CEU eTD Collection POST-COMMUNIST PARTY SYSTEM: COMPARATIVE PARTYSYSTEM: POST-COMMUNIST DEVELOPMENT ANDINSTITUTIONALIZATIONOF DEVELOPMENT In partial fulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree of of Master Arts ANALYSIS OF ARMENIA ANDKYRGYZSTANANALYSIS OFARMENIA Supervisor: Professor Zsolt Enyedi Department of Political Science Political of Department Central European University European Central Budapest, Hungary Lilit Beganyan Submitted to Submitted 2008 By CEU eTD Collection by phenomena. these clientelist relations, networks, equal freedom,informal theylegacy, have differentsoviet levels have: of party institutionalizationcountries two all these thatDespite is that determined Kyrgyzstan. similarities in these system party of institutionalization hamper which relations, clientelist arebasedinformal by networks Moreover,nurtured these on relations.kinship clansarealso are and suppose any relations morelike whichdonot in elites, Kyrgyzstan, relations.kinship Onthecontrary, clientelist of basis the on formed are networks these Armenia In Kyrgyzstan. There is crucial indifference thefunctioning andnature ofinformal innetworks Armenia and institutionalization. system party of level the measuring for consideration into taken be should criteria it is what not, what system, If party their of institutionalization inthe twocountries those assisted factors specify what also countries. Iwill Kyrgyzstan? those in and Armenia of matters systems political and system party inthe party matters of that institutionalization isa it whether Therefore, system? puzzle party of levels institutional different have relations) clientelist informal network, (strong similarities many so with countries that it is Why countries? inthese operate differently politics party do How system. the of differences and similarities of the levels, reasons the different discover and institutionalization of level the specify Kyrgyzstan, of system of existence the by informal isconditioned institutionalization of level high whether explore will paper The networks and clientelism,ABSTRACT to compare the party system of Armenia with the party i CEU eTD Collection ILORPY______53 BIBLIOGRAPHY______52 ______APPENDIX 13 52 ______APPENDIX 12 52 ______APPENDIX 11 52 ______APPENDIX 10 51 ______APPENDIX 9 51 ______APPENDIX 8 51 ______APPENDIX 7 50 ______APPENDIX 6 50 ______APPENDIX 5 49 ______APPENDIX 4 49 ______APPENDIX 3 48 ______APPENDIX 2 48 ______APPENDIX 1 43 CONCLUSION______35 ______CHAPTER 3:SOLUTION OF THE PUZZLE 21 KYRGYZSTAN___ AND IN ARMENIA SYSTEMS PARTY AND PARTIES 2: CHAPTER 7 ______CHAPTER 1:THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1 ______INTRODUCTION CONTENTS OF TABLE . ate n at ytm nKrysa______26 2.2 Partiesand Party Systems in Kyrgyzstan______21 2.1 Analysis ______of the Armenian Party System 13 ______1.2 Party System Institutionalization 7 1.1 Clientelist and ______Programmatic Relations in PartySystems ii CEU eTD Collection Consolidation in Southern Europe, Assessment of the Role of Political Parties 1 post- soviet countries, one from the Caucasus region economic andsecurity aspects. and the other from social, their Centralall with anddemocracies markets free Western of experiences the acquire Asia. The began to governments Moreover, ideology out. carried was communist devaluation the of of First ideas, torealizeall, andinones. new the new, order representational democratic with structures replace political old to the and madeattempts countries started movements beginning of 1990-sin the parts of different formerthe massUnion, Soviet public of living andspecificnational Afterdevelopment. the declaration of inindependence, the Kyrgyz mechanismsArmenian adopted of institutes and governments and aprotective way consolidation of democratic andachievement towards …progress for examining theme central the not functioning of As notes parties. “…partiesPridham and party systems must remain abasic if by the determined greatly is stability and system Political countries. transition those of systems party and political the with concerned are politicians and Scholars standards. inline European be with can considered and difficulties overcome the countries managedto these whether on going debate continuous is a There etc. rights, human development, market free economy, institutionalization, and system political their concerning problems INTRODUCTION Geoffrey Pridham, ‘Southern European Democracies on the Road to Consolidation: A Comparative A Consolidation: to Road the on Democracies European ‘Southern Pridham, Geoffrey The countries chosen for my research are Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. These are both are These Kyrgyzstan. and Armenia are my research for chosen countries The the centuries several throughout statehood of absence the of circumstances the Under many encountered countries Union, Post-Soviet of Soviet the collapse After the 1 ”. Geoffrey Pridham, (London, 1990), 2 1990), (London, Pridham, Geoffrey ’ , in Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic 1 CEU eTD Collection Strauss and Juliet Corbin, 2 set of responses among arestricted choose forcing them to than rather words, own in their experiences their describe to interviewees allowed This examples. and explanations detailed toobtain by followedprobes interviewees, the to questions of open-ended series a poses researcher the inwhich conversations areguided Interviews professionals. to Armenia,students rankingfrom from Kyrgyzstan and people different kinship relations. clans thatarebased on kinship relations. InArmenia, informal the arenot networks based on of form the bear they Kyrgyzstan In Kyrgyzstan. and in Armenia politics party of functioning and formation the on impact their have that countries, two in these networks informal strong of existence the witness can one countries, both in elections parliamentary the after research recent nois there that fact the Besides isdifferent. system party the similarities many so whydespite investigate to isit interesting Therefore, systems. party similar also implied have should which systems, political similar very have population, small relatively region. Moreover inthe countries other than bemore stable to are considered they because chosen cases are there are many similarities between the countries, both of them have standards and classical theories. In Kyrgyzstan, the replacement of the old regime with a new modellingclassifying, and analyzing the Armenian party system according toEuropean establishment and formation of democratic institutions, one can already speak about governmentand weakits party system and performance.Simultaneously with the years of seven byinstability first and volatility werecharacterized independence of - eight Shulamit Reinharz, Shulamit Some of the data for this thesis came from semi-structured, intensive interviews with interviews intensive from semi-structured, for thesis this came Some of data the In Armenia, after the collapse of the Soviet Union several powers were changed. The werechanged. powers several Union Soviet of the collapse the after In Armenia, Feminist Methods in Social Research, Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory 2 (New York: Oxford University, 1992), Anselm 2 . in Practice ( Sage: London Sage: , 1990) CEU eTD Collection Herbert Kitschelt, Hubert Twozecki, Hubert Algis Krupavicius, Competition, Representation,and Inter-Party Cooperation 6 Press, 1982) Bingham Powell, New Haven: Yale University Press 1984) Lijphart, Arend Samuel Huntington, Robert North (London : Methuen, 1959) in Eastern Central and Europe 5 Press, 1995), p. 22 Party Systems in Latin America, moredifficult, complicated governing is and ismore legitimacy establishing erratic, more is politics Democratic process. political less structureit theiswhere institutionalized, they do not arenotsodominant, parties party isinstitutionalized, political system key structure more arethat parties actors process; Mainwaring Scott democratic According to consolidation. and“where Timothy the Scully, on impact its crucial scholars emphasize different mentioned countries, above agenda of the and the structure of party system. in parliament improve representation to the legislature in especially the out are beingcarried and Central Asia. There are numerous articles on democratization processes intheSouthern processes democratization on articles Asia. Therearenumerous and Central institutionalization countries, -soviet systems of party of post in Caucasus particularly the 4 2005 3 systems is recognized by Duverger, Huntington, Lijphart, Lipset, Powell, and Sartori in successful, nota revolution resulted democratic one was which Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslav Markowski, Gabor Toka, Gabor Markowski, Radoslav Mansfeldova, Zdenka Kitschelt, Herbert Maurice Duverger, Maurice Scott Mainwaring, Timothy R. Scully, ’Party systems inLatin America’, in The tulip revolution refers to the overthrow of the president of Kyrgyzstan after the parliamentary elections in Much has been about written countries post-communistthe partysystem, especially While the importance of party system institutionalization is not on the government the on not is institutionalization system party of importance the While Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries Contemporary democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence Party Systems in East Central Europe: Consolidation or Fluidity Learning to Choose: Electoral Politics in East Central Europ Party Systems in Central East Europe: Dimensions of System Stability PoliticalParties, their Organization and Activity in the Modern State, Political Order in Changing Societies Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, eds., (Stanford: Stanford University 6 , although less, nearly nothing is written about the level of level the about is written nothing nearly less, although , 3 4 ( New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968) (Cambridge, 1999) .” importanceThus, of parties and party Building Democratic Institutions: Post -Communist Party Systems: (Stanford, 2003) 3 . However, amendments However, . ( Glasgow, 1995) ( Harvard University ( Harvard tr. Barbara and Barbara tr. ( Glasgow, 1999) 5 . ( CEU eTD Collection 11 http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0966-8136(200112)53%3A8%3C1177%3ASAPPDI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P Armenia and Kyrgyzstan’, 10 Transition, 9 Europe’', Central of Democracies 8 7 Caucasus region Asiaand inCentral http://www.turkishweekly.net/editorial.php?id=9 Asia?’, Central in a Democracy For Any Chance There ‘Is Bal, Ihsan http://iknowpolitics.org/en/node/3821 David Losaberidze , at al., democracies Western in known those resemble much very not do which traits parties developing in theor specify post-certain phenomena peculiar communist to most post- soviet countries. Olson writes that states may develop distinctive processes. institutionalization in assistcountries the explain that notfactors and do the and characteristic 1997. andit Asian power up the transformation after till Central countries Soviet of during process Collins have books on Central Asia and its political system and clan politics. Anderson sums constituencies social reliable and programmes ideological “transient organizations with little continuity from one election to another lacking coherent stable, viewed asnot Kyrgyz, Armenianareoften and sovietcountries, particularly post- membershipand support stablepolitical constituency countries in East-Central Europe, claiming that their characteristics were the absence ofmass of systems party discusses Lewis scholar, eminent Another Europe. Central on is emphasis Paul G. Lewis, edit., New inthe Transition Inner Transformation: Regime in Systems Party and Parties ‘Political Olson, David Democracy in the South Caucasus JohnAndeson, John Ishiyama Ryan and Kennedy The discussed authors below party describe systemsin either generalin regions those (Brookfield: Elgar, 1996), 7-11 The International Politics of Central Asia Party Structure andOrganization in East-Central Europe,Studies of Communism in Europe-Asia Studies Democracy atthe local level in theSouth Caucasus The American Review of Politics , ,’ http://blog.oneworld.am/2007/07/11/hello-world/ , (accessed April 2008), Superpresidentalism and Political Party Development inRussia, Ukraine, 7 . However, most of them do not refer to party systems , Vol. 53, No. 8(Dec., 2001), 177, (accessed Mar2008) 4 , (Manchester: Manchester University 1997) Press, University Manchester (Manchester: , 9 , . In existingliteraturepartiesof . In the (1993): 619-658 Turkish Weekly 10 ”. John Anderson , 2007-12-02, , , (accessed Feb. 2008), 11 8 . However, his . However, andKathleen CEU eTD Collection measuring the level of party system institutionalization. system party of level the measuring for consideration into be taken should criteria what system, party their of institutionalization in the countries two those assisted factors what specify also Iwill Kyrgyzstan? countries. inthose matters system party If of not,institutionalization whether ispuzzle a it what Therefore, system? is it that party of levels mattersinstitutional different have relations) clientelist network, informal in(strong the party and politicalmany so countriessimilarities with that Whyisit countries? in differently these operate systems politics party do How regime. the of ofdifferences and Armeniasimilarities the and levels different of and reasons the discover and institutionalization of level the specify Kyrgyzstan, of system party the with Armenia of system party the compare to politics, and society in the clientelism and network informal of existence the by conditioned is institutionalization of level high whether by brought Collins and the idea of isclan soimportant in analyzing party system structure. defence of their clan interests clan their defence of or inpursuit armedclans between violence to assets, and economic political over conflict clan from move can that cycle negative a instigate to likely too is all politics clan-based long-term change, growth and democratization, butit does make it unlikely. In the meantime, system in Kyrgyzstan. As Collins claims, “Clan –based not inevitablypolitics does preclude determining phenomenaimpact havingparty on an arethe regionalism politics and the clan system. Ithas an organizational structure and a higher level of institutionalization. One of the 12 Press, 2006),21 Kathleen Collins, In order toaddressIn order gapsinthe my literature the isresearch question toexplore I will argue that Armenian party system is more developed than the Kyrgyz party Kyrgyz the than developed more is system party Armenian that argue will I Clan Politics and RegimeTransition in Central Asia 12 ”. Here, one more question arises; whether the argument the whether arises; more question one ”. Here, 5 , (Cambridge: Cambridge University CEU eTD Collection of self-preservation andsuccession of self-preservation organized informalaround networks, with elites focusing their attention primarily issues on is politics countries both In Kyrgyzstan. and inArmenia networks informal of existence the about articles different are differently. There they operate how and countries these be equally free andIt will democratic. the how party answer question in function politics have differentlevels of party system institutionalization. Nevertheless, they are considered to and networks byinformal relations clientelist characterized similar systemsgovernance, of 6ZR48L?OpenDocument Crisis’, 13 Thomas de Waal and Anna Matveeva, ’ Central Asia and the Caucasus: A Vulnerable Crescent, Coping with Working Paper Series Feb 2007 My research will show why two post- soviet countries, having the same legacy and (accessed Mar 2008) Mar (accessed , http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII- 13 . 6 CEU eTD Collection andit, thepeople holding “Power tends tocorruptand absolute absolutely. powercorrupts position the between interrelation the showing is Acton Lord John by definition the Thus, candidate. the of thelimitation emphasizing viewinstrumental from aswell, approached 14 for publicoffice” candidates elections, through placing of andis capable 1.1 Clientelist andProgrammatic Relations in Party Systems in detail. countries in it particular these andanalyze phenomena essenceof the the which canillustrate and dimensions of partycriteria different andevaluate will show It countries. in target the networks of existence and system institutionalization, phenomenon ofparty institutionalization andsystem howis itclientelist linked to relations the analyzes subchapter refuse second The Kyrgyzstan. and Armenia in mostly countries, some of them and offer in -communist andshowhowtheyappear party inthe programmaticsystems post relations others, and clientelist the focus on will subchapter first The systems. party of characteristic 1:THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK CHAPTER University 1976) Press, University Giovanni Sartori, ’Parties and Party Systems’, According to Sartori According “A party presentsthat is to election group atpolitical every and, This ischapter comprised of subchapterswill thattwo differentphenomenadiscuss A Frameworkfor Analysis 7 , volume 1, (New York: Cambridge 14 . Parties can be can Parties . CEU eTD Collection enhances or diminishes prospects for andstabledemocracy government effective diminishesenhances or prospects muting others- certain and while interests simultaneously voiceconflict to agenda-giving other activities, structures how other political actors interact. The way they shape the political institutionalization theory. It shows “The way parties compete in elections and engage in University Press, 1995) 3 Timothy R. Scully, eds., 17 Comparative Politics 16 (Vol.1, England, 1982)9 15 they can have on the institutionalization of party systems. that impactinfluence andit will the hand other system,andon the expose the of peculiarities the show will competition party inter and formation party hand, one the On function. competitionparty inter- also andconsideration into take to relevant the and essential very is it wayHowever, the parties are formed if we want to learn more about how they world. Communist former within well- established viable parties of institutionalization the Therefore, function well. to for democracies essential electoralis parties political and systems electoral of rules development “The defines, Bielasiak Jack is critical to the consolidationessential indimension tounderstandorder the structure andfunctioning of party Assystem. isan institutionalization of level ofThe criteria. democracydifferent emphasizing and illustrating view, in the authority by corruption of certainty of tendency the add you when more still authority: not and influence exercise they when even men bad always almost are men Great Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, ’Party systems in Latin America’, In Scott Mainwaring and Moisei Ostrogorski, Jack Bielasiak, The Institutionalization of Electoral and Party Systems in Post- communist States, In order to analyze, compare and synthesize, I will use the party system These are definitions that explain parties and party systems from different points of Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties , Vol. 34,No2, (2002) 189 Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America 16 ” 8 , ed. By Seymour Martin Lipset , (Stanford: Stanford , (Stanford: 15 ”. 17 ”. CEU eTD Collection System:Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Cooperation’, (Cambridge, 1999) 47-48 19 Thatcherism, Personality and Politics, Biddiss, 1988), 2. Samuel Eisenstadt, ed., Max Weber on Charisma and Institution Building,of Charismatic Leadership, (London, Charismatic leadership: the elusive 1984), factor in Organizational Effectiveness 3. Michael charisma individual candidates based on uniquethe personal are usually thatqualities called investments in neither administrative infrastructure nor consensus building, they run as which alternatives represent ifformation.of post-communist party First, politicians make 18 parties” politics investmentsin with to the stakes the administrative raise that infrastructure of regard and mass suffrage with adventof universal the become outdated mobilization and therefore voter and pooling for resource capacity have little alliances Legislative arena. legislative In organization. this form casethe“politicians coalitions aroundavariety of in policies the administrative and/or in technical than rather building, consensus of in procedures experience or social privileges, but rather by personal qualities. staff people surroundingcharismatic arenotchosen the or by leader professional their they Inadditionfollow greatenthusiasm,the administrativehope or/and him despair. with leader; on the havedependence psychological likely to more followersthe are assume that can one Moreover, divisions. constituency avoid to aim the having commitments policy technical infrastructure, butshun infrastructure, technical of in building policy procedure those around consensus and inadministrative investments “great make politicians that implies formation party of Herbert Kitschelt, Zdenka Mansfeldova, Radoslav Markowski and Gabor Toka, ’Post –Communist Party –Communist ’Post Toka, Gabor and Markowski Radoslav Mansfeldova, Zdenka Kitschelt, Herbert For more information about charisma view the following literature: 1. Jay Conger, Thatcherism: Conceptand Interpretations; in Kitschelt and others distinguish the following types of party competition, two of two competition, party of types following the distinguish others and Kitschelt The second form of party The distinguishformation form second authors party of investments the that engages The third and the fourth The are very democracies. The fourth mode third inmodern widespread third the and 19 18 . . The authors claim that in that case charismatic leaders consciously disarticulate consciously leaders case charismatic in that that claim authors . The (London 1987) Kenneth Minouge and Michael Biddiss, ed., 9 Theoretical Foundations ( London, CEU eTD Collection Cooperation’, (Cambridge, 1999) 47-48 22 deliberations are time consuming, but they are essential to make parties’ futuremake conduct essential parties’ to are butthey aredeliberations consuming, time around whichsubstantial investments in of procedures consensus buildingcraft that policy the packages make to have parties clientelist However, parties. politicians clientelist than lesser but investments, infrastructural make also administrative parties organization. These morecantered party attract electoral them. redistribute and to clients from extract resources to of a party capabilities in organizational the investments from These politicians’ result networks. personal extensive constituencies. a presuppose heavy flowbecome of material and viable,clientelist relations resources compensatingis That political support. the reason, authors the in claim that order that to At the because oneside is relationship,of buyingagreement be called trade relationship can same time, “program regulatory regulatory governmentfavors, contracts, and honorary memberships and titles”. clientelist relations are “…preferential treatmentin the allocation of social benefits, and loyalty forms including other of labor” and benefits "clients"infrastructure, in forvotes other jobs, protection,poor exchange with relations “relatively powerful and rich "patrons" promisegifts, jobs in publicsectorand the benefits.other As Keefer in notes Philip clientelist to provide relatively powerless and monetary form transfers, the andmostly of take relations patronage and/or called clientelistic 20 individualsthose demonstratively who supportthe party’s candidates’” selectiveto material symbolic offer direct advantage and packages. Inthis case politicians 21 Herbert Kitschelt, et al, ’Post –Communist Party System: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party ibid Philip Keefer, ‘Clientelism, Credibility and the Policy Choices of Young Democracies’, November Quality of Government: What It Is, How to Get Why It, It Matters, International Conference, 2005,17-19 The lastmode formation ofparty is parties, whichimpliesthrough programmatic a 21 10 . According to a number of eminent scholars, 20 . These are usually are . These Presented at The Presented 22 This kind CEU eTD Collection Cooperation’, (Cambridge, 1999) 47-48 24 Cooperation’, (Cambridge, 1999)46-48 23 authority set extraordinary exercise them apart to and/or that purely charismatic and responsiveness of accountability relations involve institutionalized and reciprocal consequently expectations long-lasting on rely linkages programmatic and clientelist both addition, In commitments. undercut these leader to tends of clients, the because unpredictability the benefits to deliver or it programmaticshow relations is harderto the forefront, leaderinto the of the linkage mechanisms. Thisis explained bythefact that themore aparty moves personality the different between trade-offs are there relations: charismatic and clientelist, programmatic, with one or two prevailing. Kitschelt and other scholars offour of them, features have characteristic likely the to aremore systems Party separately. assume that parties rely on a mix of exchanges” indirect or direct through activities) members, (voters, of supporters compensating mode procedural isthe parties of programmatic] and clientelist [meaning types between two the differs What for voters. calculable informal networks can develop from clientelist relations. On the other hand, informal hand, other the On relations. clientelist from develop can networks informal seem to be preconditions and/or consequences of informal networks: on the one hand, favours, welfare payments,Thus the ‘regulatory network. within the andresponsibilities are based oncertain duties that honorary relations some assume turn, intheir networks, Informal membershipsrelations. clientelist of development and and formation the for titles, grounds more are there dominate, networks informal where systems gifts and monetaryin political that likely ismore It systems. political inthe networks informal transfers’of existence Herbert Kitschelt, et al,’Post –Communist Party System: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party Herbert Kitschelt, et al, ’Post –Communist Party System: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party However, it is very difficult to claim that these four types of party formation occur formation of four types these party claim isto that it difficult very However, 24 . Thus the development of clientelist or programmatic parties depends also on the on also depends parties programmatic or clientelist of development the Thus . 11 23 . CEU eTD Collection University Press, 1995)23 Timothy R. Scully, eds., 27 26 Cooperation’, (Cambridge, 1999) 50 25 bureaucracies” regional developandnational andreachupinto andnetworks complexity client greater and patron incorporation state and industrialization, “in market societies with authors, greater Kitschelt and someother ashare to according them giving from Moreover, ‘cake’. the a part, imply aregreat tool, beneficiary possibility to for otheralso that side,thus decisions the a it therulingbecause gives services process, duty andby rationalecan explain of the this life in a country. of relations political the formation of forclientelist the base irreplaceable and can significant become networks Albania) Moldova” and Balkan certain Serbia, Bosnia, or (Macedonia, of poor backward regions countries Eurasia more inmore economically common the distinctly become should clientelism democracies, post-communist to “Applied is that here mentioning of is worthy that argument Another actors competes for influence and power, often employing nondemocratic means nondemocratic employing influence often competes for power, and actors multitude Mainwaring, isAccording of a to “Whereaparty notinstitutionalized, system and institutionalization level to connected related system of the of party countries. the of systems in the two post- soviet countries, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan. inwill evaluatingassist thefurther theories investigating political and the parties and party This relations. clientelist and systems party of institutionalization of levels between linkages next subchapter will refer to the theories of institutionalization, explain and analyze the Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, ’Party systems in LatinAmerica’, In Scott Mainwaring Ibid 50-51 and Herbert Kitschelt, et al,’Post –Communist Party System: Competition, Representation, and Inter-Party As Kitschelt states clientelist relations are typically mechanisms of mass control. One control. mass of mechanisms typically are relations clientelist states Kitschelt As To conclude, the emergence of informal networks and clientelist relations is closely 25 , at the same time becoming more short-term, specific and interest based. interest and specific short-term, more becoming time same the at , Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America 26 . 12 , (Stanford: Stanford , (Stanford: 27 ”. So the So ”. CEU eTD Collection Comparative Politics 29 2001)2-28, available at http://www2.essex.ac.uk/elect/database/papers/SBvolatility.pdf 28 communist countries institutionalization of party systems is critical to the consolidation of democracy in post- understanding thesystem and functioning ofparty As system. emphasizeauthors the transition political wakeof the in successful democratization iscrucial to preferences channelpopular and which canshape 1.2 Party System Institutionalization institutionalization of party system is very foressential formation the and functioning of and Thus stabilization interest. and aggregation accountability of leaders, of recruitment likewise functions, democratic their of many fulfil can parties isstable, system party the relations. the of variations different depicting shown, be will relations clientelist and institutionalization system party between relation and link the Then, easier. evaluation- the and andprecise more appropriate analysis the make which will bepresented, will criteria other and be Some will beof rejected criteria the will presented. institutionalization party system of criteria and dimensions paper different the partof Inthis countries. in similar different weaknesses of the theory, emphasizing why the level of party system institutionalization is Jack Bielasiak, The Institutionalization of Electoral and Party Systems in Post- communist States, SarahBirch, ’Electoral Systems and Party System Stability in Post -Communist Europe’ (SanFrancisco, Most scholars agree that the development of stable, coherent representative parties representative coherent of stable, development the scholars agreethat Most The study of the interaction of political parties and party systems is crucial, because if , Vol. 34,No2, (2002)189-210 29 . Thus analyzing party systems through this theory will show the 28 . The level of institutionalization is an essential criterion for criterion essential an is institutionalization of level The . 13 CEU eTD Collection Analysis of French and Italian Aggregate Data', 31 University Press, 1995)19- 25 Timothy R. Scully, eds., 30 organization party solid legitimacy, and4.relatively are accorded and parties electoral the that process inroots partiessociety, 3. and being elections means the of determininggoverns who and stable having parties the party competition, 2. of in patterns the 1.regularity four criteria: instability, volatility and discontinuity. existence of stimulated a less and institutionalized weak party is system that by characterized ideological factors of the parties. At the same time in Kyrgyzstan clan politics and revolution and programmatic in the differences some identify to voters for is easier it politics, party of aspects programmatic the is to attached As inArmeniamore attention voters. of preferences Armeniancontinuity.In in party stability is this by politics the described also continuity the and stability by characterized is system party institutionalized highly Relatively democracy. system resulting from individual vote transfers” will be calculated be will transfers” vote individual from resulting system y part electoral the within change net “the which by volatility electoral of index Pederson’s isby Thecompetition compared measuredand criterion,framework. firstof regularity party comprehensive a provide to order in separately be analyzed should they be entwined, to seem four dimensions all these Though compared. berankedand will elections parliamentary data and surveys. In order to measure the volatility of party system, the results of whether there is some consistency in the party system, whether certain parties have already parties certain inis party whether the system, consistency whether there some William Ascher and Sidney Tarrow, 'The Stability of Communist Electorates: Evidence from a Longitudinal from Evidence Electorates: Communist of Stability 'The Tarrow, Sidney and Ascher William Scott Mainwaring and Timothy R. Scully, ’Party systems in LatinAmerica’, In Scott Mainwaring and According to Mainwaring measuring institutionalization based be MainwaringAccordingcan on to conducted measuringinstitutionalization 30 . For gathering and analyzing such kind of information I will also use statistical Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America American Journal of Political Science 14 31 , (19/3 (1975), 48 . This is to evaluate to is This . , (Stanford: Stanford , (Stanford: CEU eTD Collection Comparative Political Studies 35 http://www.ics.ul.pt/agenda/seminariocienciapolitica/pdf/Party_Systems.pdf Third Wave of Democratization system”. of weaker party part areakey and parties voters between linkages orideological “Weaker programmatic programmatic preferences. many cases voters choose a party or candidate on the basis of their ideological or meaningful elections, and low degrees of of lowpersonalism degrees and meaningful elections, regularcoups, as and presenceof forindicators thissuggestingthe arepresented that is Stockton Hans whogoverns. asdeterminants and/or elections perceive whether people are likely tovoters more in society, the have weakroots where parties Moreover, volatility. limitelectoral shift ‘loyalty’ from one election to the other. The third criterion indicates 34 http://www.ics.ul.pt/agenda/seminariocienciapolitica/pdf/Party_Systems.pdf Third Wave of Democratization andlinkages parties betweenvoters rootthe of linkagesareat stable ideological the in party or strong that programmatic society roots Mainwaring the presuppose and Torcal have innetworks strong society andloyalty elicit from sectors.broad According to hand,theparties other in Onthe party politics. byinformal the relations democratization in can hinder linkages of process On networks somehow the society. onehand,these the the Armenia and Kyrgyzstan informal networks. arethere Thisviewed strong be asstrong can 33 32 interests institutionalization. measuring formed preferences and roots in the society, which is also one of the other criteria of Hans Stockton, ’Political Parties, Party Systems, and Democracy in East Asia: Lessons from Latin America’, Scott Mainwaring and Mariano Torcal, Mariano and Mainwaring Scott Scott Mainwaring and Mariano Torcal, Mariano and Mainwaring Scott ibid The second criterion addresses linkages between parties, citizens and organized and citizens parties, between linkages addresses criterion second The 32 . This is very difficult to measure. However, in our cases we can see that both in both that see can we cases in our However, measure. to difficult very is This . , (2001) 104 (April, 2005), 2 available at 2 available 2005), (April, (April, 2005), 1-10, available at Party system Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the Party system Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the 15 34 In addition strong roots in the society 35 . By the fourth criteria usually is usually criteria fourth the By . 33 . In CEU eTD Collection 38 37 Joint Sessionof Workshops, Mannheim, 1999)5-10 36 it inis set institutionalizedfollow the party its statutes, down highly considered procedures in the decisions in which and network organizational detailed fairly hasa aparty if authors, how strongly the adherents are emotionally linked to the party. Moreover, according to the institutionalization. The internal howrefers well dimension to is party the organized andto party of dimensions external and internal be should there that offer Svasand Lars investigated, becauseintralinkages inter, of importan.parties are Vicky also Randell and same andindividualistic. time they be very can personalized weak points. To illustrate, parties can have presence at the local and national levels, but at the meant the organization of parties and the party discipline. This criterion can also have some higher the degree of voter loyalty,is voter itinstitutionalized morehigher the of the degree the words, identifyother party.In with the andsupporters members party assumes thatthe it one: external the is institutionalization of level the determining dimension other The institutionalized”. includinglegal media access party measures, the and subsidies, to issystem protection, more The alsomentionauthors “themorethat collectively, parties, by aresupported public the able survivefor of not time. acertain itisperiod to institutionalizedovertime, if regarded be not can system a party addition, In factors. such of mercy the at is not organization the that totally depends on external factors is less institutionalized than one in the preservation of external dimension refers to the party’s relationship and response to the environment.A party Ibid 7 Ibid 5 -10 ECPR the for (Paper New Democracies’, the and Institutionalization ’Party Svasand, Lars and Randall Vicky Some authors claim that other aspect of party be examinedandpolitics should aspectof claim thatother party Some authors 38 16 37 . To be more precise, the bemore precise, . To 36 . CEU eTD Collection result of party entries, exits, alterations in the coalitions, and non-contestation of exits, entries, anddifferencesin ‘abstentionism’; (3) changes in variety the asparties of a asaresult in electorate change the (2) two; election and both one atelection whovote voters individual on partof factors:(1)changesthe support in resulta combination of party three of formulation. The overall or aggregate volatility between election one and election of process the are on systems party the twoand electoral the is countries in transitional because the difficult, be may is volatility electoral measure to that admit to essential is very it time same http://www2.essex.ac.uk/elect/database/papers/SBvolatility.pdf 2001)2-28, available at 39 and continuity in the system. inthe continuity and consistency no is there and high very is volatility the so elections, the before months several just was formed majority votes got of that party InKyrgyzstan, the votes. percentage of and seats in its gained is some consistency andthere for several terms Parliament entering is Party that like theRepublican parties, are several Armenia there In institutionalization. system in party explainthe differences systems canalso electoral Thus, institutionalization. institutionalization, but change in effect party system may not the ingeneral system changes in political thecan arguethat the electoral system has direct impact one So, system. governmental inthe wasachange there but system, in theelectoral change on the party system a such been not has there Armenia In elections. last the during representation proportional the into majoritarian the from achange was there Kyrgyzstan In system. electoral in the changes the by explained be also may that institutionalization of level low This relatively emphasizes Kyrgyzstan. of volatility electoral the with compared as low is volatility electoral SarahBirch, ’Electoral Systems and Party System Stability in Post -Communist Europe’ (SanFrancisco, Thus, it is very difficult to analyze party systems based only on some criteria. At the At criteria. some on only based systems party analyze to difficult very is it Thus, The results of the calculations show that in the recent elections in Armenia the 17 39 . CEU eTD Collection Kyrgyzstan. And as Mainwaring and Torcal AndKyrgyzstan. as wealthierlower and Torcal haveMainwaring define electoral countries of human index.bedevelopment more To precise, Armenia is wealthier ascompared with in terms countries two of difference the shows below presented 1 Annex Thus, countries. the certain stability in the country. The next phenomenon to be discussed here is the difference of next time as an opposition. This shows that patterns of party competition have already gained already for the second Yerkir asOrinats such parties, other some terms, for several parliament the enter Federation time entered the parliament; Revolutionary Armenian the or Party Republican like the parties, certain that shows It once as a pro governmental party and Armenia. Republicof the casewith exactly the from election, parties the party is providingelection system. some thus to to stability This volatility is more likelyother to be lower. Thiswords is individualism and explained by personalism dominated parties by the fact that feware voters formedwill shift on class, region, ethnic group, or religious affiliation), 41 http://www.ics.ul.pt/agenda/seminariocienciapolitica/pdf/Party_Systems.pdf Third Wave of Democratization society in in party party roots of characterized bylessregularity competition; weaker patterns party systems. As compared with moreinstitutionalized party systems the fluid systems are fluid to systems party institutionalized from goes that a continuous is institutionalization of level the that assume Torcal and Mainwaring Thus institutionalized. weakly or fluid called 40 Ibid 7 Scott Mainwaring and Mariano Torcal, Mariano and Mainwaring Scott 40 The attached Annexes (2-4) show consistency of during elections. certain show the of consistency parties Annexes(2-4) The attached Those party systems that are characterized by a low degree of institutionalization are institutionalization low degreeof by a are characterized that systems party Those ; less legitimacy accorded to parties, weaker party usually ; less toparties,party thatare legitimacy weaker accorded organizations (April, 2005),7-8 available at Party system Institutionalization and Party System Theory After the 18 41 . If parties have stable roots in the society in(in society the roots have stable . If parties CEU eTD Collection 46 Studies 45 http://www.ics.ul.pt/agenda/seminariocienciapolitica/pdf/Party_Systems.pdf 44 over time when voters become to identify themselves with certain parties. certain with themselves identify to become voters when time over parliament. the entered parties Kyrgyzstan, the in However, tables terms. lasttwo inthe twice in Armenia reduced volatility electoral that expose show that especiallycountries in two these volatility electoral showing Appendixes The inthan Kyrgyzstan. in the last two elections none of the previous 43 http://www.ics.ul.pt/agenda/seminariocienciapolitica/pdf/Party_Systems.pdf 42 performance government value may voters the isthat system maintenance of continuity of the electoral system. to his or he own aparty according may arepresentative Thus of a party interests aperson or goods. choose clientelist and clientelistthere exist also one more benefits, clientelistcriterion, relations. According to Kitschelt that thusis the votersat the may choosesame andtime elect performance may theaffect continuityon and electoral behaviour.assisting the basis government of aspersonality, such factors other that likely more is itin institutionalization, thesystem for anextended period goon volatility) could Mainwarringothers, andTorcal, emphasize thatweak institutionalization (and high volatility JohnFerejohn, ’Incumbent Performance and Electoral Control’, Politics’, Democratic in Politicians and Citizens between ’Linkages Kitschelt, Herbert at 11 available 2005), (April, Torcal, Mariano and Mainwaring Scott Phill Converse, ’Of Time and Stability’, at 7 available 2005), (April, Torcal, Mariano and Mainwaring Scott (2000), 33,845-879 There are some scholars who assume that party systems would become more stable morebecome would systems party that assume who scholars are some There The other phenomena that may assist to the maintenance of the stability of party the of stability of the to themaintenance may assist that phenomena The other and institutionalization link that phenomena other be can there time, same the At 42 . This is also one more fact assuming that electoral volatility is lower in Armenia islower volatility electoral that assuming fact more one is also . This Comparative Political Studies 45 besides programmatic and ideological besides programmatic relations and 19 44 . At the same time the weaker is the party Public Choice , (1969, 2),139-171 46 , thus casting their vote to the to vote their casting thus , (1986), 5-20 43 Comparative Political At the same Atthe time, CEU eTD Collection analysis of Armenian and Kyrgyz party systems will show these differences more clearly. institutionalized inKyrgyzstan inArmenia.next In than description chapterthe the and differently than suggested by isMainwaring likely assure that to party system is weakly slightly conducted was that institutionalization system party of Measurement system. certain networksof development the fostering is Clientelism cases. similar in inimplications the different have society that has impact on the level of institutionalization ideologies. clans than the rather programs, than rather personalities with parties People associate centred. personality more parties are of party Whilein Kyrgyzstan, elections. the for it theparties during was notan obstacle However, leaders differentelections. during haddifferent Federation and Armenian Revolutionary the itisshould thelessdependent beonthe leader. case the of Armenia,both In Republican the be the role leaders of of the parties. Themore institutionalized the party and the party system by performance. also government the explained both by some clientelist relations that are relevantin Armenia and Kyrgyzstan, and and their performance. already party that was in is and predictable, peoplepower areawareof their political program The fact that some parties come to power for several terms can be Thus, clientelism and party Thus, clientelismsystem and party institutionalizationeach arelinked to and other can system party of institutionalization of level the showing criteria other the of One 20 CEU eTD Collection the people. The people exercise their powerstate, based through on social justice free and the ruleelections of law. In the Republic andof Armenia referenda, power lies with as well as Cooperation in officeEurope) in Yerevan and also thewebsites of discussedthe parties. publishedGuidebook’ with supportof the OSCE(Organizationthe for Security and ‘Vote’s Armenia,of the servedmainly for Constitution the this research statistical data description andof parties party insystem Armenia andKyrgyzstan.As a togathersource butdetailed is ashort of all First there system. party andthe of parties full and description 2.1 Analysis of theArmenian Party System in Kyrgyzstan. institutionalization weak of consequences and addressthe system party stable of a building difficulties clientelist and networks informal between relationship The politics. party of maintenance isin the networks informal of impact the what show and there operate politics party how show will It Kyrgyzstan. KYRGYZSTAN CHAPTER 2: PARTIES ANDPARTYSYSTEMS AND INARMENIA According to the Constitution “The Republic of Armenia is a sovereign, democratic To analyzetheisitparty of togiveimportant system country one very anon-biased This will andchapter discuss analyzeparties and party systems inArmenia and relation will be discussed. I will explore the reasons for the for reasons the explore will I discussed. be will relation 21 CEU eTD Collection 2008) 47 Constitution” andstate through localbodies self-governing and public officials asprovided bythe 48 Articles 1, 2 (accessed Feb. 2008) in size and of terms agencies dwarfs all that other power of executive “Anapparatus like this: Fish superpresidentalism parties. describes of andinfluence role the politics, which reduced in dominating superpresidentalism was could argue that one constitutional referendum Armenia.determining inpolitical Before theirprocessesof the crucial role and key presidential system which gives more much importance toparliamentand parties, thus parliamentary- to presidential-parliamentary from shift an essential was That 27. November introduced 2005 Constitutional as heldin werereferendum of amendments aresult political situation was stabilized andRobert Kocharyan inwas re- elected March 2003.In formed by those was that ‘Unity’ alliance The strong Assembly. in National twothe assassinated were Sargsyan, people and their Vazgen when parliament,Karen Demirchyan,the Minister, andthePrime Speakerof the parties lost affiliation,its power wasand elected collapsed.policies. as In marchthe of the samepresident year the prime minister RobertHowever, Kocharyan of , who hadthe no party Republic.In 1998Levon Ter-Petrosyan resignwas obliged to public’sdue to dissatisfaction with his the In 1999 country Movement defeated Communist the party. The Armenia Constitution of in wasadopted suffered 1995. a National crisis,Armenian the when president, first the became ter-Petrosyan Levon Union Soviet (parliament), judicial--Constitutional Court Assembly National legislative--unicameral cabinet), of (head minister prime state), of Constitutionof the Republic of Armenia, http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/htms/conttitution.html RA Constitution of 1995, available at available of 1995, Constitution RA In the Republic of Armenia there is a division of powers: executive--president (head is executive--president In theRepublic Armenia a of there powers: of division 47 . http://www.democracy.am/constitution-of-ra.html 48 . In the 1990 first elections after the collapse of first after elections collapse the . Inthe1990 22 (accessed April (accessed , CEU eTD Collection http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0966-8136(200112)53%3A8%3C1177%3ASAPPDI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P Armenia and Kyrgyzstan’, 50 Development’ http://www.elections.am/Default.aspx 51 49 parties were developedinArmenia Ishiyama and Ryan Kennedy statistical conducted surveys andsaid alreadythat in 2001 John ‘weakness’. that in overcoming assisted constitution the to amendments the However, impossible… virtually of presidentthe impeachment thatrender provisions chief executive; repeal presidentialcannot that legislature toothless a relatively of purse; of powers mostthe controls the facto de decrees and that enjoysthe resources it consumes; a presidentscant who enjoys decree powers, a president who de jure andauthority and/or resources to monitor the majoritarian basis) are members of pro-governmental parties members of pro-governmental basis)are majoritarian Assembly National on a proportional (90 elected basis 41on and a district-by-district be foundin Republican the Party program: the ideologies of Garegin Njdeh, who was a hero of Armenian nation. Njdeh’s ideologies can centralized. Theparty foundedinwas 1990 byAshotNavasardyan parties. opposition are Yerkir) of andRule Law (Orinats Party Heritage The with this coalition. agreement Armenia formed Prosperous a signedcoalition; acooperation ARFDashnaksutyun the Party John Ishiyama Ryan and Kennedy Steven Fish, ‘ Statement on the Results of Parliamentary Elections in Armenia 2007 As a result of the May 2007 parliamentary elections, 103 seats of the 131 in the I shall startwith ideology. Republicanthe As Party ita ruling party is more of sustaining in its homeland, confirming its vitality, genius and free will. The Comprehending God-given its existence, Armenianpeople have goala supreme , (paper presented at the 2000 meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL) Chicago, Association, Science Political Midwest ofthe meeting 2000 atthe presented , (paper 49 The impact of the 1999-2000 Parliamentary and Presidential Elections on Political Party ” Fish claims that superpresidentalism makes political life personalized. life political makes superpresidentalism that claims ” Fish Europe-Asia Studies ,’ (accessed 2008) April Superpresidentalism and Political Party Development inRussia, Ukraine, 50 . , Vol. 53, No. 8 (Dec., 2001), 1177-1191 23 , available at 51 . The Republican Party and . The party is being led by CEU eTD Collection members is alsomass a party and aimsrecruiting at asmany members aspossible (370000 dogmatism, we would wish to resolve fundamentally the problems facing society”. This party which isbased reality and political on extremes, rationality. adventurism Denying and of activity the force, political –driven is a“center party The elections. before the time short NATO with and USA relations good of promotion and integration full is priorities its of one because status quo)(or oriented parties. Inthis context theisRepublican Party western oriented, andeastern between western distinguish to will be relevant It resolution. conflict Karabakh concerningit crucialissues,is the tough Armenian genocide even such as or recognition of sometimes policy; inner and foreign its on viewpoint a conservative has party The members. offices in allrestrictions for enrollmentandit has more than 55 000members.has It party representation the regions of Armenia and carries out a very active policy at recruiting 53 Elections 2007, Voter’s Guidebook 54 52 the that assume we if Even Party. Republican the as affairs policy foreign and international Republican Party) place in the National Assembly. However, this party is not so tough in Samvel Mkhitaryan, et al., (Yerevan, 2007) 19 Samvel Mkhitaryan, et al., History of RPA, The party other beto discussed is Armenia,Prosperous which was formed quite a no are there because mass party, a is Party Republican that assume Wecan 54 53 ). After the elections May 12, 2007 Prosperous Armenia the second (after gained After electionsMay Prosperous the ). 12,2007 . ideological system, has to evolve continuously strengtheningcombining generally accepted human and national values.is aimed It at the beliefthe systemof values and historical and cultural experience of the nation,of Armenianphilosophy plays anessential role. The Armenian national ideology is based on people Armenianpledge isthe of this ideology national GareginNjdeh’swhich in in its power and future, and as an http://www.hhk.am/eng/index.php?page=history_hhk Political Parties of Republic of Armenia Participating in the National Assembly , (Yerevan, 2007), 71 24 52 . (accessed, Feb.2008) CEU eTD Collection 57 56 55 taking intoaccount intentions of any party, social group, politician or statement finds party should foreign that interests bynational beledrelations without exceptionally body members,members. The led “The acommittee is thisslogan of of 21 5 or7 with party has bodies. It a Supreme and executive assemblies legislative elective with decentralized, Revolutionary Party was a ruling party during Armenia’s first republic. Internally the party is Armenian in movements why participated various in active social group Transcaucasia. the Zorian and Simon Zavarian is in third the Itwasfoundedparty parliament. 1890 by Mikayelyan,Christaphor in Rostom of itis westilltrue, see big numbers.This shows howorganized are parties in Armenia. and accurate only tenth isnot website inone members official numberthe presented of party http://www.arfd.am/eng/index.php?c=9&d=21&m=05&y=2008&p=0 members. In 1999 the party participated in parliamentary in elections parliamentary party members.participated In 1999 the Federation and Orinats Yerkir have already formulated certain preferences in To society. the preferences certain formulated Yerkir havealready Orinats and Federation Armenian Revolutionary Republican, as the such and one sameparties, Armenia the in canseethat one appendixes from attached the First case? Kyrgyz the compared with parties. mentioned Armenian of issue the prioritizing not is party This USA. and Russia with relations genocide friendly of or beandpriority Union,development intheEuropean membership engagement consistent to Karabakh conflict in foreign policy as compared with the other Samvel Mkhitaryan, et al, (Yerevan, 2007) 50 History of Armenian Revolutionary Party History of Orinats Yerkir Party The next party to be discussed is the Armenian Revolutionary Party (Dashnaks) that (Dashnaks) Party Revolutionary Armenian the is be discussed to party next The Rule of Rule Law its of Yerkir) (Orinats started activitiesin 1996 andhasmore than 100 000 Why is the Armenian party institutionalized tobemore as ArmenianWhy isparty considered system the 55 , http://www.oek.am/history.html . The group had a socialist ideology from its very origin. That is That origin. very its from ideology socialist a had group The . , 25 (accessed on Feb. 2008) , (accessed on Feb. 2008) 57 . This party claims its claims party This . 56 ”. CEU eTD Collection 58 state” secular and asarule-of-law founded Republic, democratic unitary, a sovereign, institutionalization. weak of consequences and addressthe system party astable building of difficulties the for reasons the explore will I politics. party of maintenance in the is networks informal impact of whatthe andshow there operates howparty politics will It show in Kyrgyzstan. 2.2 Parties and PartySystems inKyrgyzstan system. party Armenian in the leadership party the and system party parties, the strengthens system attitudescertain and trust of maintenance the to contributes that high, and towardsensible is accountability the parties.electoral in Moreover, society. roots the certain have they already it words, in put other In addition, the proportional representation of the electoral Constitutional amendments and a new election code were adopted by referendum by in October. adopted were referendum and code anewelection amendments Constitutional before that However, held. were elections Parliamentary 2007 December years. In every 5 Supreme Council( hasunicameral a Kyrgyzstan is Bakiev. Kurmanbek state the head of Now Republict. October 1991,Akayev, receivingwas majority votes, electedof president the Kyrgyzof KR Constitution According to the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan, “The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) is (Kyrgyzstan) Republic Kyrgyz “The Kyrgyzstan, of Constitution the to According willThis andsubchapter institutionalization and analyzeparties discuss party system , available at Jorgorku Kenesh) http://eng.president.kg/constitution_ev/new_const_ev/ with 90 seats. The President of the country is elected is country the of President The seats. 90 with 26 (accessed Mar 2008) 58 . In CEU eTD Collection Democratic Party Kyrgyzstan” Party of Democratic Parliament eight seats got the Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan and nine places got the Socialwin at least 0.5% of the vote in all seven regions and twocities. However, out of 88 places in Supreme Courtruling which would the entitle Ata-Menken despiteseats party to failing to to pass the national threshold. “Itis unclear whether the CEC is ignoring or reinterpreting the managed narrowly Party, Communist the and Party Democratic Social the parties, other two from the CIS, however, claimed the electionparliament. met democratic Internationalstandards. Resultsenter to be only the party to appeared Ak-Zhol therefore in threeregions. thresholds regional showed monitors that from the OSCEreceived 47.8% of heavilythe vote. Ata-Menken received 9.3% of the vote nationwide, butfailed the criticized the Ak-Zhol passboth from Ak-Zhol thresholds. hadreportedly no managedto party apart election. Monitors http://www.gov.kg/index.php?name=EZCMS&menu=38&page_id=118 60 elections/documents.html?lsi=true&limit=10&grp=229 (Warsaw,2007) , available at http://www.osce.org/odihr- as chairman hisduring presidency Zhol, its his formed. President elected chairman butsuspended as Bakiev activities was was Ak new inparty, pro-presidential October 2007,a Omurbek However, Parliament Tekebaev. isled Speakerof that byformer Ata-Meken was parties life.One biggest political the of of forefront in the emerged have parties new and changed has landscape political the years pasttwo In the parties. political registered hundred one with over isfragmented Kyrgyzstan 59 The Parliament (Jogorku Kenesh) of the Kyrgyz Republic, Kyrgyz Republic Pre-term Parliamentary Elections, OSCE/ODIHR Needs Assessment Report Mission According to results based on 81% of the polling stations, turnout was over 60%, butwas over60%, turnout stations, thepolling based81%of results on According to According to the OSCE/ ODIHR Needs Assessment Mission the political structure in 60 59 . . 27 (accessed April 2008) , CEU eTD Collection http://enews.ferghana.ru/article.php?id=2281&PHPSESSID=d13ff650a5fc03612aeeedc261522813 elections. in parliamentary previous the significant also of was role parties the However, proportional parties that system. existed Before butsingle ranfor candidates elections. President's party, Ak-Zhol, resembled anassemblyof opportunistic politicians Minister Atambaev Prime forcesaround havegathered moderate Ar-Namys. his The with elections party and his socialMeken formerandFormer parliamentary speaker. Prime Felix Minister ranin Kulov the democratic party. leadershipopposition wasunited underthe Omurbek Tekebaev,of Ata- of president the Even some people assured that the rapidly since its establishment. very grown has backgrounds, of variety a wide from come who members, new its of number parties. The wasamong those October on personally created which Bakiev Zhol party much, However, twenty twelvetwo. andthem accepted of were The registered. ruling Ak- At was beginningnumber the parties participating Social-Democratic of the (5.05%). Party and Communist Ata-MekenParty 8.29%, (5.12%), with SocialistZhol with Party 46.99%, - Ak inKyrgyzstan in election scaledthe5%barrier snapparliamentary the political parties regions of Kyrgyzstan andof the total numbercentral of voters nationwide and 0.5% of all voting residents of each of the seven cities of Bishkek basis oflists.Theelectoral of imposesa political KyrgyzCode Republic needs 5% that party and Osh to make the parliament. Four 62 Mar2008) Election’, 61 Parties in Kyrgyzstan in Parties Irina Yermakova Irina The interesting phenomenon is that this election was the first that was held by the by held was that first the was election this that is phenomenon interesting The As for the opposition, there has been a similar concentration of forces.The radical of concentration hasbeen a similar there theopposition, As for For the first time in the history of the young republic deputies were elected on the Central Asia News , ‘ Kyrgyz Central Electoral Commission Exposed the outcome of the Snap Parliamentary Snap of the outcome the Exposed Commission Electoral Central Kyrgyz , http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=337 , 20/12/2007 61 28 ,(accessed2008) April 62 . (accessed CEU eTD Collection that may that break clan the politics. down certain conditions highlighting Caucasus, Asia, and the Central Africa, of inparts persistence into and weaken penetrate they how shows and politics Asian regimes.in Central clans of role the emphasizes Collins She contrasts the decline of clans in Western Europe with their systems in the world, the definition chosen for analysis is this: clans are informal are clans is this: analysis for chosen definition the world, in the systems of Jalal abad which in with generallywas associated parliamentary deputy Omurbek territory Tekebaev’s in presidentthe 2000.Otheropposition focus, had more regional parties suchasAta-Meken, Union for Fair Elections included likeparties Ar-Namys, ledby Felix Kulov, who challenged emphasis on economic reforms. Forty four opposition parties composed 4-5 blocs. The Civic independent,intentionally modernist, representprogressivetrying to politics with a strong more became gradually but governmental party, asapro was created party, Strana Moya itwas led by deputy the Kubanychbek Jumaliev,a close friend of The president. the other in practice However, Toichubek Kasymov. administration, presidential the led headof bythe was widely involved inits activities. Another pro-governmental party, Adilet wasofficially daughter, who did nothave any formal role in the party, acted as a consultant tothe party and winin in2005.Thepresident’s was maintool elections parliamentary the to government’s Alga, Kyrgyzstan area. toaspecific hadgeographical restricted membership, avery small 64 63 Press, 2006) Kathleen Collins, Linda Kartawich, ’Kyrgyzstan: Parliamentary Elections’, (February 2005, NORDEM Report 09/2005) This division in Kyrgyzstan is also associated with clan politics and clientelism. and politics clan with associated is also Kyrgyzstan in division This In the previous elections there were about forty seven political parties. Many of these 63 . Clan Politics and RegimeTransition in Central Asia 64 However, as the paper is not aimed at analyzing clan 29 , (Cambridge: Cambridge University CEU eTD Collection 66 1997 in Society and History Lindholm, ‘Kinship Structure and Political Authority: The Middle East and Central Asia,’ http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/pp032308.shtml 67 65 organizationsnetwork of linked individuals comprising by a relations kinship revolution are left on the streets. That’s why they are all all disappointed, That’s they are why on streets. revolutionleftthe are rich under Akaev’s regime, they are still here [around Bakiev now]. But those whomade this revolution is still ongoing. Those people who wanted to arrest us [in 2005], who became very discussing [in parliament] Assembly delegation Parliamentary whether we Specialshould celebratewhich Ihave seendevelop isundermined by missedKimmo opportunity", saidKiljunen,this Co-Ordinator this pluralism Political elections process. the is in nowabacksliding there that disappointed day or not, personally Iam Kyrgyzstan, in here missions observation OSCE election two led past the I said that in2005."Having elections previous to the backwardcompared astep andtransparency were theof the (OSCE),Cooperation in which monitored Europe polls,the alsosaid lacked they OSCE for Security and The Organization in standards. wasnot linewith Armenia democratic short-termdevelopment. its recent observersof this literature seems to be mostly general, without informalwords, within networks much which people areattached by identity.a strong sense of All attention to the partyand system and Head of the OSCE Otunbaeva, who is one of many political figures in Kyrgyzstan. It is still early to make any OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Report on Kyrgyz elections, www.osce.org Bruce Pannier, ’Kyrgyzstan: The Bittersweet Fruits of the Revolution’, Collins, SeeKathleen "We witnessed only how one clan was changed for another one. When we were we When one. another for changed was clan one how only witnessed "We However, this election in Kyrgyzstan as compared with the parliamentary electionsin , Vol. 28, Andrew Shryock, Andrew 28, Vol. , Clan Politics and RegimeTransition inCentral Asia 66 . Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination 30 (accessed May 2008) Eurasia Insight , (Cambridge, 2006), Charles (accessed Feb. 2008) , 3/23/08. Comparative 67 " claims 65 . In other , Berkely, , studies CEU eTD Collection http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UNTC/UNPAN019054.pdf 2003) Bishkek, in Academy OSCE the at (Presented Security’, 68 thus far have ineffective” Unfortunately, all proved efforts government. these form the that parties of political fordevelopment prerequisites necessary create the to butalso interests, national country and the needs of specific the meeting legislature, efficient only an establish not isimportance to it of influencelevel.a local great them to at Therefore, be able to and masses the all involve to branches necessary have don’t They representation. and network extensive an level local the at have don’t and weak are parties The amorphous. and flabby is system political the in Kyrgyzstan aswell: aproblem exists there time democracy – from democracy of persons to party democracy”. The author adds, “At the same forming a highertowards political intothree-party system level asustainable and passed of uchun’, ‘Unanimity’, ‘Regions of Kyrgyzstan’). This is testimony is Kyrgyzstan that moving ‘Communists (Kyrgyzstan”, wing’ left ‘the of orientations: Kyrgyzstan’), political main three including association ‘the right form effect natural “The of this act wasto a six wing’,proportional deputy representation. (the right Coalition) , ‘the centralists’ (‘Elwithin the society. This, in its turn, influences the party system institutionalization. competition is that bynegativeundermined relations among clanswhichbring hostility part of legitimacy the on impact direct has clans, of phenomenon namely phenomenon, have in any roots society; the mainthey meansare not of providing legitimacy. This within usuallyexistencenetworks are of that the government, partiescalled clans, donot the Despite discontinuity. and instability with be characterized likely to is more Kyrgyzstan predictions concerning the nextelections. However, till day presentthe system party in Zainiddin Kurmanov, ‘Elections, Parties and Parliament of the Kyrgyz Republic: Threats toDemocratic Threats Republic: Kyrgyz of the Parliament and Parties ‘Elections, Kurmanov, Zainiddin In 1999 the new electoral code of Kyrgyzstan introduced new electoral system new system electoral introduced of with Kyrgyzstan In newelectoral 1999 the code 31 (accessed May 2008) 68 . Though the CEU eTD Collection 69 relations perceived asinformal comprisingorganizations anetwork individualsof linkedby kin some governmentand that Clansareusually politicians parliament, clans. call and scholars „revolution”. Causes of revolution existencethe were also of networks withincertain the in whichresulted colour the andhatred, were thetarget of suspicion, distrust parliament the and government Kyrgyzstan In Kyrgyzstan. with case the not is that society, inthe roots certain already have parties Armenia, where to contrast In institutionalization. of criteria strong rootshave not do only not Kyrgyzstan in inparties that shows the elections the before society,months two about but also can not institutionalization of system. ultimate victory party was formed The of one party that only be analyzed or even elections much suspicioncreated and concerningdoubts thestability, continuity and even described by most of the is volatility discontinuity. and move. of much there hadstability, Instead abackward itsystem, party sustainable forming a wasmoving towards claimedKyrgyzstan author that can say that there the party politics is comparatively more stable than in Kyrgyzstan. For Kyrgyzstan. in than stable more is comparatively politics party the there that say can stable party system that will resultin the stable political system. andof revolution. threat another Thisshows how importanthave itis to institutionalized and public the of dissatisfaction and system, political stable non elections, of predictability non competition having impacton party system. consequences The oflow institutionalizationare party of legitimacy influence clans is that it for reason main the and Kyrgyzstan, in low See KathleenCollins, (Cambridge, 2006), Andrew Shryock(Berkley 1997) The strange phenomena that occurred in Kyrgyzstan during the last parliamentary last the during Kyrgyzstan in occurred that phenomena strange The Thus taking into account the continuity and stability of party politics in Armenia, one Armenia, in politics party of stability and continuity the account into taking Thus very is institutionalization system party that shows above provided analysis the Thus, 69 . 32 CEU eTD Collection help each other to obtain business and career advantages. People, members of informal members People, of business help toobtain other and careeradvantages. each formal butrules, people withinnetworks share advicefreely, achieve personal andgoals, based on achieving amutual ofinformationexchange Actually,and favours. areno there functioning of party andpolitics the level institutionalization.of are Informal networks identity. byasenseof attached strong 1997) in Society andHistory Lindholm, ‘Kinship Structure and Political Authority: Middle The East and Central Asia,’ 70 relations fictive and kin phenomenon: network of linked areinformal individuals clans comprising a by organizations describe precisea morebutwouldon to the world, general definition I concentrate in the systems clan analyzing at aimed not is paper the as However, differently. clans define clan politics and the other is the existence of strong clientelist the relations.of Differentinfluence that is scholars one explanations: two have can This country. the in system party of institutionalization of level low the by beexplained only can in Parliament seats of majority fact that a party being formed just two months before the elections was able to get the caseonly the latter In the of Kyrgyzstan. asit inthecase seats was majority gain of notcan institutionalization of the system can also be explained by the fact that newly emerged parties The loyalty. voter some and society inthe roots stable have parties the that also but behaviour, voter in the consistency some is there that mean only not does This seats. considerable Federation Armenian gained Revolutionary and Party theRepublican elections parliamentary several last in the Union Soviet of collapse the after Armenia in example See Kathleen Collins, Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia, (Cambridge ,2006), Charles ,2006), (Cambridge Asia, Central in Transition Regime and Politics Clan Collins, Kathleen See Thus the existence of different networks might have different impact on the , Vol. 28,Andrew Shryock, Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination, (Berkely, 70 . In other words, informal within words, . Inother networks whichpeople are 33 Comparative Studies CEU eTD Collection Hypothesis’, 71 sequence of andinfluence of phenomena.occurrence these bythe isexplained outcomes these of difference the puzzlewhere the of third chapter, the in arediscussed impact institutionalizations? These questions party on the differentsystem having is relations clientelist networks, of existence that come How interests? and needs gain skills, and acquire to legitimacy instance, informal networks help people to obtain jobs, toadvance up the corporate ladder, to allnetworks supportandon the rely cooperation achieveof others to certain goals. For James Montgomery, ’Job Search and Network Composition: Implications of the Strength-Of-Weak-Ties American Sociological Review 71 , (Vol.57), 586- 596 . However, whomakes up thenetwork? What are their 34 CEU eTD Collection Armenia and Kyrgyzstan we witness very strong informal networks that function differently. function that networks informal strong very witness we Kyrgyzstan and Armenia have clientelist relations within parties and the society in Armenia and Kyrgyzstan? Both in Workshop on State Reform, Public Policies, and Policymaking Processes, 2005) 73 Comparative Political Studies 72 parties political programmatic have will it that likelihood competition political exit or enter andwhichparties parties ofinteractionspolitical between show regularizedpattern the in the society and recognition of parties as legitimate ways of governing. Such characteristics system. clans or parties very strongly. This, inits turn, has negative and regressive effect on the party certain with identify people themselves and society in the separation create because they institutionalization, system party development the hampers relations clientelist and clans existence of simultaneous the that I argue differently? countries’party systems treating the for is rationale what functioning, system party of outcome the change phenomena these determine levels different of party system institutionalization in these why So, countries. do that relations clientelist are feature common based Second on kinship. not are relations whichnetworks, are basedin on Kyrgyzstan, relations kinship whilein Armenia these informal first, regions: intheir countries two of these characteristic There arephenomena PUZZLE THE OF 3: SOLUTION CHAPTER Hans Stockton, ’Political Parties, Party Systems, and Democracy in East Asia: Lessons from Latin America’, Mark Jones, ‘The Role of Parties and Part Systems in the Policymaking Process’, (Rice University, An institutionalized is isby system party that roots distinguished one stability,strong The chapters previous showed that Armenia have Kyrgyzstan and manysimilarities. , (2001) 5 72 . The more institutionalized a party system is, the greater is the 35 73 . However, why do we always we do why However, . CEU eTD Collection http://www.agbu.org/publications/article.asp?A_ID=291 75 2005) 74 acquaintances hierarchically bound together on-goingthe andneighbours, through exchange friends, of relatives, networks colleagues, based“clusters of exist there on relationships that system institutionalization.An anthropologist NoraDudwick claims in Armeniaregard to party of level high relatively and relations programmatic of development fosters combination values. benefitsbased and on butrather economic, ideological This on social kinship, monopolies. semi- through oligarchs in arguethat journalists areformed Some bysome informal other Armenia networks these be network. is, considered aninformal to somehow, that ismentioned, elite’ ‘Karabakh party.that Evenin of one articlesthe describing the informal innetworks Armenia, or this from benefit will they how and performed government how basis the on attracted also among the parties in Armenia,views, values or ideology asthey the party does. Though slightlythere is not much ideological difference differ share same the and/or merits totheir due parties of the members become usually People in their programs. Armenia. of life political in the parties comprise networks Moreover,informal These Kyrgyzstan. voters are different. So, with so many similarities, what makes the party systems function differently? relations butand informal networks, the level ofinstitutionalization of party systems is clientelist have we cases both in is puzzle The relations. kinship are networks informal of bases the Kyrgyzstan in contrary, the On relations. kinship on based not are networks Theseinformal differ networks naturein and their functioning.informal InArmenia the Richard Giragosian Richard Mark Jones, Rice University, (Workshop on State Reform, Public Policies, and Policymaking Processes, Policymaking and Policies, Public Reform, State on (Workshop University, Rice Jones, Mark Armenian informal networks arenotcharacterized informalnetworks Armenian identities by in strong as , Armenia on the Move: A Comparative Assessment ,2007 Assessment A Comparative Move: onthe Armenia 75 Thus, these informal networks in Armenia are not 36 74 CEU eTD Collection 140-158 Caucasia’, 76 internal clan’s the Likewise clan. the upon dependence economic social the and socialization, high collective high This arises identity. from goal congruence established trust, historical and background it passes from generation.to generation high, istime, very has thesuch people numberof because affiliation clan traditional and government and the clan in satisfied people usuallynot with the between those and whoare competition clans, power, elect the representativesis continuous there However, same clan. members of the by other the were elected that of clans the of themembers were they Rather other ideology. or program any without clan. affiliation, At the same behavingdifferent electedin Parliamentthe personalitieswithout were anyparty able to opportunity to be elected. During the history of political isparty whyshortterm the andThatsystem. have parties populist reason personalities great life of Kyrgyzstan we witness how notdevelopbecause of weakinstitutionalized the can relations Kyrgyzstan, programmatic in While Armenia. in institutionalization system party of development the fostering are relations programmatic also but clientelist only not that suggests This terms. several already for in parliament has appeared same andparty one weseethat the voters: of the preferences relations are based mutuallyon beneficial relations.‘trading’ term Thisshort formation networks. not baseof the for the andkinship are relative ties they not mutual sharedo views, any maygoals thisaffiliation or long, not lastbecause or benefits any have not do if they However, person. another to relations their on based party of favours and obligations” Soren Theisen, ’Mountaineers, racketeers and the ideals of modernity: statebuilding and elite-competition in elite-competition and statebuilding ofmodernity: ideals the and racketeers ’Mountaineers, Theisen, Soren Individuals within a clanorganization share common goals andimbuedare with a in and wecansee caseofArmenia system somecontinuity the Moreover, Contrasts and Solutions in theCaucasus 76 . On the one hand it is true; people may become a member of the of member a become may people is true; it hand one On the . , ed. Ole Hojris andSefa Martin Yürükel (Aarhus 1999) 37 CEU eTD Collection certain norms certain interactions economic or political purely of those than enduring more are ties clan Consequently linked relations,patronageis bykinship Collinsthat argues bindsthat a keyelement clan a form of mutually beneficial informal agreement. constituencies”. andlessreliable broader their agendas, thereby avoiding costs the newof creating organizations, which would have political participation and elites competition. usemobilize Clan supportfor clan the to social and mobilization of means a as members) non- of exclusion and members of (inclusion crowd out non- clanforms of participation.association or Clans use this mechanism clans networks, theireffectively aprocessby through politically out’, participate they which “engage also in‘crowding Kyrgyzstan. compared Clans Armenia party system the with as of suppose that this is also determined by continuity the and stability of system party in 82 81 80 79 78 77 social mechanisms can reduce differences between individual and organizational goals less significant than the informal clan relationships that organize society and politics and society organize that relationships clan informal the than significant less emphasizesis thatthough communist stillthere post- the institutions regime, turn out tobe Collins as And Kyrgyzstan. in regionalism and politics clan of existence the as such factors, life. political and society in the clans of maintenance the fostered favours of exchange Direct relations. cllintelistic by the nurtured were networks clan Kyrgyzstan Kitschelt, et al, (Cambridge, 1999) 44-48 Ibid 31 Ibid 53 Kathleen Collins, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)5 Ibid 28 Kathleen Collins, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)30 Thus, viewingThus, clans asinformal comprising organizations of a network individuals The low level of Kyrgyz party system institutionalization is conditioned by different by isconditioned institutionalization system party Kyrgyz of level low The 78 . Collins claims that clientelism and clan relations should not be equated. In be equated. not should relations clan and clientelism that claims Collins . 81 . These norms. These clientelisticbut arenothing relations 80 Collins claims that clan engenders the rise of 38 82 , which are likely to bearlikely , which are to 79 . I 77 . CEU eTD Collection 84 83 and society in the clans of combination is the it for reason main the and in Kyrgyzstan, low and party stabilizing system, makeit clans weaker andfragile. more ofstrengthening hold Instead accountable. very thegovernment itisto difficultparty system Thus divisionimpedesthis party system institutionalization. With a weak institutionalized dissatisfaction. expressed their clans southern clans,the northern the andsupported favoured clan’s wish gainto dominant role in the political life. Moreover, as the president and his clan period partyAkaev’s In systemperformance. government the with unsatisfied institutionalizationalways are people of number huge a time same the at but deep, and strong very is that was affiliation party of also separation the very weak. That was themore stable, practicallyresult it not can do so,because the division of the country is represented by of another obstacles for party system institutionalization. Even if a clan has power to make party system his andwhen lost power, power. Akaev soviet in both when caseof waslosing regime power the the important increasingly became clans economy. market a of absence state formation, due in large part to colonialism, 2.late formation of a national identity, 3. the late exist. These are:1. helped to clans that conditions several are there that Collins assumes Thus, clans ‘unwritten identification andnorms rules’ affiliation thatpossess can withnetwork. acertain and be have regardedconsequently relations, of kinds other already of form the bear and longer last can as groupseach other members to that can be characterised by clientelist relations. Kathleen Collins, (Cambridge: Cambridge University 2006)Press, 44-45 Kathleen Collins, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)30-45 Thus, the analysis provided above shows that party system institutionalization is very is institutionalization system party that shows above provided analysis the Thus, creates Kyrgyzstan life of political and in country the identical separation This strong 83 . Informal suggestsnetwork thatrelations based interestson certain 84 To illustrate, I shall bring the example of Kyrgyzstan. Here Kyrgyzstan. of example the bring shall I illustrate, To 39 CEU eTD Collection the other. Thus the combination of these phenomena seems to create problems for stability problems create to seems phenomena these of combination Thus the other. the case of victory clanone’s is other the destabilize trying to thesystem holdvictory and over that one clan is usually assumes clans several of existence the first, for this: competingexplanations be several can Why? There with system. party Kyrgyz the with other case the not is this However, clans stability. provide to likely more represented by theiris a clan that assume can one parties,connections, strong with each other to areattached clan of the and in the difference is what influences what. As clans presuppose kinship relations where the members in its negativehas impactformation system. of the party institutionalization. in Thiscombination hampers the stability lifepolitical of country the that system party of level the reducing thus competition, party of legitimacy effecting negatively fosterand the are traditionally society, embedded in of development the clientelist relations, partiesandeconomic benefits. the of aspects programmatic the much valueto attach people interest, personal besidessome that, relations.in This,the fosters its turn,development of programmatic relations. Thereasonis any suppose clan because lifeare not theydonot society and political relations kinship that inthe networks informal of development the foster relations clientelist in Armenia illustrate, to phenomena: of sequence the on depend countries two in these institutionalization and stable party system that will resultin a stable political system. institutionalized an have is to it important how shows This revolution. another of threat the and dissatisfaction public and system, political non- stable a elections, of non- predictability clientelist relations that nurture clans. The consequences of low institutionalization are the Therefore, the phenomena are the same both in Armenia and in Kyrgyzstan, but the but Kyrgyzstan, in and in Armenia both same the are phenomena the Therefore, history long a have that clans, networks, informal in Kyrgyzstan hand, other the On system party of levels in the differences the that assume can one Hence 40 CEU eTD Collection http://kyrgyzstankid.blogspot.com/2005/03/kyrgyzstan-revolution-morning-after.html ’Kyrgyzstan Revolution: Morning After’, 2008), 85 the government’s failures in Kyrgyzstan for party systems. High volatility of the elections and the colour revolution were the result of Endowment which help people toidentify also them and choose according totheir values.Moreover, in ideologies, and rules specific have Parties Armenia. in relations programmatic also witness are notbasedgroup on interests on butkinship, andbenefits. Besides, clientelist we relations within the relations spheresaswell. These business inand but cultural economic, political, influence clans,inhave not groups only of benot ‘elites’ or that great people can they called are networks informal these Asmentioned above, hasmore become party stable. the system systems. of party institutionalization for the difficulties create to disproportional ‘chaotic’ representation, situation emerges, where clans andaffiliation due for clan/party. their However, vote peopleown would were proportionally represented, if parties Moreover, institutionalization. on system party the impact having relations, thus clientelist and networks informal the by determined also is system electoral the Accordingly, Kyrgyzstan. for case isnotthe which systems, party for stabilizing more usually are systems proportional here: puzzle is another There Armenia. in than disproportional is more system As electoral the inKyrgyzstan be system. can theelectoral institutionalization http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/04/ce2bcfdb-6ed6-4f2c-b63e-b66dde862248.html Europe, Free Radio Orange?’, Rose And To Successor A Worthy Was 'Revolution' ’Kyrgyzstan: Bransten, Jeremy 2008), More on Kyrgyz revolutions the links: Martha Brill Olcott, ’Kyrgyzstan’s “Tulip Revolution”’, The case is different in Armenia, where clientelist relations create informal networks; informal create relations in clientelist where Armenia, The caseisdifferent , http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=16710 Peace Corps Kyrgyzstan 85 41 . The third reason for such low level of , March 24, 2005 (accessed May 2008) (accessed May (accessed (accessed May (accessed Carnegie CEU eTD Collection WashingtonDC, 2007) inclusion86 in the record of the hearing of the US commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, education as voter such certain activities, out carries government the Armenia party system inKyrgyzstan. system party of institutionalization hamper which relations, by clientelist nurtured also are clans these However, arebased kinship relations. networks informal on in contrary, Kyrgyzstan, the clientelist relationsmore and are like elites, which notdo supposeany relations.kinship On areformednetworks of basis onthe Armenia these inArmenia andKyrgyzstan. In networks election. to another from election one importance great party programmatic tothe aspectof consequently politics, electing them the activities and policies of the government represented by some parties. Second, they attach continuity in the party system of Armenia is that, firstly, and is stability why The reason there parties. between relations and programmatic the people agree and are satisfied with governmentperformance willbe viewed from two pointsof view: the government’s activities of Kyrgyzstanemphasis InArmenia and parties. ideological and aspects on programmatic ‘Armenia after the election’, (written material submitted by the Government of the Republic of Armenia for To sum To sum is up, there ofinformal in andnature crucial difference functioning the 42 86 to put to CEU eTD Collection of informal networks. On the one hand, informal networks can develop from clientelist from develop can networks informal hand, one the On networks. informal of payments, titles, gifts and monetary transfersduties and within responsibilities the ‘family’ network. Thus favours, regulatory the welfare seem to be preconditions and/or consequences labor andinfrastructure, otherbenefits in exchangevotes and forforms other loyalty of including provide "clients""patrons" to relatively promise jobs, andpoor powerless with protection, relations in both countries that is defined “ as relations in which relatively powerful and rich their attention mostly on issues of self-preservation succession and mostly issues of self-preservation on their attention relations. clienetlist and networks informal of interrelation and combination the by is determined clientelist relations, they have differentlevels of party system and institutionalization. networks informal have The latter countries these Though phenomena. these by conditioned is that different is systems party of institutionalization of level the similarities these all despite be equally to free. However, considered andare relations clientelist networks, informal CONCLUSION 6ZR48L?OpenDocument with Crisis’, Coping Crescent, Vulnerable A the Caucasus: and Asia ’ Central Matveeva, Anna and Waal de Thomas 87 88 Philip Keefer, ‘Clientelism, Credibility and the Policy Choices of Young Democracies’, November Quality of Government: What It Is, How to Get Why It, It Matters, International Conference, 2005,17-19 88 ”. Informal networks, in their turn, assume some relations that are based on certain basedon are that relations in some assume turn, their networks, Informal In both countries ispolitics organized informalaround and networks, elites focus legacy, same the common: in much have that countries are Kyrgyzstan and Armenia Working Paper Series Feb 2007 (accessed Mar 2008) Mar (accessed , http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII- 43 87 . We had clienelist We had . Presented at The Presented CEU eTD Collection members of the parties due totheir merits and/or share the same views, values ideologyor as informal networks comprise partiesin the political life Armenia. become Peopleof usually in inis than system Kyrgyzstan Armenia. weakly institutionalized wasconductedslightlythat by suggested differently shows that party than Mainwaring institutionalization of party system Measurement insimilarimpacts countries. have different instability, volatility and discontinuity. existence of stimulated a less and institutionalized weak party is system that by characterized ideological factors of the parties. At the same time in Kyrgyzstan clan politics and revolution and programmatic in the differences some identify to voters for is easier it politics, party of aspects programmatic the is to attached As inArmeniamore attention voters. of preferences Armeniancontinuity.In in party stability is this by politics the described also continuity the are relations. a base theformation of networks for clientelist informal higher than when is institutionalization system party of level the networks, informal influences and forms clientelism If networks. informal and relations clientelist of interrelation by the conditioned is institutionalization system party of difference The differences? such similarities many so with puzzle: why byrelations. arenurtured This wasthe clientelist networks the informal contrary, the just Kyrgyzstan, In networks. informal form relations clientelist Armenia relations. clientelist formation forthe base irreplaceable and become significant can hand networks informal the other on relations and Armenian informal networks are not characterized by strong identities. These identities. strong by characterized not are networks informal Armenian Thus, clientelismsystem and party institutionalizationeach arelinked to and other Relatively institutionalizedhighly is party system characterized bystability and in isdifferent: this sequence Kyrgyzstan in and Armenia showed As thepaper 44 CEU eTD Collection 140-158 http://www.agbu.org/publications/article.asp?A_ID=291 obligations” neighbours, hierarchically bound together through on-goingthe exchangefavours of and relationships based onnetworks friends,of colleagues, relatives, acquaintances and Dudwickanthropologist Nora claimsArmenia inregard to that thereexist of “clusters An institutionalization. system party of level high relatively and relations programmatic economic, social benefits and ideological values. This combination fosters development of monopolies. argue thatin Armenia theseinformalare networks formed bysome oligarchs through semi- Caucasia’, 91 90 Workshop on State Reform, Public Policies, and Policymaking Processes, 2005) 89 be network. aninformal to is, considered somehow, that mentioned, is inelite’ Armenia, networks ‘Karabakh informal the describing of one articles the in Even party. that or this from benefit will they how and performed government how basis the on attracted also are voters Moreover, programs. in their differ slightly they Armenia, party the Thoughthereismuch notdoes. ideological inamong parties the difference in terms. This suggests that not only clientelist but also programmatic relations are fostering the fostering are relations programmatic also but clientelist only not that suggests This terms. several for already in parliament appeared has same party and one the weseethat voters: the relative ties and kinship relations are not the base for the formation of networks. they not mutual sharedo views, any maygoals thisaffiliation or long, not lastbecause or benefits any have not do if they hand, other the On person. another to relations their on Soren Theisen, ’Mountaineers, racketeers and the ideals of modernity: statebuilding and elite-competition in elite-competition and statebuilding ofmodernity: ideals the and racketeers ’Mountaineers, Theisen, Soren Giragosian Richard Mark Jones, ‘The Role of Parties and Part Systems in the Policymaking Process’, (Rice University, Thus, in networks informal these Armeniabased are not on on butrather kinship, In the case of Armenia we can see some continuity in the system of in preferences and system the continuity Armeniasee some wecan caseof In the Contrasts and Solutions in theCaucasus 91 90 . On the one hand it is true; people may become a member of the party based party the member of a may become is itpeople true; hand one . On the , Armenia on the Move: A Comparative Assessment ,2007 Assessment A Comparative Move: onthe Armenia , ed. Ole Hojris andSefa Martin Yürükel (Aarhus 1999) 45 89 Some other journalists CEU eTD Collection people identify to also them and choose totheir according values. InArmenia the help which ideologies, and rules specific have Parties Armenia. in relations programmatic also witness we relations clientelist Besides, andbenefits. interests but on kinship, on based in political, but in economic, are networks clans,not they can becalled ‘elites’,have groups that influence great notonly cultural and business theparty networks, Ashas become informal system moreabove, mentioned these stable. spheres as well. These relations are not system. stable political ishow important it have institutionalizedto an and party stable system will that inresult a shows This revolution. another of threat the and dissatisfaction public and system, political anon-stable of elections, non- predictability are the lowinstitutionalization of consequences The clans. these nurture that relations clientelist and competition, party in illegitimacy low in Kyrgyzstan, and theof party affiliation and itis a very strongly mainand deeply rooted in the society. reason by division the is represented thecountry of so, becausethedo division not itcan practically for stable, more it system party make to power has aclan is if Even institutionalization. thesystem combination for party creates obstacles Kyrgyzstan life of in country and political separation the identical of clans, strong This inKyrgyzstan. regionalism and politics of such clan existence as the factors, that creates forleaves noplace the party institutionalized system relations. of development programmatic weak the WhileinKyrgyzstan, inArmenia. institutionalization of party system development The case is different in Armenia, where due to ‘trading relations’ in informal in relations’ ‘trading to due where in Armenia, different is case The very is institutionalization system party that shows above provided analysis the Thus, different by isconditioned institutionalization system party Kyrgyz of level low The 46 CEU eTD Collection WashingtonDC, 2007) inclusion92 in the record of the hearing of the US commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, institutionalization of party system in Kyrgyzstan. undermined bynegative relations among clans bringsand hostility society within hampering by nurtured Theyclientelist influence relations. legitimacy in party the iscompetition that arealso clans these Moreover, relations. are basedkinship on networks informal Kyrgyzstan clientelistlike relations andare more suppose elites, which not any do relations.kinship In areformednetworks of basis onthe Armenia these inArmenia andKyrgyzstan. In networks aspectsof parties. ideological and programmatic education certain as voter such carries out activities, government ‘Armenia after the election’, (written material submitted by the Government of the Republic of Armenia for To sum isup, there a crucial in difference functioninginformal and nature of the 47 92 to put emphasis on CEU eTD Collection http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=history&lang=eng 94 2008) 93 determination National Self- of Union Union Democratic National Party Communist Armenian Shamiram Union 50 Republic Parties Parliamentary Elections inArmenia, 1995 APPENDIX 2 rate GDP annualper capita, growth US$) (PPP capita per GDP and tertiary education (%) ration for primary, secondary enrolment gross Combined and older) Adult rateaged Literacy (% 15 estimates Life expectancybirth, at annual 2008) Development Reports 2007- Rank(according to Human Index Human Development and Kyrgyzstan of Armenia Index Human Development APPENDIX 1 2007/2008 HumanDevelopment Index Rankings, UNDP, National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia 7.5 7.5 15 20 votes Percentage of 94 93 4.4 4.945 70.8 99.4 71.7 83 Armenia 3 3 6 8 Seats 20 , National Assembly of theFirst Convocation 48 http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ (accessed April2008) -2.3 1.92 77.7 98.7 65.6 116 Kyrgyzstan (accessed May (accessed , CEU eTD Collection http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=history&lang=eng http://www.parliament.am/parliament.php?id=history&lang=eng 95 Party Labor Unified National 8.91 Unity Justice Federation Revolutionary Armenian Orinats 12.60 Yerkir Armenia Party of Republican Parties Parliamentary Elections inArmenia in2003 APPENDIX 4 Union Democratic National Orinats 5.28 Yerkir Federation Revolutionary Armenia Law 7.96 and Unity Party Communist Armenia Unity Parties Parliamentary Elections inArmenia in1999 APPENDIX 3 96 National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia 5.67 13.71 11.45 23.66 votes Percentage of 5.17 12.09 12.09 41.69 votes Percentage of 96 95 6 14 11 23 Seats 4 8 8 29 9 12 4 6 Seats , , National Assembly of the Third Convocation National Assembly of theSecond Convocation 49 (accessed April2008) (accessed April2008) , , CEU eTD Collection 97 Erkin 1.9 Kyrgyzstan Workers Agrarian Movement) DMK(Democratic Kyrgyzstan Unity Party of Republican Party People’s Meken Ata Agrarians Communist 1.9 party Social 9.5 democrats Parties Elections in Kyrgyzstan 1995 APPENDIX 6 Heritage Orinats Yerkir Federation Revolutionary Armenian Armenia" "Prosperous Armenia Party of Republican Parties Parliamentary Elections inArmenia in2007 APPENDIX 5 98 2008) ‘Final ElectionOfficial Results’, Kathleen Collins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006) 234 8.91 13.71 11.45 12.60 33.9 votes Percentage of 98 97 1.9 1.9 votes Percentage of Armenia: Vote 2007 7 9 16 24 64 Seats 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 8 Seats 50 , http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia/ (accessed Mar (accessed CEU eTD Collection elections/ 101 2008) 100 May 2008) http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Elections_in_Kyrgyzstan_-_Previous_elections/id/5016020 99 Communists’ party Party of Kyrgyzstan Social Democratic Zhol Ak Parties Parliamentary Elections inKyrgyzstan in 2007 APPENDIX 9 Asaba Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan Alga Parties Parliamentary Elections inKyrgyzstan in 2005 APPENDIX 8 Independents Action My Country Party of Communist Party Forces Unionof Democratic Parties Parliamentary Elections inKyrgyzstan in 2000 APPENDIX 7 ‘Elections in Kyrgyzstan: Previous Elections’, ’Final Results of the Elections’, Dec. 2007, Kyrgyzstan: Elections held in 2005. (accessed Mar. 2008) Mar. (accessed 101 100 99 2.86% 1.25% 48.8% votes Percentage of 2.7% 2.7% 40.1% votes Percentage of 0.9% 1.9% 13.9% votes Percentage of http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2174_05.htm 8 11 71 Seats 2 2 65 Seats 73 4 6 12 Seats http://kyrgyzstan.neweurasia.net/2007/12/21/final-results-of-the- 51 (accessed Feb. (accessed (accessed CEU eTD Collection volatility was 100%. 2005,in were2007, notelected party so in the representationin theparliament changed for100%, andthe Evenif we did not calculate the electoral volatility, the graph shows that all those parties that were parliamentin Electoral Volatility of 2005-2007 Parliamentary Elections in Kyrgyzstan APPENDIX 13 Electoral Volatility of 1995-2000 Parliamentary Elections in Kyrgyzstan APPENDIX 12 that party shows system which institutionalization amount, the twice is relativelydecreased volatility high in Armenia. ofelectoral percentage the results these from see can As we Volatility 32.86% Electoral Volatility of 2003-2007 Parliamentary Elections in Armenia APPENDIX 11 Volatility 73.01% Electoral Volatility of 1995-1999 Parliamentary Elections in Armenia APPENDIX 10 results 2007 2005 Year/Parties results 2000 1995 Year/Parties SD results 2007 2003 Year/Parties results 1999 1995 Year/Parties UP -50 0 50% 20%15% -9.5% 0 0.9% 1.9% 0.9% 1.9% 0.9% 1.9% 0 1.9% 0.9% 9.5% -40.1% 0 2.7% 2.7% 0 40.1% AJ ALG 10.24% 1.11% 33.9% 23.66% 12.6% RPA -20 0 SH 12% 13.9% 0 CP -2.7% -2.7% 48.8% -2.7% -2.7% 0 13.71% 11.45% 0 OY -2.9 12.1% 0 C NDU UNS ACP UN 09 19 09 19 09 -.%-.%19 0.9% -0.9% -0.9% -1.9% -1.9% -0.9% 1.9% -1.9% -0.9% AG AM PRP UPK AM UDF DMK MCPA AG EK AW 0 AS ARF 0 8.91% 13.71% 5.67% 0 11.45% 0 -7.5 1.5% 7.5% 0 1.5% 48.8% 1.25% 2.86% 48.8% 1.25% AZ 0 52 0 -7.5 J -13.71% 8.91% -8.91% -5.67% 12.6% SDP 1.25% 2.86% 0 0 41.7% 7.96% 12.9% 5.28%5.17% 7.96% 41.7% 41.7% 7.96% 12.9% 5.28%5.17% 7.96% 41.7% NU 0 CP 0 0 0 LU ULP 0 0 0 ARF OY 0 PA 12.6% 8.91% 0 1.9% 0.9% H 0 0 NDU 0 CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY 3. 2. 1. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 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