OCT 2017 1

managing risks

Safety in Flight Management of 04 Testing 20 Wildlife in Air Bases

Situation Safe Operations 10 Awareness in 25 in Aviation Aviation Ground Support Maintenance Services OCT 2017 | issue 93 | issue OCT 2017 2 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 CONTENTS Foreword from Head Air Force Inspectorate Safety in Flight Testing 04 We encounter risk every day in our lives, and In the third article, 205 SQN shares on it is present in all shapes and forms. It may managing wildlife in our air bases and come from a simple activity of crossing the the measures to prevent wildlife from Situation Awareness in Aviation 04 road, to the complex task of flying fighter jets endangering aircraft flying in and out of our Maintenance 10 at the speed of sound. The billionaire investor air bases. Warren Buffett once said, “Risk comes from Lastly, we end off with an article from our not knowing what you’re doing”, and it is commercial partner ST Airport Services - even more true for us and thus important Safety Activities Aviation Ground Support Services (STARS that we are aware of the risks we face, and 15 AGSS). This article introduces STARS AGSS, how we can overcome or mitigate it. In this their safety culture, and how they keep our issue of FOCUS, we provide our readers an 10 runway and operating platforms at Paya insight to how the RSAF manages the risks Management of Wildlife in Lebar Air Base free of Foreign Object Debris, that we come across in our daily line of work. 20 Air Bases and ensure that our aircraft are refuelled The first article is from the RSAF Flight Test with quality aviation fuel. Centre, where they give us a glimpse into I hope the articles in this issue of FOCUS Safe Operations in Aviation how they mitigate the unknown risks they enlighten you on some of the risks we deal Ground Support Services are confronted with when conducting flight 25 with as we keep our skies safe. It is imperative testing, and safely deliver new operational 20 that we conscientiously continue to manage capabilities to the RSAF. risks carefully as we go about our tasks. 4 PICS 1 WORD Next, 816 SQN explains how situation Mission Success, Safety Always! 30 awareness is used to overcome the risks of errors in aviation maintenance, ensuring that our aircraft are always maintained safely and COL Philip Chionh reliably. Head Air Force Inspectorate Crossword Puzzle 25 31

FOCUS magazine is available on EDITORIAL BOARD these sites: Chairman Editor Internet: COL Philip Chionh CPT Wong Minghua, Donald http://www.mindef.gov.sg/rsaf Members Assistant Editors Intranet: LTC Danny Koh Keng Seng ME3 Vidianand Das Panicker http://webhosting.intranet.defence. LTC Ong Choon Hui REC Goh Zhen Kang gov.sg/web/AirForce/AFI/index.htm LTC Chew Pang Teck Jin Design ME6 Amos Yap Keng Yong OVOC Pte Ltd MAJ Marcus Woo CPT (DR) Benjamin Seah CPT Sim Guo Ping MS Audrey Siah Yushu

FOCUS is published by Air Force Inspectorate (AFI), HQ RSAF, for accident prevention purposes. Use of information contained herein for purposes other than accident prevention, requires prior authorisation from AFI. The content of FOCUS is of an informative nature and should not be considered as directive or regulatory unless so stated. The opinions and views in this magazine are those expressed by the writers and do not reflect the official views of RSAF. The contents should not be discussed with the press or anyone outside the armed services establishment. 4 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 5 ARTICLE ARTICLE

Introduction “On condition!” the Test Pilot called on excellence, efficiency and safety in flight the aircraft intercoms as he stabilised the testing as part of our duty to deliver new test Chinook helicopter within the desired capabilities. airspeed, rate of climb and angle of bank Safety parameters. This was the first flight trial where the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) Chinook helicopter was heli-lifting the Army’s Light Strike Vehicle (LSV) for the very first time. The Test in Flight Pilot had to fly and maintain the aircraft performance and parameters within a very tight tolerance, while the Test Conductor was busy scannning the video Testing recording of the LSV to assess its stability and at the same time listen attentively to the on-board Air Crew Specialist’s running commentary on the in-flight load behaviour. Fast forward to one year later, the new capability of airlifting the LSV was put on display for the first time Risk Mitigation in Flight during the RSAF Open House in 2016 Testing at . What may be relatively unknown is these are just some Risks of Flight Test. Day-to-day flying of the capabilities delivered to the RSAF in the RSAF is inherently risky due to the nature of the operations. However, after extensive flight testing. Over the last three decades, flight test has been flight-testing has the additional element playing a crucial role in the integration, of unknown risk from the uncertainties testing and delivering of new capabilities associated with prototype designs to the RSAF. or aircraft/system modifications. For instance, in the above example of the underslung flight trial, the underslung Flight Testing in RSAF load may become unstable and affect The RSAF Flight Test Centre (FTC) is the controllability of the aircraft. The the main authority in the management aerodynamic performance of the load of all flight test related operations. FTC is also a concern as a trailing load could helps to ensure that new capabilities are strike the aircraft’s belly. Aircraft are also delivered safely and timely for the overall seldom flight tested to its design limits MAJ Joseph Hee success of the RSAF’s mission. Our motto and the absence of actual flight test “Test and Deliver” reflects FTC’s drive for data increases the risk of catastrophic Heli Trials Pilot RSAF Flight Test Centre

FTC helps to ensure ME5 Tee Kok Heng that new capabilities are Heli Flight Test Engineer delivered safely and timely RSAF Flight Test Centre for operational needs and contribute to the overall success of the RSAF mission. 6 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 7 ARTICLE ARTICLE structural failure arising from aerodynamic risks are identified and managed. All risk profiles before proceeding to perform more Exceed (NTE) fuel was instituted such that forces. Examples of unfortunate accidents management processes follow the same demanding test profiles projected to exhibit at the first point of heli-lifting the LSV, the during flight test programs include the guiding principles of Risk Identification, undesirable flying qualities. This is to ensure remaining fuel in the aircraft never exceeds AgustaWestland AW609 tiltrotor prototype Risk Evaluation, Risk Mitigation, and Risk that the Test Pilots have the greatest possible the NTE value. (Italy) and Bell 525 (USA) crashes in 2015 and Acceptance. For all flight test programmes chance of recovering the aircraft safely Technical Airworthiness Forums – “D- 2016 respectively. in the RSAF, there is a requirement for the should the aircraft exhibit objectionable 60 days”. After the Test Plan and Safety Project Management Team (PMT) to conduct behaviour during flight testing. This approach While Flight Testing is inherently risky, FTC Review Board approves the test plan and a Hazard Analysis. The PMT consists of a team is demonstrated during an underslung has managed to reduce the risk of flight procedures, the PMT is required to prove that of managers and system engineers who are trial, whereby the handling qualities of the testing to As Low As Reasonably Practicable the LSV is technically airworthy. This means in charge of providing technical expertise Chinook heli-lifting the LSV are first verified (ALARP) by adhering to established safety that based on the technical specifications to the project. In their review, the PMT must in the low-speed regime2 in order to arrest processes, leveraging on advances in and requirements, the LSV is safe to be identify all possible hazards, analyse the worst any undesirable handling qualities before technology, and maintaining a pool of highly tested in an airborne environment. The possible impacts of the hazards, formulate proceeding to the forward flight regime3. This skilled and professional flight test personnel RSAF airworthiness framework consists risk mitigating measures to reduce the risks incremental approach allows the discovery through specialised and rigorous training. In of several technical airworthiness forums, to ALARP, evaluate the residual risk levels, and resolution of many aircraft and system the following sections, we will illustrate using the requirements of which the PMT has to and seek the appropriate authority for risk deficiencies in the early stages of many flight the recent Chinook-LSV underslung flight satisfy depending on the nature of the flight acceptance. This systemic process ensures test programmes, thus allowing the test team trial as an example, how we prepare ourselves test programme. The members of these that the risks are eliminated or mitigated to gradually discover, understand and resolve to undertake flight test activities, and the technical airworthiness forums will analyse before the commencement of the flight test. the deficiencies as they move towards more importance of specialised training that our Test and assess the safety assessment report This process also allows the risk acceptance complex test profiles. Pilots and Flight Test Engineers receive. We will for the LSV, which documents the technical authority to review the risk mitigating efforts also share how FTC leverages on technology, airworthiness compliance for the LSV from from a supervisory perspective before granting Test Plan and Safety Review Board – “D- such as Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI), to various aspects, ranging from weight and approval to commence flight testing. 90 days”. For the Chinook-LSV underslung mitigate risks in flight testing. flight test project, we worked with the PMT to balance, structural, electrical loading and electromagnetic interference. Once all the Professional Flight Test Courses. All selected Risk Management Process formulate the test plan and ensure that the test technical airworthiness requirements for Test Pilots and Flight Test Engineers undergo procedures are designed to test the Chinook- the LSV are met, a Special Flight Permit professional flight test training in established Hazard Identification & Analysis LSV underslung configuration efficiently and approval is released to the PMT. This means test pilot schools. Other than flight test safely. This is typically conducted about three that the LSV is safe to be flight tested in an know-how such as Developmental Test and months before the actual flight trial to cater for airborne environment. Through the technical Evaluation (DT&E), these courses also impart Risk Evaluation time to allow the test team to adjust the test airworthiness forums, potential hazards safety knowledge on how we can improve procedures if required. The Test Conductor for are identified and deliberated on by the the overall risk management by taking an the underslung flight trial has to present the Risk Mitigation to As Low As Subject Matter Experts within the RSAF incremental approach to flight testing. Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) test plan at the Test Plan and Safety Review Board, which reviews the test scope and more Air Engineering and Logistics Department importantly, identify potential hazards which (AELD). One can be sure that the rigorous Residual Risk may surface during the execution of the test and comprehensive nature of the technical profiles. With the potential hazards identified, airworthiness framework enhances safety in the affected test profiles are modified to flight testing, as only projects which comply Risk Acceptance incorporate a “safety buffer” or impose a with the stringent standards and requirements, “Knock-It-Off”4 criterion to ensure the safety and assessed to be technically airworthy for flight testing are allowed to proceed. Incremental Approach. At FTC, we adopt an of the test crew during the execution of the incremental approach during the conduct test profile. For instance, to mitigate the risk Flight Readiness Review (FRR) – “D-7 of flight testing. To illustrate this approach, of over-stressing the engine, proper fuel and days”. One week prior to the flight trial, ME5 Tee (2nd from left) and performance planning to determine Never-To- the Test Conductor will conduct the FRR to MAJ Hee (1st from right) during their let us relate back to the underslung flight course in Empire Test Pilots’ School trial as an example. To reduce both known and unknown risks during the flight test Risk Management. Risk management is programme of a new underslung load, we 2 Low speed regime is defined as airspeeds from 0-40kts. a process where hazards1 and associated always begin with the most benign test 3 Forward flight regime is defined as airspeeds above 40kts. 4 A “Knock-It-Off” criterion is defined as an observable parameter or limit which once reached, 1 A hazard is defined as an object, situation or behaviour that has the potential to cause harm. will warrant the termination of the test flight. 8 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 NOCTOV 2017 9 ARTICLE ARTICLE About The analyse previous flight testing results to formulated test plan. The safe and AuthorS ensure that there are no safety concerns successful completion of the flight test from preceding testing efforts before was by no means an easy feat, and this commencing the next phase of flight was only made possible through the testing. During the FRR, the test readiness adherence of established safety pre-trial of the test crew is tracked to ensure that processes, coupled with the FTI, and the test crew meets the testing pre- the right composition of trained flight requisite in terms of the aircrew flying testers. currencies and qualifications. The test crew consists both the Chinook Helicopter Conclusion aircrew as well as personnel from 3rd Transport Battalion, who are responsible Flight testing is inherently risky due for the rigging and hooking up of the to the uncertainties associated with MAJ Joseph Hee is LSV during the underslung trial. Potential prototype designs or aircraft/system currently a student at hazards identified are presented during modifications. However, flight test risks the Goh Keng Swee the FRR and the trial safety officer will can be significantly reduced through Command and Staff brief the mitigating measures to ensure a multifaceted approach involving College. He served as that the test crew are prepared to execute established safety processes such as the Heli Trials Pilot in the the pre-emptive measures and recovery fulfilment of a rigorous airworthiness RSAF Flight Test Centre actions if required. framework and the use of FTI. However, from 2014 to 2016 and it is important to note that it is still graduated from the No. Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) – “D-1 highly dependent on the test team’s 51 Rotary Wing Test Pilot day”. FTI are various equipment which knowledge, training, and experience to FTC uses to acquire, collect and record Course at the Empire Test be able to produce a robust and sound Pilots’ School in 2013. critical test data. For the Chinook-LSV test plan, as well as to execute the test underslung trial, FTI in the form of an plan. indigenously designed camera system is installed in the centre cargo hatch of the With the successful and safe conduct of Chinook helicopter by the Trial Support the underslung trial, the LSV underslung Flight from FTC to capture and record operation is now an added operational the LSV’s in-flight behaviour and trailing capability for our SAF. angle. The live feed is then displayed on a screen to allow the Test Conductor to monitor the conduct of the underslung trial on-board the aircraft. This added capability allows the Test Conductor to arrest any undesirable trending in terms of ME5 Tee Kok Heng is load stability and trailing angle to prevent currently the Heli Flight any adverse aircraft controllability issue. Test Engineer in the RSAF Execution of Underslung Flight Trial Flight Test Centre and – “D-Day”. In the end, after months of graduated from the No. preparation and planning, the Chinook- 37 Flight Test Engineer LSV underslung flight trial is finally Course at Empire Test completed after successfully achieving Pilots’ School in 2013 all its required test points safely and as the Top Flight Test efficiently, in accordance with the Engineer and received the Dunlop Trophy. 10 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 11 ARTICLE ARTICLE

a change in the situation, manufactured before In the AH-64D Apache and quickly reacted to 2002 and hence the ASAM aircraft, the Health and SITUATION prevent potential damage was not applicable. Usage Monitoring System to the aircraft, the ship (HUMS) is installed However, a decision and possible injury to the to predict impending was made to conduct a crew. defects and such a system sampling check on the AWARENESS would be able to provide shafts in the warehouse, better SA for the Air Level 2 and slight corrosion was IN AVIATION MAINTENANCE Force Engineers (AFEs) SITUATION discovered on these through the provision of Awareness: shafts. This triggered an information traditionally Comprehension aircraft fleet inspection, ME6 Teo Keng Siang unavailable. During a of the Current where shafts on several Commanding Officer routine end-of-day HUMS Situation aircraft were found with 816 SQN data download, the severe corrosion, despite The intermediate system indicated that all not being in the affected level of SA involves systems were good, but batches. The Level 2 SA comprehending the the AFE reviewed the took into consideration Situation Awareness classification, using case on our Navy Frigate. When situation and providing raw figures and observed that the shafts in the (SA) is being cognisant studies to illustrate the parked on the flight deck, insight by synthesising an uptick on a particular warehouse and on the of one’s circumstances, three levels of individual the helicopter is secured the perceived disjointed vibration reading. The elements. Insight is aircraft were of a similar comprehending the SA, team SA and propose separately with chains AFE was aware that age and that our aircraft significance of thesuggestions to develop SA and the Rapid Securing achieved by the integration increased vibrations are an were operating in a hot circumstances, predicting in the units. Device (RSD). To shift the of information obtained by indication of an impending and humid environment. how the circumstances will helicopter from the flight observations (Level 1 SA) failure of the system This prevented a potential change in the future, and deck into the hangar, the and understanding how and was determined to flight incident and then using this information Level 1 chains are removed and the elements will affect find the cause of this ensured the continued to act. While SA is more Situation the RSD is used to hold the the individual’s objective. uptick. The AFE isolated safe operations of the commonly associated with Awareness: aircraft down while towing Simply put, Level 2 SA is the possible causes and RSAF’s CH-47 fleet. the flying community, it Perception it into the hangar. to observe and to make identified the root cause is equally important for of the sense of the situation. Elements in the On one occasion, while a to be a slightly displaced aviation engineers as well. An example of Level 2 SA Level 3 pitch link bearing. The Environment S-70B Seahawk helicopter SITUATION Former Chief Scientist was traversing from the was displayed recently Level 3 SA displayed by The first level of SA is to have Awareness: of the United States Air flight deck to the ship when an Aviation Safety the individual to predict oversight of the situation, Projection of Force, Mica R. Endsley hangar, there was an Action Message (ASAM) an impending failure to perceive the status, Future Status definedS A as “the inadvertent release of was issued in Jun 2017, by prevented the failure of attributes, and dynamics perception of the elements the RSD. The supervisor the United States Army The advanced level of SA the pitch link bearing. of relevant elements in in the environment within was vigilant and quickly regarding corrosion on is foresight. Foresight is Although technology the environment. This is a volume of time and spotted the release. He the second stage mixing the ability to predict and enabled the review to be the most basic form of SA, space, the comprehension immediately halted the shaft on the CH-47 pre-empt the possible conducted, the individual’s and refers to the ability to of their meaning, and the traversing operations and Chinook helicopters. The outcomes and potential situation awareness was observe the surroundings. projection of their status instructed the crew to ASAM stated that shafts problems, achieved key to performing the This forms the pre-requisite in the near future.” Endsley use chains and chocks to manufactured since 2007 through a broad oversight review without being to achieve the next two also classifies individual secure the aircraft. The were poorly manufactured and deep insight of instructed to do so. The levels of SA. SA into three levels, with awareness displayed is an and had insufficient primer the situation, before decision to act upon the each level building on the An example of a Level 1 excellent example of a Level to prevent corrosion. An extrapolating the solutions information provided is previous one. This article SA was when our Naval 1 SA where the supervisor inventory check revealed available through mental something we should seeks to examine this Helicopter was embarked was vigilant in observing that all RSAF shafts were models. strive to emulate. The AFE 12 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 13 ARTICLE ARTICLE

could have simply followed the manual and engine through the drain ports and causing the accepted the result as satisfactory, but the bearings to corrode. It was through the piecing decision to do more is something we should of the individual SA together to form the Team instil in ourselves. SA that the root cause of the chip light cases was accurately addressed. Team SITUATION Awareness The operations in the RSAF involve the Developing Individual and integration of multiple teams and units. As Team SITUATION Awareness such, team SA is especially pertinent. This So how does one strengthen individual and also espoused in the RSAF core value of Team team SA? Training, technology and processes Excellence. Team SA is the shared SA required can be used to achieve this. Appropriate by multiple members and its importance is training will instil the positive development significant in high performing teams with of both individual and team SA. While it is largely overlapping tasks. acknowledged that individuals will vary in their ability to acquire SA, training will nevertheless The overall team SA can be conceived as the aid in strengthening the growth of individual average degree of individual SA that each and team SA. member of the team possesses to perform the assigned task. However, every member Training should focus on forming habits and of the team should pull his own weight. It is acquiring knowledge to seek critical information not sufficient for strong team members to for individual situation awareness and to encroach on the responsibilities, and hence process this information needed for situation SA requirements, of weaker team members. assessment. This training should start at the Therefore, each and every team member must ab-initio courses. It is useful to conduct Problem- be cognisant of the need for SA to carry out Based Learning and contingency training to the assigned responsibility efficiently and expose the trainee to a variety of scenarios. effectively, lest he becomes the team’s weakest Through guided practice and feedback, the link. trainee will develop the knowledge structures necessary for rapid and accurate situation During an overseas exercise, there was a spate assessment. The unit can also judge the level of of CH-47D Chinook engine chip caution light SA the individual possesses and use scenarios issues within a short span of engine operating of the appropriate complexity to drive the SA hours. Excellent Team SA was displayed of the individual to the next higher level. amongst the engine AFEs, AFEs deployed for the exercise, and depot technicians in the Technology can be used to improve the SA of rectification of the defect. the AFEs through the provision of information that would not be obtained otherwise. Through the course of events, each party had Technology does not only refer to the whole a slice of the SA, but no single party had the suite of sensors already on the aircraft, full picture. The depot technicians stripped the but includes the data analysis behind the engine and discovered pitting corrosion on information provided, such as the HUMS that the engine bearings, the engine AFEs had the recommends maintenance actions based on system knowledge of the engine, and AFEs in the health status of the aircraft components. the exercise were aware of how the aircraft was However, the information must be presented washed. Only when the full picture was pieced in a clear and concise manner for the AFEs together by all three parties, was it apparent to sense make and take action, else the that the aircraft wash led to water intruding the 14 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 15 ARTICLE Safety Activities information overload may lead to a decreased state of SA instead. Processes in the organisation can set the individual up to be in a position of higher SA. Standard operating procedures, logistics orders and technical manuals are the building blocks for other processes to build on, and play a part in shaping an individual’s actions to allow for a higher state of SA. Simple processes such as a crew rest cycle can aid to mitigate the “Dirty Dozen” of human factors errors, while processes such as the Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) framework allows for a higher team SA by the teams and individuals learning from the debriefs of the BBS observers.

Conclusion NDP 2017 Ground Safety Team For Aerial Display It is evident that high SA is critical for safe and For National Day Parade (NDP) 2017, a temporary Restricted Area was established over a part of Singapore, effective aviation maintenance. SA can be on selected days during the Jun to Aug 2017 period under the Air Navigation Order to ensure that there were enhanced through correct training, technology, and no unauthorised kites and drones flying. This was implemented to ensure the safety of the RSAF aircraft processes in the unit. As a high performing team, conducting the aerial flypast for NDP 2017. Selected RSAF personnel from Air Force Inspectorate (AFI) were the individual can be the strongest link to ensure authorised by the Director General of Civil Aviation Authority Singapore to assist in enforcement efforts. the whole team is collectively at the highest level of Volunteers (Team NILA) from Sports Singapore also augmented the AFI team for the enforcement effort at SA. Most importantly, it is the decisions we make on Marina Bay, Marina Barrage and their adjacent vicinity. a daily basis with the SA available that will make a tangible difference to our operations. About The Author

ME6 Teo Keng Siang is the Commanding References Officer of 816 SQN, 6 Air Engineering and Logistics Endsley, M. R. (1999) Situational Awareness in Aviation Systems, SA Technologies. Group. His previous appointments include Wise, J. A.; Hopkin, V. D.; Garland, D. J. (2010) Handbook of Aviation Human Factors, Second Ed., CRC Press. Commanding Officer of Endsley, M. R.; Garland, D. J. (2000) Situation Awareness 5th Armament Depot, Analysis and Measurement, Lawrence Eribaum. Central Ammunition Base, Salas, E.; Prince, C.; Baker, D. P.; Shrestha, L. (1995) Branch Head in Air Plans Situation Awareness in Team Performance: Implications for Department, and Project Measurement and Training, Naval Air Warfare Center Training Manager in Defence Systems Division. Science and Technology Boyd, J. R. (1976) Destruction and Creation, U.S. Army Agency. He had attended Command and General Staff College. the Singapore Command and Staff Course and holds a Masters of Science from Cranfield University, United Kingdom. 16 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 17

CAF Quarterly CHIEF OF AIR FORCE SAFETY AWARD Safety Forum On 21 Aug 2017, CPT Richmond Go Keng Hwee, a Qualified Flying Instructor from 130 SQN was planned (West) Auditorium for an Instrument Flight with a pilot trainee. Shortly 13 Oct 2017 after take-off, the aircrew experienced a sudden onset of severe vibrations approximately half a mile North of the runway. CPT Go took over controls and turned the aircraft back towards the airfield to track for a key position to land the aircraft. There was a loss of power with accompanying fluctuation in engine torque and severe vibrations which continued to emanate through the airframe. CPT Go declared an emergency and positioned the aircraft for a Precautionary Forced Landing (PFL) approach. He remained composed, landed the aircraft safely, and shut down the aircraft to preclude further damage. CPT Go displayed exceptional flying skills and impeccable decision-making in a time-critical situation to land the PC-21 aircraft that was experiencing a partial loss of engine power and severe vibrations affecting his aircraft controls safely. For his outstanding performance. CPT Go Keng Hwee was awarded the Chief of Air Force Safety Award.

CHIEF OF AIR FORCE SAFETY AWARD CHIEF OF AIR FORCE SAFETY AWARD On 14 Sep 2017, ME1 Ng Seng Wee, who was participating On 4 Aug 2017, MAJ John Ng Yok in Exercise WALLABY 17, smelt smoke while at the rebro Han, CPT Jeff Cheng Eng Siew, communications site where he was manning with his ME4 Edward Lim Wing Eu, ME3 team. He immediately assessed the surroundings and Law Wooi Pin (not in picture), observed flames streaming up the mountain about ME2 Justin Lee Soon Heng and 2km away, and appeared to be moving towards them. 3SG Arvind Ravindran from 127 He decisively sought permission from Air Director SQN, were flying in a CH-47 for to cease operations and evacuated his team and an underslung training sortie at equipment immediately. He directed his team to switch Air Base. off the communications cabin’s power supply, and took While hovering at 40ft AGL, with the necessary communication assets for evacuation, a 10,000lbs training load, the including a radio set to stay contactable. ‘ROTOR BRAKE’ caution light on The evacuation route’s visibility was poor as it was adversely affected by the smoke from the bush fire the CH-47 illuminated, and the and darkening skies, making the steep descent downhill treacherous. ME1 Ng reiterated to his team on the aircrew smelt and observed smoke need to stay alert and sound out if there were any dangers. As the Vehicle Commander, ME1 Ng helped to in the cabin at the combining direct the Transport Operator (TO) on the route for evacuation. En-route, a wallaby emerged in front of the transmission area of the aircraft. vehicle and the TO intuitively steered to the left to avoid a collision. Seeing the impending danger, ME1 Ng The aircrew promptly released the load, landed the aircraft and had completed the emergency shutdown immediately held onto the steering wheel, and ensured that the vehicle did not steer off-track. Under ME1 within 30 seconds from sighting the smoke in the cabin. Ng’s guidance, the team managed to evacuate safely. The aircrew’s quick thinking, good CRM amongst the crew and timely actions, prevented the situation from ME1 Ng displayed exemplary initiative in handling an emergency under difficult conditions, professional deteriorating further and significantly reduced the damage to the CH-47 aircraft. For their actions and conduct beyond the call of duty, and his timely interventions safeguarded his team from a dangerous bush professionalism in the successful recovery of the malfunctioning CH-47, the team was awarded the Chief fire and a potential accident during the exercise. For his outstanding performance, ME1 Ng Seng Wee was of Air Force Safety Award. awarded the Chief of Air Force Safety Award. 18 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 19

ANNUAL SAFETY WORKSHOPS

The Annual Safety Workshops (ASWs) HELI Group Annual Safety were carried out for the Workshop Helicopter, Transport, SBAB Officers’ Fighter, Ground-Based Air Mess Defence (GBAD) and Force 22 Aug 2017 Protection Groups.

The ASWs facilitated RSAF Safety Warriors’ Course Transport dissemination of RSAF Group Annual Air Force Training Command Safety level Safety Focus Areas, 11 - 24 Aug 2017 Workshop trends and concerns eg. The 1/17 RSAF Safety Warriors’ Course was conducted at AFTC from 11 to 24 Aug 2017. A total of 82 Paya Lebar RSAF HF Safety Trends and personnel comprising Specialists (1SG to 1WO) and Military Experts (ME1 to ME3) successfully graduated Officers’ Mess Squadron’s e-Safety Climate from the course. The course included a 5.5-day RSAF safety training by RSAF internal trainers, a 2-day 12 Sep 2017 Survey outcomes. Behavioural Based Safety Course coupled with a 2.5-day Occupational Safety & Health Workshop by external trainers. The course aims to equip participants with knowledge of the current RSAF safety programs and initiatives, human factor conditions affecting safety, and workplace safety and health knowledge empowering them to carry out their safety appointments effectively in their units. Fighter Group It also allows Type Group Annual Safety and Unit Level Management Workshop to be apprised on safety Paya Lebar culture trends within the Officers’ Mess unit. 14 Sep 2017

GBAD Annual The ASWs cumulate in Safety the form of presentations Workshop by the units, and highlight Paya Lebar Officers’ Mess safety concerns directly to HAFI. 3 Oct 2017

11TH AFI Auditors’ Community SEMINAR AND Force The ASWs were enriching Protection Workshop as they permit cross sharing Group Annual Temasek Club Safety of safety experiences Workshop 5 Sep 2017 and safety concerns of Paya Lebar The 11th AFI Auditors’ Community Seminar and Workshop (AACSW) was held on 5 Sep 2017 at Temasek participants. Officers’ Mess Club. The AACSW strengthens the auditors’ identity and provides auditors with the credentials and confidence to contribute to quality and safety matters at the unit and group level. 19 Oct 2017 20 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 21 ARTICLE ARTICLE

complexity to manage it properly. This also assist to sieve out the type of bird article thus aims to share on the efforts species and their movement trends. With and challenges of wildlife management in these statistics and information from the MANAGEMENT our RSAF air bases. aircrew, bird control management plans can be crafted out based on the type of WHAT ARE WE DEALING birds in the vicinity of the airfield, and WITH? allow us to have better insights on how OF WILDLIFE to minimise the number of bird strike Before we can start to manage wildlife occurrences, such as reviewing flight in our air bases, we need to identify the recovery profiles, and declaring the Bird types of wildlife we may come across in Hazard State (a set of flying restriction IN AIR BASES our airfields, and the reasons for their that is imposed on flying based on presence in the air bases. These can the size and quantity of birds over the range from birds, wild boars to wild airfield). There are also internal factors MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE dogs and cats. Without identifying the IN AIR BASES such as food, water, shelter, nesting, or aforementioned, we will not be clear rearing of their young that plays a part in According to the American Association and a small bird colliding with the aircraft with what we are trying to manage and the selection of ideal habitat. The airfields, of Airport Executives (AAAE), Wildlife may affect the safety of the aircraft will not be able to apply the appropriate being an open tropical natural habitat, Management is a term for the process considerably. In 2009, an Airbus A320- preventive measures to address them. For have an abundance of food sources which of keeping wildlife at a desirable level 214 lost power to both of its engines example, when we need to identify bird is one of the main draw for wildlife. Some to manage the hazards from wildlife and ditched into the Hudson River after species, we will refer to the RSAF Wildlife examples of food sources are grass, fruit- threatening the safety of our valuable being struck by a flock of Canada Geese. Hazard Intervention Program (WHIP) bearing trees, worms in the soil and even assets. The term “Wildlife Management” Even though there were no fatalities, the manual. If we are unable to determine the disposed food found at garbage disposals. has always been a hot topic in air base incident emphasises the importance of species when referencing to the WHIP Places with availability of water, including operations, particularly for safety of flight wildlife management in airports. Many of manual, we will capture photos of the drainages, temporary standing water or operations over the airfields. Take-offs us might be aware of the situation, but we bird and seek help from bird experts like ditches and sheltered areas provided by and landings are critical phases of flight may not necessarily fully understand the the Wildlife Reserves Singapore (WRS). hangars, antenna towers, trees and tall After the types and species of the birds grass are also possible reasons why our are identified, the next question would airfields are a huge draw to wildlife. be what are they doing in our airfields Through the data collected to identify and why would they choose to come the types of wildlife concerned, and here instead of habituating somewhere after understanding their behaviours and else? The answers can come in a range patterns, a suitable wildlife management and combination of external and internal plan can then be developed to apply the factors. For instance, external factors such right controls and interventions to remove as global warming, deforestation and or prevent the wildlife from becoming a urban developments may impact birds’ hazard in our air bases. migratory patterns and their habitats. This may potentially add on to the current bird species population in the air bases. INTEGRATED WILDLIFE To gain a better understanding on the DAMAGE MANAGEMENT impact, is working with (IWDM) WRS to determine bird movements in both I had the opportunity to attend the Airport the airfield and the vicinity to enhance Wildlife Techniques Course conducted by our understanding and monitoring of the AAAE in USA in Jul 2017. Through the CPT Lester Leong birds’ movement patterns. Tools such as course, I learnt a wildlife management bird strike reporting from aircrew on the strategy called: “The Integrated Wildlife WHIP Officer time, date, and location of the occurrence Damage Management (IWDM)”. This 205 SQN

Picture courtesy of www.wildsingapore.com and Ria Tan 22 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 23 ARTICLE ARTICLE

is a strategy developed by the AAAE for that the area is clear of temporary standing resolving conflicts between humans and waters as this attracts insects, which in turn wildlife while reducing risks to people, attract small birds. Finally, proper garbage wildlife and the environment. IWDM focuses management is required to remove any on reducing wildlife damage without potential feeding points for wildlife like impacting wildlife population. It is a holistic birds, stray dogs and cats. approach that helps airfield operators Habitat Modification is the most effective decide if control is needed and thereafter, method to prevent wildlife from returning Bird scaring pyrotechnic cartridges used to LRAD: Long Range Acoustic Device used to assess its suitability and applicability. to the area as the environment no longer ward off birds in the airfield deter wildlife away from the airfield The IWDM consists of a five-stepsupports their essential needs. However, it is management approach, namely Habitat also the most difficult to achieve as we are Modification, Exclusion, Harassment, and unlikely to clear food sources and shelters found that animals can come through the from entering the Aircraft Manoeuvring Capture or Relocation, and Culling. entirely. This problem can be observed in smallest of gaps. Therefore, it is crucial to Area. Another form of Harassment is the Tengah Air Base, where wild boars persist to inspect the fences and gates regularly to use of Irritapes. They are installed in the HABITAT MODIFICATION roam despite consistent efforts in warding prevent wildlife from intruding the area. airfield to irritate birds by reflecting sunlight them off. While the vegetation in the airfield Small gaps in the fence lines and gates which blinds the birds flying over them, thus Habitat Modification aims to make a provide shelter for wild boars, the roots of are identified and reinforced by closing keeping them away from the airfield. That particular place less habitable for wildlife the vegetation are also a food source for the gaps using additional wires. Proper being said, these techniques may lose its to carry out their activities; usually by the wild boars. Such shelters and food drainage and covers should also be used effectiveness if they are not changed from removing their basic needs e.g. food sources can never be cleared entirely in an to eliminate sources of standing water, as time to time, as wildlife may eventually get sources. This can be achieved by eradicating attempt to eradicate wild boar habituation. these would easily attract wildlife. Nettings used to them. Hence, it is always necessary insects and worms through soil treatments. can also be installed to prevent the wildlife to brainstorm innovative ways to conduct Shelter, an important habitat selection for EXCLUSION from accessing sources of food and water. Harassment to keep wildlife out of the wildlife, can be removed by pruning trees For instance, netting should be used to airfield, to safe guard our flying operations and mowing of long grass to prevent small Alternatively, Exclusion can be utilised if cover big drains and canals in the vicinity. and valuable assets like aircraft and aircrew animals from inhabiting them. The optimum the habitat cannot be modified or removed. Another form of Exclusion would be to during the critical phases of flight. height of grass is advised to be mowed Exclusion is used to prevent wildlife from install anti-perching spikes on roofs and to five centimetres as recommended by entering their habitat within the air base airfield installations to prevent birds from AAAE. This height is enough to hide insects premises. The most basic type of Exclusion perching or resting on the roofs and airfield CAPTURE OR RELOCATION from their predators, yet short enough to would be the utilising the base’s existing installation. This reduces bird activities in The next method to utilise would be Capture prevent small prey from seeking refuge fence line and gates to keep wildlife out the aforementioned areas. and attracting raptors. It is also important of the air base. However, it has been or Relocation. Untrained personnel can either injure or be injured by wildlife if they HARASSMENT attempt to capture them without proper training. As such, the Capture or Relocation If wildlife still roams around the area or the must be left to professionals who have been wildlife are already in the base, applying trained to capture and handle wildlife, and Harassment can be an alternative. One are also well equipped with trap and snares, method of Harassment used to scare wildlife so as to properly relocate wildlife out of the away is through the means of pyrotechnics, air base. where birds scaring pyrotechnic cartridges are used to scare birds away. However, it is important not to injure wildlife in the CULLING process of Harassment as we also care for the wildlife. In Tengah Air Base, the Long The last method would be Culling. Culling Range Acoustic Device (LRAD) is used to is used to euthanise the wildlife, and only harass wildlife as well. Sounds of human should be considered after all the four and vehicles are recorded and broadcasted methods previously mentioned have been across the airfield to discourage wildlife thoroughly explored and exhausted. The aftermath of a bird strike impact!

By Bernard Dupont from France - Asian Glossy Starling (Aplonis panayensis), CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=40780716 24 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 25 ARTICLE ARTICLE

The IWDM was deployed when Tengah Air Base previously had a problem of stray dogs causing disturbance in the air base. After gaining a better understanding on the dogs and why they selected SAFe OPERATIONS the air base as their “home”, the stray dogs’ habitat (food source) was modified through strict refuse IN AVIATION GROUND SUPPORT point management policies. These policies ensured that the refuse points are now always locked and bins are always covered. This has prevented the Services refuse point from becoming a potential food source area for stray dogs, discouraging them from entering Successful trapping of wild boar the base. To exclude the stray dogs from the base, fence lines and gates are regularly inspected. Small Brandon Ang gaps in the fence lines and gates are identified and Operations Manager reinforced by closing the gaps using additional wires STARS AGSS to prevent the dogs from entering the base. Next, high frequency dog buzzers were purchased to deter the stray dogs from entering and keep them away from the vicinity of the air base. Lastly, with the help of contractors and customised traps, existing stray dogs inside the air base were captured and relocated outside of the base.

CONCLUSION Wildlife Management is an important aspect for flight safety in air base operations and everyone can play their part in ensuring that wildlife does not endanger those flying in and out of the air bases. Servicemen can play their part by being aware and understand the concepts and tools mentioned to efficiently assist the bases in wildlife management. These includes timely reporting of wildlife sightings, reporting of potential habitat areas such as shelter, food and water sources, About The and proper garbage management. Safety is a shared responsibility and as such everyone should continue Author to play their part to contribute to enhance the wildlife CPT Lester Leong is an management efforts. Air Warfare Officer (C3). Presently he is currently Introduction deployed to 205 SQN, Tengah Air Base as ST-Airport Services Pte Ltd (STARS) Aviation a qualified Talkdown Ground Support Services (AGSS), a subsidiary of ST Controller. He attended Logistics Pte Ltd, manages the refuelling of all RSAF the Airport Wildlife aircraft and ensures that the runways and operating Management Techniques platforms are free of Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Course in USA and at Paya Lebar Air Base (PLAB). STARS has a team concurrently holds the of operators who work tirelessly round the clock to appointment of Tengah support the RSAF’s daily operations. Contractors laying traps for wild boars Air Base Wildlife Hazard Intervention Officer. Picture courtesy of www.wildsingapore.com and Ria Tan 26 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 27 ARTICLE ARTICLE

ABOUT STARS AGSS the RSAF to imbue RSAF’s robust safety daily inspection on vehicles, uploading of fuel from culture into the STARS AGSS team. fuel farms, documentations, fuel calculations, usage AGSS in PLAB started as a Section in of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), standard Operations Support Flight which was In order to conduct our day-to-day work procedures of refuelling/defueling, and proper under the command of 507 SQN. On effectively and safely, STARS AGSS handling of vehicles. After completing their first 1st May 2016, AGSS operations in PLAB ensures that our workforce is well-trained vehicle familiarisation course, the trainees will then were fully contracted to STARS and was as it is our belief that a highly trained undergo specific training on their selected SA V. renamed to STARS AGSS. and qualified workforce is essential to keeping the work environment safe, and After completing their initial qualifications, STARS The roles of STARS AGSS include the ensuring safety while achieving mission AGSS implements a “currency” tracking mechanism timely delivery of quality aviation fuel success. All STARS AGSS personnel to monitor their currency and competency for to RSAF flying squadrons’ aircrafts in will start off their training with the ST actual operational taskings and continuous training. support of their flying activities, as well Logistics in-house orientation program. STARS AGSS understands the need to work closely as providing Aviation Specialist Vehicles This is a 2-week training program to with our partners in the RSAF and to keep abreast (ASV) support to the Air Base. The timely equip our operators with knowledge on of safety developments in the RSAF. To this end, delivery of aviation fuel to support flying fuel quality requirements and hands-on we established a strong RSAF-STARS AGSS linkage operations requires careful planning and training on how to perform fuel quality with the air base. All STARS AGSS personnel are real-time coordination with the flying checks. In this program, the trainees required to attend the Air Base Civil Engineering squadrons. For this operation, STARS will learn the importance of safety and Squadron, 507 SQN Safety Induction Brief before AGSS personnel will have to upload the the consequences of potential lapses to they start work in the air base. The brief, conducted refuellers (or more commonly known as aviation operations. For example, we will by the Unit Safety Officer, will cover the rules and fuel bowsers) and thereafter drive the fuel conduct case studies to emphasise to regulations of operating in PLAB, the RSAF Safety bowsers to the identified aircraft parking our trainees the importance of ensuring Program, lessons learnt from past related RSAF locations to refuel the aircraft. This the quality and purity of aviation fuel, Flight Accident Incident Reports (FAIR)/ Ground requires close coordination with the flying and the catastrophic consequences if Accident Incident Reports (GAIR) and the initiatives squadrons in order to ensure that the fuel is contaminated. We also include to enhance workplace safety. aircraft is quickly refuelled upon landing professional occupational health and Since the commencement of the program, STARS to be ready for its next flight. STARS safety management courses such as AGSS has maintained a close partnership with 507 AGSS personnel also operate the Airfield Apply Workplace Safety and Health SQN through the conduct of monthly meetings to Manoeuvring Area (AMA) FOD Sweepers. in Process Plant, Work-At-Height for discuss pertinent operational and safety issues. The daily operation of these sweepers Workers, Hazmat Transport Driver Permit, We also discuss contractual performance and is very crucial to ensure zero FODs in and Defensive Driving as part of our in- management matters during the bi-monthly the AMA. In addition, STARS AGSS also house orientation program. These training meetings with the management from 507 SQN operates other aviation vehicles, such as program and courses allow us to raise the and Air Engineering and Logistics Department. On the Truck Aircraft Loading/Unloading safety standards and safety awareness a daily basis, STARS AGSS also work closely with (TALU), Forklift, Low-Bed Trailer, Tractor of our operators before they even start 507 SQN to resolve operational matters that require and Tug-master to support daily air base working in the air base. ground operations. immediate attention. The close partnership between Upon completion of this in-house STARS AGSS and the RSAF is a key factor that has BUILDING A COMPETENT orientation program, STARS AGSS contributed to our ability to work effectively and AND SAFE WORKFORCE trainees will thereafter attend a safely in PLAB. vehicle familiarisation course to qualify As a MINDEF Approved Contractor themselves to operate the refuellers A STRONG SAFETY CULTURE - (MAC), STARS AGSS ensures that all its effectively and safely. We have a team of SAFETY STARTS WITH ME personnel are well trained and competent in-house STARS trainers to conduct this Being a subsidiary of ST Logistics, STARS’ safety to conduct their day-to-day operations phase of training and the trainees will culture and values are similar to the RSAF’s. We effectively and safely. The management be taught the basics of their day-to-day strongly believe in the “Zero Accident while in STARS AGSS also work closely with operations, such as proper conduct of 28 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 29 ARTICLE ARTICLE

Achieving Mission Success” philosophy safety awareness during their daily work. and that safety is each and everyone’s Safety performance targets are set for the responsibility. Everyone in STARS AGSS STARS AGSS personnel to encourage safe is trained to internalise “Safety” as a core behaviour. Examples include zero accidents value. and zero work safety violations. Personnel are rewarded for performing well when they At STARS AGSS, we conduct our daily achieve their safety performance indicators. Toolbox meeting (which is similar to RSAF’s Start of Day Brief and End of Day Debrief) In addition, we also conduct training to share the safety watch areas, focus and packages based on the Joint Inspection lessons learnt for day-to-day operations. Group (JIG) standard. JIG is an international The RSAF’s FAIR/GAIR and incidents are forum comprising experts in all aspects also shared at this meeting. Once a month, of the aviation fuel industry who come STARS AGSS conducts our own safety together to establish standards for the safe sharing session whereby we delve deep handling and quality control of aviation fuels into lessons learnt for relevant incidents globally. The JIG’s training packages ensure and case studies. We also emphasise the that the standards for aviation fuel handling RSAF’s safety messages and monthly safety and quality control and aircraft refuelling themes at these monthly sharing sessions. operations are continuously updated with Management emphasis on safety is also the developments in technology and lessons given during the monthly safety meetings to learnt from incidents. This JIG standard is emphasise Occupational Health and Safety rigorously followed by Aviation Operators (OHS), Risk Management, incident lessons globally. and best practices. In 2016, ST Logistics introduced “Stop For STARS AGSS also complies with ST Logistics’ Safety – Rules To Live By” program to help safety reporting system whereby if any strengthen safety behaviour. The Safety personnel observes a near miss or hazard, Rules focus on critical safety risks in our Challenge, and various local RSAF exercises, STARS they will submit their observations for work, which include: 1) Slips, trips and AGSS also ensured all aircraft refuelling and ASV management follow-up. Safety conversations falls, 2) Struck by falling object, 3) Struck operations were accomplished effectively and safely. are also regularly carried out between the by moving object, and 4) Motor vehicle The operational readiness of STARS AGSS was also management team and the staff to highlight incidents. These rules serve to remind our validated successfully during the Search and Locate good observations, unsafe conditions or personnel that each and every one of us activation in Dec 2016 for an Indonesian police aircraft, at-risk behaviours. This safety reporting has the responsibility to intervene when any and recently in Aug 2017 in the search for 10 missing culture helps elevate the personnel’s unsafe behaviours are spotted. sailors after the unfortunate accident involving the USS John S. McCain collision with a merchant ship. We are EFFECTIVE AND SAFE able to conduct our operations effectively and safely OPERATIONS because of the culture in our organisation and more importantly the tight integration and linkages with the Since STARS AGSS commenced operations RSAF units. in PLAB on 1st May 2016, STARS AGSS has achieved 100% mission success and CONCLUSION About The supported all refuelling and ASV taskings successfully. Within the first month of STARS AGSS will continue to partner the RSAF to Author undertaking operations in PLAB, STARS ensure mission success for all operations. We will AGSS supported PLAB in the RSAF Open continue our strong emphasis on safety and training, Brandon Ang is currently House 2016 in aircraft refuelling, low bed and maintain the close integration with the RSAF. We the Operations Manager trailer transportation and forklift operations. believe strongly in the “Safety” core value to shape our of STARS AGSS. He holds In Exercise Torrent 2016, STARS AGSS personnel’s behaviour and mindset at work. It is this a Bachelor of Engineering supported the deployment of 149 SQN strong safety mindset that allows STARS AGSS to strive (Electrical and Electronics to Tengah Air Base with low bed trailer towards the goal of “Zero Accident while Achieving Engineering) from transportation. During this year’s Top Ace Mission Success”. Nanyang Technological University. 30 FOCUS - ISSUE 93 OCT 2017 31 win! 4 pics 1 word What word can you derive from the 4 pics? crossword S$30 NTUC FairPrice 1 2 3 4 Vouchers 5 6 7

8 9

talk to us 10 Email your answers 11 with your Rank/ We welcome 12 your feedback, Name, NRIC, contributions Unit and Contact 1 2 13 of safety- details to AFI (ME3 related stories, Vidianand Das) cartoons, before 2 Jan 2018. 14 suggestions, 15 experiences or All correct entries concepts you will be balloted could share. and 3 winners 16 17 Email us at will receive apb_pub@ S$30 worth of 18 defence.gov.sg with your full NTUC FairPrice 3 4 name, NRIC, vouchers each. 19 and contact I M J U R N C number. The crossword puzzle 20 is open to all SAF B P T O A E O personnel except Created with TheTeachersCorner.net Crossword Puzzle Generator The images used AcrossAcross DDownown personnel from AFI 2. 1. on this page are Training, ______and processes can be After the Test Plan and Safety Review Board and members of the 2. u s e Training,d to achie v______e this. and processes 1.a p p Afterroves tthehe t eTestst pl aPlann and and ___ _S_afety_____ Review_ …. licensed under CC 7 . can be used to achieve this. 3 . Board approves the test plan and FOCUS Editorial Board. ______in the organisation can set the This added ______allows the Test by 2.0, and links 7. in d iv______idual up to be inin athe po sorganisationition of higher S canA. C o n ______ductor to arrest ….any undesirable trending in can be accessed 1 1 .set Thi sthe req uindividualires close _ up___ to__ _be__ _in_ _a wpositionith the 3.t e r m Thiss of laddedoad sta b______ility … allows the 4. via the digital f l y i nofg shigherquadron SsA. in order to ensure that the aircraft T Testhe m oConductorst basic type to of arrest______any___ _ would be FOCUS #92 11. i s r eThisfuell erequiresd … close ______with t h e undesirableutilising the ba trendingse’s existin ing fetermsnce lin eof a loadnd version of this 12. The airfields, being an open tropical natural g a t estabilitys .. … the flying squadrons in order to ensure 5. issue. winners _ _ _that____ the___ ,aircraft … is refuelled … 4. W Thee ar emost able tbasico cond typeuct ou ofr o p______erations 13. The next method to utilise would be Capture or ______and safely because of the culture in 1. “Projection by Paul 12. The airfields, being an open tropical would be the utilising the base’s ______. o u r existingorganisat ifenceon … line and gates .. Kelly” LTA Wing Neng 1 4 .natural Even th o______,ugh there were …no fatalities, the 6. This is the most basic form of SA, and refers to 2. “Man, I Love Florida by Wei (DR), 707 13.i n c idTheent enextmph amethodsises the toim putiliseortanc ewould of wild lbeife 5.t h e Weabili tarey to ableobse rtove conductthe ______our___ _. Aaron Edwards” _ _ _Capture______orin a ______.irports. 8 . T operationshis safety rep ______orting culture h andelps esafelylevate the SQN 16. because of the culture in our 3. “Telescope by Rich The RSAF FTC is the main authority in the personnel’s safety ______during their daily 14. Even though there were no fatalities, organisation … Savage” CPT Lin management of all flight test related work. 5 6 the incident emphasises the 9. Mingxuan, C3 ______. 6. R Thisisk m aisn athegem mostent is basica proc eformss __ _of_ _S_A,__ _ _ and 4. “Population in the 1 8 .importance Personnel are of re wwildlifearded f o______r performing w inell associated risks are identified and managed. Northern Region: past SCH, AWTI airports. and refers to the ability to observe when they achieve their safety ______1 0 . theHow ______.ever, flight-testing has the additional trends and projections 16.i n d iThecato rRs.SAF FTC is the main authority in element of unknown risk ______… by The JR James ME2 Vijendran, 8. This safety reporting culture helps 506 SQN 1 9 .the Hab managementitat Modification ofis tallhe mflightost __ test______15. This ______a potential flight incident and Archive” m e trelatedhod to p r______.event wildlife … e n s uelevatered the ctheonti npersonnel’sued safe ope rsafetyations o f the CH- 20. ______during their daily work. 5. “Vic Fuentes of Pierce ME1 Kush Y. K., These training allowed us to raise the safety 47 fleet. 18. Personnel are rewarded for performing 17. The Veil by Derrick NWSF, 819 SQN _ _ _well____ when___ an theyd safe achievety aware ntheiress … safety 9. RiskThe d managementecision to act up ison a t hprocesse informa twhereion Austinson Photog” ______indicators. p r o v______ided is someth anding w associatede should striv erisks to are 3SG Darren _ _ _ identified______. and managed. 6. “Audi A6 @ Start by 19. Habitat Modification is the most Stefan Sundkvist” Gregory, 138 ______method to prevent wildlife 10. However, flight-testing has the additional element of unknown risk 7. “stethoscope by SQN … from the ______… jasleen_kaur” 20. These training program and courses 7 8 Patrick Phua J. L., 15. This ______a potential flight 8. “@Ikebukuro, Tokyo HQ AFMS allow us to raise the safety ______and safety awareness … incident and ensured the continued by hjms” safe operations of the CH-47 fleet. A E K T S O U Permission granted * Due to a printing error in 17. The decision to act upon the by LOTUM GmbH FOCUS #91’s crossword information provided is something M I N L N R T to publish 4 Pics 1 puzzle, there were 6 we should strive to ______.

Word in FOCUS. winners for FOCUS #92

” instrument “ and ” rojection p instead of 3. “ 30: Page to Answers 32 FOCUS - ISSUE 93

Lack of Lack of Assertiveness Complacency Norms Knowledge

Lack of Lack of Awareness Distraction Pressure Resources

Lack of Lack of Communication Fatigue Stress Teamwork