at Georgia Tech and Stanford and completing his military service, he worked for 3 years at ITT Telecommunications before joining COMSAT in 1970. After working in the spectrum utilization and special studies departments, he joined the COMSAT’s mobile satellite systems group in 1973. There he served as a system design group manager for the ﬁrst maritime mobile communications satellite system, MARISAT, launched in 1976. The MARISAT standards and protocols he and his group developed became the basis for the ﬁrst International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) system. In 1980–1981, shortly after the INMARSAT was established, he worked with the small startup staff in London to plan the initial space and ground components of the multinational cooperative’s system prior to its operational cutover in 1982. In the subsequent years from 1981 to 1996, he served as a member of the Inmarsat technical advisory committee and proposed key system architecture features that were adopted for the new INMARSAT systems. After leaving COMSAT, Mr. Swearingen served for several years as an adjunct lecturer at George Washington University and has been a consultant specializing in communications satellite systems. l The Authors

Paul T. Thompson University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom

Dr. Thompson is a senior researcher in the Centre for Communications and Systems Research (CCSR) at the University of Surrey. He has an extensive background in satellite communications and spent 30 years with British Telecom where he led the Technology Development Division covering a wide range of international communications disciplines. During part of this time he was seconded to the SHAPE Technical Centre in The Hague where he was involved in the development and in-orbit testing of NATO satellites. Subsequent to his time at BT, Dr. Thompson has worked with ERA Technology, developing a range of radio-communications products and was also the Director of Teledesic, UK. In addition to research and teaching roles, he currently participates in the standards areas of DVB and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). Dr. Thompson was the ﬁrst UK delegate to become chairman of the INTELSAT Board of Governors Technical Committee (BG/T). He is a fellow of the British Interplanetary Society where he played several roles (member of BIS Council 1990–2002, president 1994–1998). He was a visiting professor of engineering design at the Engineering Science Faculty of the University of Oxford, a role supported by the Academy of Engineer- ing (1993–2001). He has been a member of the editorial panel of the International Journal of Satellite Communications since 1982. Dr. Thompson is also a senior member of AIAA since 1991. The Authors li

Cynthia F. van der Wiele Cynthia Van Der Wiele and Associates, LLC, Durham, NC, USA

Cynthia F. Van Der Wiele received the B.S. degree in engineering and the Masters of Landscape Architecture from North Carolina State University; the Masters of Forestry and Masters of Environmental Management with an emphasis in environmental economics and policy from Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University; and Ph.D. in Community and Environmental Design from North Carolina State University. She has performed landscape change analyses of the Research Triangle Region of North Carolina and the implications for regional planning and conservation initiatives. She is currently the director of Sustainable Communities Development, Chatham County, NC and a research associate at North Carolina State University. Her research interests include the development of high-accuracy land use/land cover classiﬁcations for analysis and formation of evidence-based land use planning policies. lii The Authors

John L. Walker Space Systems/Loral, Union City, CA, USA

John Walker has over 30 years of technical and managerial achievements in the design and development of advanced communication systems operating from ELF to EHF. He has held positions at Lockheed Martin, Lockheed Electronics, and Hughes Aircraft Company responsible for both space and terrestrial developments. He joined Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) in 1996 as the director of RF Electronics responsible for the development, design, manufacturing, and test of space-borne RF electronics equipment. He progressed to the director of advanced development responsible for the end-to-end communication systems activities within SS/L. Dr. Walker most recently led the development and execution of the ﬁrst two-way Ground Based Beam Forming system from concept through on-orbit integration, veriﬁcation, and deployment. The Authors liii

M. Justin Wilkinson Code KX/ESCG, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

M. Justin Wilkinson was born in South Africa and holds a Ph.D. in geomorphology from the University of Chicago. Since 1988, he has held the position of astronaut trainer in geography, geology, and geomorphology with the Crew Earth Observa- tions payload at the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, USA. His research interests include fluvial and desert geomorphology, especially the interface between geomorphology and sedimentology, the role of landscapes in species evolution, and geomorphic analogs for planetary geology. His teaching interests have resulted in the publication of books of astronaut imagery with National Geographic and a bilingual atlas of Costa Rica, for which he was awarded NASA’s Public Service Medal. He has a patent in the area of automated identifi- cation of fluvial landscapes. liv The Authors

Kimberly Willis Code KX/ESCG, Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

Kimberly J. Willis completed her M.S. in physical science, with a concentration in geology, at the University of Houston–Clear Lake. She began her career at the NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston, TX, over 26 years ago where she ﬁrst worked in the Lunar Laboratory with samples returned from the Apollo missions. Kim transitioned into Earth Observations where she held progressively more responsible positions. She is currently the manager for Astromaterials Curation, Education, and Crew Earth Observations contractor personnel. In addition to training astronauts in Earth science, she also holds an adjunct faculty position at the University of Houston–Clear Lake in the School of Science and Computer Engineering, where she teaches the fundamentals of earth science.