ISSN: 1996–2452 RNPS: 2148 January – April. 2019 Vol. 14(1): 71-80

Translated from the original in spanish

Non-formal training program for the preparation of football coaches of the third division league in Danlí,

Programa de capacitación no formal para la preparación de entrenadores de fútbol de la liga de tercera división en Danlí, Honduras

Yefrik Yair Lanza Reyes1, Yusimil Ramos Quián2, Giraldo Machuat Santana3, Jesús Domínguez García1

1Universidad de Ciencias de la Cultura Física y el Deporte. La Habana, Cuba. E-mail: [email protected] 2Cerro Pelado. La Habana, Cuba. E-mail: [email protected] 3Universidad de Pinar del Río «Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca», Facultad de Cultura Física «Nancy Uranga Romagoza». Pinar del Río, Cuba. E-mail: [email protected]

Received: December 5th, 2018. Accepted: January 11th, 2019.

ABSTRACT

The results of the determination of with the didactic of . It is needs of the lack of methodological concluded that the performance as a theoretical preparation of the coaches soccer coach in the different high of the third division league are shown, performance leagues in Honduras can demonstrating the poor training and only be achieved if the needs are met improvement of the routes they use for and the limitations that it presents are their permanent training. Based on the minimized through formal and non- different data collected, it is obvious formal training. Taking into account that when the coach assesses their these aspects is that it was taken as a needs and the competencies that they sample to 11 soccer coaches of the have, they show that they are not very third division league in Danlí, Honduras clear about the first ones and are not for such research. It aims to design a able to identify the competencies that non-formal training program for the are required for their professional preparation of football coaches of the performance. It is emphasized that third division league in Danlí, most of the interviewees mention as Honduras. the most determining needs those related to the aspects of the structure Keywords: preparation; training; of the planning of training, the coach; soccer. application of medical controls and

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RESUMEN

Se muestran los resultados que deporte. De ahí que el desempeño, determinan las necesidades de la falta como entrenador de fútbol en las de preparación teórica-metodológica diferentes ligas de alto rendimiento, en de los entrenadores de la liga de Honduras, puede lograse solamente si tercera división, lo que demuestra la se atienden las necesidades y se escasa capacitación y superación de minimizan las limitaciones que este las vías que emplean para su presenta, ya sea mediante la formación permanente. A partir de los capacitación formal y no formal. diferentes datos colectados, salta a la Teniendo en cuenta estos aspectos, es vista que cuando el entrenador evalúa que se tomaron como muestra a 11 sus necesidades y las competencias, entrenadores de fútbol de la liga de que posee, denota que no tiene muy tercera división en Danlí, Honduras, claro cuáles son las primeras y no es para dicha investigación. Tiene como capaz de identificar las competencias objetivo diseñar un programa de que le son requeridas para su capacitación, no formal, para la desempeño profesional. Se destaca preparación de entrenadores de fútbol que la mayor parte de los de la liga de tercera división en Danlí, entrevistados mencionan como las Honduras. necesidades más determinantes, aquellas relacionadas con los aspectos Palabras clave: preparación; de la estructura de la planificación del capacitación; entrenador; fútbol entrenamiento deportivo, la aplicación de controles médicos y la didáctica del .

INTRODUCTION

The historical-concrete conditions in The training and upgrading of coaches which the world lives have generated in today's world is an indispensable transformations, above all, in the aspect for the athlete to reach the political, social and economic spheres. necessary performance for the The constant changes in educational competitions, so it is essential, policies have led teachers to demand because of the complexity and more of the teaching-learning process, variability of the training process, to always responding to current individual require the coach a high level of and social needs. Valencia Torres, H. scientific and technical preparation, A., and García González, M. M. (2018). because dealing with thinking beings forces him to master not only The changes in the conceptualization of knowledge of sport, but biological and the Sports Movement in different psychological processes of the athlete, countries of the world favor massivity which makes him a psychologist, in this human physical activity, starting biochemist, sports doctor, among from the recognition of the right to other branches of knowledge, and sport as a basic aspect for human ensures the success of sports training. development, sport for all and the need to create new strategies focused on full Sports training, as a complex participation and increased equality of pedagogical process, requires a coach opportunities, carried out by the or sports teacher characterized by a communities. Quiñones, F. G. (2018). consequent behavior in the face of self- improvement and love for his

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ISSN: 1996–2452 RNPS: 2148 January – April. 2019 Vol. 14(1): 71-80

profession, endowed with knowledge, Coach and sportsman are the main convictions and professional skills, actors of the sports scene. which allow him to successfully face the educational process and, in The pedagogical preparation of general, the social assignment coaches is a process that must be assigned. Arencibia Moreno, and represented in the context of the social others (2018). function assigned to the development of sport and physical culture, in which The football coach on the base is the profile of the professional in this undergoing emerging study as a key in area is defined. the formation of the young athlete. The coach is not a mere instructor of The basic knowledge of the discipline is football knowledge, but is seen as a important; the trainer requires professional in charge of coordinating knowledge and skills in the use of a complex scenario in which the Sports Pedagogy, which is manifested protagonist is the athlete, who is in the ability to adapt their sessions to provided with a process of formative- the individual characteristics and sports accompaniment. Orozco, A. M., attitude of the athlete. Pérez, A. A., and Sierra, F. S., (2017). "The preparation is the set of activities A coach's high level of preparation that are carried out systematically to does not end with the acquisition of a improve and deepen the knowledge, higher level, since the accelerated skills and level of preparation development of knowledge requires a according to the fulfillment of their constant updating of scientific functions. concerns, independence and creativity In it, it is specified that the preparation in order to find the causes and respond is oriented in such a way that its results to the different pedagogical are reverted in the achievement of a phenomena presented to him. more qualified work by all the teaching personnel in exercise, therefore, its In order to raise the trainer's level of objectives are directed to the preparation, it is necessary to improvement of the teaching- overcome it adequately, depending on educational process, in individual and those aspects that require a change. collective form, its organization and planning require of a precise criterion The participation of coaches is to materialize, being the most suitable transcendental in the incorporation, form the methodological preparation. training and development of athletes to increase their performance and Training is called the action and effect even, in effects, counterproductive to of training someone. Training, as such, the sport, as the abandonment by designates the action of providing a participants is. person with new knowledge and tools to develop to the maximum their skills Feltz, (1992), points out that 80 % of and abilities in the performance of a children who begin in sport abandon it. job. Among the most significant causes is the performance of the coach. Of the Training, in the context of research, is 80% of children and adolescents who assumed from the concepts of distance from sport, 60 % do it due to advanced education, which has been mistreatment, punitive behaviour, defined synthetically by Añorga excessive training, champeonism, lack (2004), as "an alternative educational of positive reinforcements, prejudices paradigm for the professional and and other negative actions by coaches.

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human improvement of labor and necessary applicability of this community resources". knowledge in the sport training as pedagogical process. Pupo, (2017). Cázares Arrangoiz, D., and Siliceo, (2005), defines it as "Training is the Training and improvement in educational function of a company or Honduras, in the official newspaper of organization by which present needs the Republic of Honduras, "La Gaceta", are satisfied and future needs are is decreed by the Fundamental Law of foreseen with respect to the Education in TITLE II Structure of the preparation and ability of National Education System, CHAPTER I collaborators. National Education System.

While Bohlander, G. and Colectivo de Formal education is organized in a Autores, (2001), express it in the regular sequence of levels subject to following way: "The term training is progressive curricular guidelines often used casually to refer to the leading to grades and degrees. generality of the efforts initiated by an organization to promote the learning of ARTICLE 17. Non-formal education is its members. oriented towards satisfying specific educational needs or those different García, (2005), defends, as a premise from those served by formal education. of training, the determination of It develops educational programs and current needs and perspectives of any actions for education, training and entity, group of individuals or persons, artistic formation, educational and which explains why they are assumed labor reconversion, community as a starting point to design activities promotion and improvement of living that make possible the development conditions. directed to increase the effectiveness of their work. The General Law of Physical Culture and Sports in Honduras, according to Specific professional competencies, in ARTICLE 11. They are the rights of the opinion of experts, is a model that coaches, trainers, judges and referees: makes it possible to circumvent current changes and challenges with 1. Develop themselves in the more foresight, hence the urgency of disciplines of their preference, privileging professional practices and with no limitations other than developing standards of competencies those derived from their levels from the performance of the job, which of preparation, experiences, takes on supreme importance in physical and mental aptitudes. professional improvement. Caveda et 2. Access to high-level technical al. (2018). training. 3. Access to and permanence in The observational methodologies, as a the National Educational substantial part of the register, System, under special study constitute an essential variable, with and training plans. influence on the methods of processing 4. The others established by the and recording of data in the statistical laws of the Republic. quantification, existing on the part of the author an approach to the The National Autonomous Football application of the statistical Federation of Honduras (FENAFUTH) knowledge, directed in the regulates the training and preparation fundamental thing to the descriptive of coaches in its different professional analysis, and to the recognition of the leagues. This federation is an affiliate

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and is governed by FIFA regulations. coaches have deficiencies in terms of There is also the National School of overcoming to face the professional Soccer Coaches in Honduras pedagogical activity, for this reason, (ENEFUTH), which is responsible for and to comply with it, it is proposed as carrying out courses, conferences, an objective: to design a training workshops, training and licenses to program, non-formal, for the direct all those who work as coaches in preparation of soccer coaches, of the the different Honduran leagues, third division league in Danlí, whether or not they have an academic Honduras. level. It is necessary to raise that these

MATERIALS AND METHODS

For the development of the research, Interview: Those responsible for theoretical methods were used such preparation in the federation as: Documentary analysis, Synthesis- FENAFUTH, ENEFUTH, were analysis, Historical-logical, Inductive- interviewed and addressed important deductive and the Systemic and elements of the research. Structural Approach. At the same time, empirical methods were used, such as: Observation of coaches in training sessions: in order to record the The survey applied to coaches and behaviour of other unplanned factors directors of the third division football of research interest associated with the league in the municipality of Danlí in educational component of sports order to know the preparation routes training, such as the form of that are used at the time of the orientation for the independent work of research, deepens about the main athletes and the forms of the coach's characteristics related to their previous response to the athletes' questions in sports or professional experiences, relation to the preparation they motivations, expectations, working receive, the observation guide was conditions, controls, barriers, available applied. literature, recommendations and others that mediate in the direction of We worked with an elected population the process of sports training in of 18 football coaches who lead in the football, The population consisted of 18 third division league in the municipality football coaches who lead in the third of Danli and who are or have been division league in the municipality of acting as such in the last two years or Danlí and who perform or have more. performed as such, in the last two years or more.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The research was carried out between The documentary review of the May 2017 and September 2018, in the educational level of the football municipality of Danlí, Honduras, coaches revealed the following showing the following as the main elements: results:

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 A group of coaches of empirical The interview with managers level because they do not have confirmed the results of the a certificate of Formal and Non- observation, revealing that there are Formal Education. inadequacies in the training of football  Deficit in preparation, studies coaches in this category. The diagnosis on training and sports of the current state of the coaches management. showed that they do not have sufficient  Lack of courses and oriented conditions to carry out the process of training (planning of sports management and training in the training, selection of talents, football teams of the third division application of physical tests) on league of Honduras. the part of the corresponding entities. (FENAFUTH, ENEFUTH) Based on the insufficiencies detected,  Sports managers do not receive a proposal was elaborated, which is updates and training from presented below: sports management.  On the other hand, the Proposal for a non-formal training observation made to 8 training programme for football coaches in the sessions, allowed to detect as third division league in Honduras. strengths:  The excellent communication The aim of the non-formal training between the athletes and the programme for coaches of third coach, recognizing their division is to carry willingness and dedication to out a series of activities aimed at carry out the different increasing the theoretical-practical diligences of the football team. knowledge of coaches in the high-  The personal and economic performance leagues of Honduran effort on the part of the coach football. for all the technical staff, athletes and fans, who are part of this football family. The contextualization of the program favors the practical significance of the contents in the overcoming of Weaknesses: teachers, by responding to the needs and problems of the context of action  Ignorance on the part of in relation to the theme of football coaches as to how to train at an sport. This element favours the early age. integration of the knowledge system  They do not have mastery of a and experience, which allows the specific warm-up prior to the search and implementation of football match. innovative solutions to be undertaken.  They do not use a macrostructure for the sports It will also contribute to the training and the training development, based on the theoretical session. knowledge acquired, of the skills  They do not have a needed to understand and apply the bibliographic support to focus planning of sports training. on the different models of The Program is conceived with a sports training. duration of 14 weeks, giving a weekly  They do not apply medical meeting of 60 minutes. In total, this controls in their football teams. program includes a total of 14  They do not maintain a classroom hours, 5 of them theoretical methodological sequence for and 9 practical classes. the training session.

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General Objective: To train football The facilitator must have foreseen the coaches of the third division league of activities to carry out when the climatic the municipality of Danlí. conditions do not allow the Specific Objectives: development of the practical activities.

 To instruct football coaches on UNIT 1: Theme: Management of the the essentials of diagnosing training process in the Sports Games, tastes and preferences and how Team Sports, (Football). to put their acquired knowledge into practice. Objective: To solve all or part of the  Explain the aspects to be taken problems inherent in sports training at into account in the planning and different levels of high performance evaluation of sports training. (third division football league).

As main methods to use, in the His function: The need to improve the development of the activities contained activity of coaches in the Honduran in the program, it is proposed the football leagues, enriched through the independent work and reflective activities that coaches develop during experience in which the facilitator the dynamics of the program. leads and facilitates the activity, promoting the development of the role Contents: Preparation of the athlete for of coaches in the activity, the high performance, sports training. exchange of experiences and the socialization of new knowledge. Evaluation method: Oral: Interventions related to the topic and For the impartation of the program, the orientation of independent work, facilitator must take into account a practical class on the field of play. logical order in the impartation of the activities, as well as the number of Independent work: To investigate the hours; it must be adapted to the phases of the basic preparation of the conditions of participation, to the sportsman, to look for the different needs of the municipality, climatic structures for the planning of the sport conditions and depending on the training. minimum time needed by the soccer coaches to acquire the knowledge, the total hours of the matches will be The evaluation will be carried out in a reflected in the program. practical way through the implementation of the plan of the general theory of sports training to be During the development of the offered in the third division league, manifestations of the football matches where coaches will demonstrate the in the league, a close link must be knowledge acquired. maintained between the academic and research components, materialising the application of the knowledge It is important that the participating acquired in the rest of the coaches find, in the activities to be manifestations. In the practical developed, the answers to their most activities proposed in this programme immediate needs in the sporting and in the research work proposed in process they direct, which cannot be it, the potentialities of the content of unknown by the teacher who conducts the programme will be used to the activity, because not taking it into influence the formation of values. account would influence the loss of motivation, interest and usefulness of the same.

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The designed non-formal training and specific knowledge of the sport in programme for football coaches particular, since it was possible to responds to the inadequacies corroborate the results obtained in presented by the coaches of the third relation to those previously achieved. division league in Dali, Honduras, All this allows us to affirm that the which suits their individual and program designed is relevant taking collective characteristics. In addition, it into account the motive of the contributes to the increase of general investigation.

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