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Home , Anushilan Samiti, Ashfaqulla Khan, Bishan Narayan Dar, Congress Radio, Dinshaw Edulji Wacha, Ghadar Mutiny

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CONTENTS-  Jallianwala Bagh massacre------31-32  ------3-7  -----32-33

 partition of ------7  Moplah rebellion------34-36

------7-8  Non-Cooperation Movement------36-37  Revolutionary movements in ------8-12  ------37-38  Revolutionary movements outside India------12-13  Party------38-39

 notable revolutionaries------ ----39-41 ------13-16  ------41-42  Surat Split 1907------16-17  Fourteen Points of Jinnah----  Muslim League------17-18 ------42-43

 Indian Councils Act 1909----  Poorna Swaraj – ------18 Session------43

Pact 1916---19-20  Movement and Salt  Indian Home Rule ------43-45 movement ------20-21  Irwin Pact------46  Return of Gandhiji to India------21-23  Karachi Session -1931------46-47  ------23-24  Round Table Conferences------47-49  Ahmedabad Textile Mill Issue------24  Communal Awards------49

 The Kheda Satyagraha------ ------50-51 ------24-25  --51  Peasant movements and  Indian provincial elections, Kisan Sabha------25-26 1937------51-54  ----26-28  Butler Committee 1927---54  Trade Unions------28  August Offer 1940----54-55  ----  Individual Satyagraha---55 ------28-29  ,1942------ 1919------29-30 ------55-56

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------56-58

 Rajagopalachari’s formula------58-59

 The ( Fauj)------59-63

 Red Fort trials------63-64

 The Royal Indian Navy revolt------64-65

 Wavell Plan------65-66

 Shimla Conference 1945------66-67

 Cabinet Mission, 1946------67-68

 Constituent Assembly of India------68-71

 Interim Government of India,1946------71-74

 Indian Independence Act 1947------74-76

INDIAN POLITY BOOK

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The Indian National Congress  Lord Dufferin ridiculed Congress (INC) as representing only a short sighted minorities of people.  The Indian National Congress  Sir founded was formed by a retired Civil The United India Patriotic service officer Allan Octavian Associaton in 1888. Its motive Hume. was to keep people away from  Its aim was to obtain a greater INC. He said that congress share in government for movement was neither inspired educated Indians, and to create by the people nor advised or a platform for civic and political planned by them. dialogue between them and the  suggested the . winding up of the Indian  Hume established Indian National Congress after India National Union in 1884. attained independence.  In the 1st session on 28  Mahatma Gandhi along with December 1885, on the advice N.C. Kelkar and L.B. Sen of , the framed the constitution of organization was renamed as INC(though Gandhi wanted to Indian National Congress. work with B.G.Tilak and  Hume organised the first C.R.Das). meeting in Bombay from 28–31  Lord Wellington was the December 1885 with the governor-general who took part approval of the Lord in Bombay session in 1915 (He Dufferin. A.O. was not governor general at  It was scheduled to take place that time. He became governor in Poona but due to a cholera general and viceroy from 1931- outbreak there, it was moved to 36). Bombay.  C.R.Das was in prison when he  Womesh Chandra functioned as the president of Bonnerjee was the first the congress in 1921 president of Congress. Ahmedabad session. Hakim  A.O.Hume was the General Ajmal Khan was the acting Secretary. President.  The first session was attended  C.R.Das became president of by 72 delegates. INC in 1922 Gaya session.  Dadabhai Naoroji was elected  was the the second president of the president of INC for six party in 1886 Calcutta session consecutive years from 1940-45 and was the first Indian during the Quit India Member of Parliament in Movement. He also became the the British House of youngest person to serve as the Commons (1892 1895). – president in 1923 at the age of 35 in special session.

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Important session on INC Year Place Year Place President N ImportantName ofpoints of of 1887 Madras Badruddin o. 1st muslimPresident president Presi Confer Tayabji dency ence 1888 George Yule 1st session to be presided over by an EnglishmenWomesh 1907 Surat Ras 1 SplitChandra between 1885 moderates Bombay and Behari extremistsBanerjee Ghosh 1911 Calcutta JanaDadabhai Gana Mana was sung for the 2 1886 Calcutta firstNaoroji time 1912 Bankipore Raghunath A.O.Hume called father of INC Narasinha Badruddin 3 1887 Madras Mudholkar Tyabji 1916 Lucknow Ambika between congress Charan 4 andGeorge muslim Yule league. 1888 Bal GangadharAllahabad Mazumdar Tilak expressed-‘Swaraj is my birth right,William I shall have it’ 5 st 1889 Bombay 1917 Calcutta 1 womanWedderburn president 1920 Nagpur C. Gandhiji’s advocacy of ‘Poorna Vijayaraghavachari Swaraj through Non-Cooperation Pherozeshah’ ar 6 was accepted. Congress1890 declaredCalcutta its Mehta policy towards Indian states for the first time. They demanded the Anandacharl 7 states to give 1891 full responsibleNagpur governmentu to the citizens. 1924 Belgaum Mahatma Only session where Gandhiji was Gandhi the Womeshpresident 1925 8 1st IndianChunder woman 1892president Allahabad 1929 Lahore Jawahar Lal PoornaBonnerjee Swaraj Resolution passed Nehru Dadabhai 1936 Lucknow 9 Jawaharlal Nehru 1893spoke of socialismLahore as theNaoroji key to the solution of India’s problems. 1938 Haripura Subhash 10 NationalAlfred Planning Webb 1894Committee Madras set up Chandra under the chairmanship of Jawahar Lal Surendranat Nehru. S C Bose advocated the 11 1895 Poona introductionh Banerjee of Roman script for language 1946 JB kriplani PresidentRahimtulla when India achieved 12 1896 Calcutta independenceM. Sayani

C. Sankaran List of Presidents of Indian 13 1897 Amravati National Congress Nair

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Year Place Year Place N Name of of of N Name of of of o. President Presi Confer o. President Presi Confer dency ence dency ence

Anandamoh Malaviya 14 1898 Madras an Bose William 26 1910 Allahabad Romesh Wedderburn 15 Chunder 1899 Lucknow Dutt Bishan 27 1911 Calcutta Narayan Dar N. G. 16 Chandavark 1900 Lahore Raghunath Bankipor ar 28 Narasinha 1912 e Mudholkar Dinshaw 17 Edulji 1901 Calcutta Nawab Syed Wacha 29 Muhammad 1913 Karachi Bahadur Surendranat Ahmedab 18 1902 h Banerjee ad Bhupendra 30 1914 Madras Nath Bose Lalmohan 19 1903 Madras Ghosh Lord Satyendra 31 1915 Bombay Henry Prasanna 20 1904 Bombay Cotton Sinha

Gopal Ambica 21 Krishna 1905 Benares 32 Charan 1916 Lucknow Gokhale Mazumdar

Dadabhai Annie 22 1906 Calcutta 33 1917 Calcutta Naoroji Besant

Rashbihari Madan 23 1907 Surat Ghosh 34 Mohan 1918 Delhi Malaviya Rashbihari 24 1908 Madras Ghosh Bombay( Syed Hasan 35 1918 Special Imam 25 Madan 1909 Lahore Session) Mohan

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Year Place Year Place N Name of of of N Name of of of o. President Presi Confer o. President Presi Confer dency ence dency ence

Motilal Mukhtar 36 1919 Amritsar Nehru 46 Ahmed 1927 Madras Ansari Calcutta( Lala Lajpat 37 1920 Special Motilal Rai 47 1928 Calcutta Session) Nehru

C. Jawaharlal 1929 & 48 Lahore 38 Vijayaragha 1920 Nagpur Nehru 30 vachariar Vallabhbhai 49 1931 Karachi Deshbandhu Patel (Preside Madan Ahmedab 39 nt) 1921 50 Mohan 1932 Delhi ad Malaviya (Actin Nellie 51 1933 Calcutta g President) Sengupta

Deshbandhu Rajendra 1934 & 52 Bombay 40 Chittaranjan 1922 Gaya Prasad 35 Das Jawaharlal Mohammad 53 1936 Lucknow 41 1923 Kakinada Nehru Ali Jouhar Jawaharlal Delhi (Sp 54 1936 Faizpur Abul Kalam Nehru 42 1923 ecial Azad Session) Subhas 55 Chandra 1938 Haripura Mohandas 43 1924 Belgaum Bose Gandhi Subhas Sarojini 44 1925 Kanpur Chandra Naidu Bose(resign Tripuri 56 ed) 1939 near Jaba S. Srinivasa lpur 45 1926 Gauhati Rajendra Iyengar Prasad repla ced Bose

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Year Place  It started on 7 August 1905. N Name of of of  It started with the partition o. President Presi Confer of Bengal by the Viceroy of dency ence India, Lord Curzon in 1905 and continued up to 1911. after  It was the most successful of the session. the pre-Gandhian movement.  Its chief architects Abul Kalam were Aurobindo 57 1940–46 Ramgarh Azad Ghosh, Lokmanya , Bipin Chandra J. B. Pal and , V. O. 58 1947 Meerut Kripalani Chidambaram Pillai, Babu Genu.  Swadeshi, as a strategy, was a key focus of Mahatma Gandhi, who described it as the soul

of Swaraj (self rule). Partition of Bengal  It was strongest in Bengal and was also called vandemataram  The decision to effect movement. the Partition of Bengal was  Gandhi, at the time of the announced on 19 July 1905 by actual movement, remained the Viceroy of India, Lord loyal to the British Crown. Curzon.  It was led by Syed Haider Raja  The partition took place on 16 in Delhi, Chidambaram Pillai in October 1905. Madras, Lala lajpat Rai and Ajit  Cayan Uddin Ahmet was the Singh in and Uttar Chief Secretary of Bengal at the Pradesh, Lokmanya Tilak in time of partition. and .  Sir Andrew Henderson Leith  Farmers and muslims were not Fraser was the lieutenant involved much in the governor at the time of partition movement. of Bengal.  M.Abdul Rasool led the muslim  Swadeshi movement started on peasants of in their 7 August 1905 in Calcutta s ’ agitations in 1908. Town Hall against the partition  In 1889, the scheme of national of Bengal. education was formulated by  King George V and Queen Mary Satish Chandra . arrived at the in  National Council of Education 1911 and abolished the was set up in 1906. partition of Bengal.  The Bengal National College was founded in 1906 with Aurobindi Ghosh as the Swadeshi movement principal.

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 Henry Woodd Nevinson was a  was British Journalist and was established by Pramathanath related to Swadeshi movement. Mitra. Nevinson’s brief was to  It became one of the most ‘discover the causes of the organised revolutionary present discontent and to associations, especially in the report, without prejudice the Eastern Bengal where opinion of leading Indians as the Anushilan Samiti had well as officials.’ He wrote a several branches and carried book ‘The new spirit of India’ in out major activities. 1908.  was initially formed by  Abanindranth Tagore founded an inner circle of the the ‘Indian Society of Oriental Anushilan Samiti. Art’.  Barin Ghosh was the main leader.

 The headquarters of Jugantar Revolutionary movements was located at Kolkata.  Bagha Jatin was one of the top leaders in Jugantar. Society  He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in  Abhinav Bharat connection with the Society ( Society) conspiracy case. was a secret society founded by and his brother Ganesh Hindustan Republican Association Damodar Savarkar in 1903. (HRA)  It was initially founded at Nasik as Mitra Mela.  Hindustan Republican  V.D.Savarkar wrote a book ‘The Association (HRA) was Indian war of Independence’ in established in October 1924 1902. in Kanpur, by  In order to inspire Indian revolutionaries like Ramprasad nationalist, he wrote the Bismil, Jogesh biography of Mazzini. Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar  He was arrested and was Azad, Yogendra deported to India from England Shuklaand Sachindranath through the ship. Sanyal.  He made a plan to escape and  The aim of the party was to jumped into the sea from the organise armed revolution to sea but was later re-arrested. end the colonial rule and establish a Federal Republic of the United States of India. Anushilan Samiti

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 The train robbery was a Independence notable act of mutiny by this Movement against the British group. Indian Government.  The Kakori case led to the  The robbery was organised by hanging of Ashfaqullah the Hindustan Republican Khan, Ramprasad Association (HRA). Bismil, , Rajendra  The robbery was conceived Lahiri. by Ram Prasad  The Kakori case was a major Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan. setback for the group.  The robbery plan was executed  However, the group was soon by , reorganised under the , Rajendra leadership of Chandrashekhar Lahiri, Chandrashekhar Azad and with members Azad, Sachindra Bakshi, Keshab like , Bhagwati Chakravarty, Manmathnath Charan Vohra and Sukhdev on Gupta, Murari Lal Gupta (fake 9 and 10 September 1928– and name of Murari Lal the group was now christened Khanna), Mukundi Lal (Mukundi Hindustan Socialist Republican Lal Gupta) and Banwari Lal. Association (HSRA).  Following the incident, the  In Lahore on 17 December British administration started an 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad intense manhunt and arrested and Rajguru assassinated several of the revolutionaries Saunders, a police official involved in the HRA. involved in deadly lathi-charge  Their leader, Ram Prasad on Lala Lajpat Rai. Bismil, was arrested at  Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar on 26 September Dutt threw a bomb inside 1925 and was sent to the Central Legislative jail and was Assembly. sentenced to death.  The Assembly Bomb Case trial  His lieutenant, Ashfaqullah followed. Bhagat Khan, was arrested ten months Singh, Sukhdev later at Delhi. Thaparand Shivaram  Chandra Sekhar Azad was the Rajguru were hanged on 23 only one who escaped from March 1931. arrest by the police.  He shot himself on 27 February

1931 at Chandrasekhar Azad The (or Kakori Park, Allahabad during train robbery or Kakori Case) encounter with police. (Chandrasekhar Azad Park was  It was a train robbery that took known as Alfred Park earlier). place between Kakori and, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the Indian

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Kotwal Dasta after throwing bomb in Delhi Assembly.  Veer Bhai Kotwal during Quit India Movement formed group Bhagat Singh’s memorial is situated at of underground mercenaries Ferozpur. He said ‘criticism and called "Kotwal Dasta", a independent thought are the two parallel government in the characteristics of a revolutionary’. Karjat taluka of Thane district. Bhagat Singh gave the slogan  They were about 50 in numbers Inquilab Zindabad (Long Live including farmers and voluntary ‘ Revolution)’ school teachers.  They decided to cut down the Ram Prasad Bismil was sentenced to electric pylons supplying death for the Kakori Conspiracy. He electricity to Mumbai city. refused to take the milk given to him  From September 1942 through for drinking and said ‘Now, I shall take November 1942 they felled 11 my mothers mik only’. pylons, paralyzing the industries and railways. Ram Prasad Bismil said the following lines – ‘ ab hamare dil me hai Dekhna hai zor kitna baju-e-qatil me hai . Lahore Conspiracy Case ’

 The political parties boycotted the Simon commission. In 'Kanpur Conspiracy Case' (1924) Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was leading an anti-Simon  One of the most prominent Commission demonstration on cases in the British period 30 October 1928. relating to conspiracy to wage  Due to the brutal Lathicharge, war was that of Manabendra he lost his life. Nath Roy Vs. Emperor.  To avenge the killing of Lal  The other accused were Nalini Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, Raj Bhushan Das Gupta, Mohd. , Jai Gopal and Sukh Dev , Muzaffar conspired to kill the police chief, Ahmad and Sripat Amrit Dange. Scott.  All were charged under Section  But they shot on the DSP J. P. 121-A i.e. conspiracy to wage Saunders, who was killed on the war, and were sentenced to spot. four years of rigorous  Bhagat Singh immediately fled imprisonment on 20th May from Lahore and to avoid 1924. recognition, he cut his beard The Charge on them was- and hair.  Later he was trialed in “to deprive the King Emperor of his this Lahore Conspiracy sovereignty of British India, by Case when he was captured complete separation of India from

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©helloscholar.in imperialistic Britain by a violent and revolution.” went to , to assassinate Kingsford, Calcutta Roy was the principal accused but Presidency Magistrate. could not be arrested as he was away in Europe being one of the important  On the evening of 30 April, members of Presidium of the 1908, they waited in front of . the gate of European club for the carriage of Kingsford to

come. armoury raid  When a vehicle came out of the gate, they threw bombs and  The Chittagong armoury blew up the carriage. raid, also known as  Unfortunately the carriage was the Chittagong uprising, was not carrying Kingsford and an attempt on 18 April 1930 to instead two British ladies – Mrs. raid the armoury of police and and miss Kennedy ( the wife auxiliary forces from and daughter of barrister Prince the Chittagong armoury in Kennedy ) were killed. the of British  Prafulla Chaki committed India (now in ) suicide after cornered by the by armed Indian independence Police and Khudi Ram Bose was fighters led by . arrested.  They were inspired by the  The Indian policeman Nandalal 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland. Bannerjee, who had arrested  However, they were Khudi Ram Bose was later shot ideologically influenced more by dead by Narendranath the Communists in Soviet Bhattacharya. Russia.  Many of these raiders later became Communists. In Conspiracy case in 1908, 34  The group included Ganesh persons including Aurobindo Ghosh Ghosh, Lokenath Bal, Ambika and his brother Barindra Ghosh were Chakrobarty, Harigopal arrested in charge of possessing illegal Bal(Tegra), Ananta arms and bombs, etc. 15 persons Singh, Anand Prasad were sentenced but Aurobindo Ghosh Gupta, was defended and released by Sen, Bidhubhusan Chittaranjan Das successfully. Bhattacharya, , Kalpana Dutta, Himangshu Sen, Binod Yugantar party was led by Bihari Chowdhury, Subodh Jatindranath Mukherjee. Roy, Monoranjan Bhattacharya. established

National School in Dhaka with the

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©helloscholar.in objective to develop a revolutionary  Some Indian students, army. He also planned and conducted including , moved to Barrah at the Barrah the United States. Zamindar’s residence in the district of  The network that the House Dhaka in in 1908. founded was key in the nationalist revolutionary conspiracy in India during . Two Bengali school girls Shanti

Ghosh and Suniti Chaudhary murdered a district magistrate by Gadar party firing in December 1931.  Gadar party was a fired at the English governor while predominantly Sikh organization receiving her degree at the formed by Lala Hardayal in convocation in January 1932. 1913 in San Fransisco.  The party collaborated with revolutionaries inside India and helped them get arms and Revolutionary movements outside ammunition. India  was the first chairman of Ghadar Party. (Indian Home Rule The party published ‘Hindustani Society) gadar’ newspaper in and  The India House was an Punjabi language. informal Indian  The in nationalist organization that 1914 inspired several thousand existed in London between Indians residing in the USA to 1905 and 1910. sell their businesses and rush  It was started by Shyamji home to participate in the anti- Krishna Varma . British activities in India.  India house ceased to be potent  The party had active members organisation after its liquidation in India, Mexico, Japan, China, in the wake of the assassination , , Philippines of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie by , Malaya, Indo- a member of the India House by China and Easternand Southern the name of Madan Lal Dhingra. Africa.  This event marked the beginnings of London Police's crackdown on the activities of the house and a number of its  The "Berlin committee for activists and patrons, including Shyamji Krishna Indian independence" was Varma and Bhikaji Cama moved established in 1915 by Virendra to Europe from where they Nath Chattopadhya, including carried on works in support of Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala . Hardayal under "Zimmerman plan" with the full backing of German foreign office.

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Their goal was mainly to achieve the ship was forced to return to following four objectives: India.  The passengers comprised 1. Mobilize Indian revolutionaries 340 , 24 Muslims, and 12 abroad. , all British subjects. 2. Incite rebellion among Indian  This was one of several troops stationed. abroad. incidents in the early 20th 3. Send volunteers and arms to century in which exclusion laws India. in Canada and the United States 4. Even to Organized an armed were used to exclude invasion of British India to gain immigrants of Asian origin. India's independence. and sent British back to home

During the world war I, Raja established the Komagata Maru incident first provisional government of  The Komagata India at Kabul in Afghanistan in Maru incident involved the 1915. He was the president of Japanese steamship Komagata government and Maulavi Maru on which a group of Barkatullah was the Prime citizens of the British Minister. Germany and Russia Raj attempted to emigrate to gave recognition to this Canada in 1914 but were government. denied entry and on forced

return to Calcutta (Present day Kolkata), India, they were fired Bhikaji Cama was an Indian Freedom upon by British police resulting Fighter and political activist. She was in killing of 20 Sikhs. born to an extremely wealthy Parsi  The ship was chartered by business family. She led the Gurdit Singh, an affluent revolutionary movement from America Punjabi businessman (he was a and Europe for India’s freedom. At the 0Singaporean fisherman). International Socialist Congress held  Komagata Maru sailed at Stuttgart (Germany) in 1907, she from British Hong Kong, via unfurled the first version of the Indian Shanghai, China, National Flag.She was known ‘Mother and Yokohama, Japan, of Indian Revolution’. She served as to , British Columbia, private secretary to Dadabhai Naoroji. Canada, in 1914, carrying 376

passengers from Punjab, British India.  Of them, 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 Notable revolutionaries passengers were not allowed to disembark in Canada, and the

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Name Activity Name Activity

Phadke The Muzaffarpur Khudiram Bose killing Anant Laxman Shooting of British Kanhere Officer Jackson Chandra Kakori Conspiracy Shekhar Azad Krishnaji Gopal Shooting of British Karve Officer Jackson Ram Prasad Kakori Conspiracy Bismil Ganesh Armed movement Damodar Central Assembly against the British Bhagat Singh Savarkar Bomb Case 1929

Vinayak Father of Hindu Shooting in Caxton Damodar Udham Singh Nationalism Hall Savarkar

Shot dead Ashe, the The Howrah-Sibpur Tax Collector of conspiracy case, Bagha Jatin Thirunelveli Hindu–German Conspiracy

Sabotage of Railway Track Batukeshwar Central Assembly Dutt Bomb Case 1929

Ashfaqulla Khan Kakori Conspiracy Central Assembly Bomb Case 1929 Sachindra Bakshi Kakori Conspiracy

Murder of a British Shivaram Hari Manmath Nath police officer, J. P. Kakori Conspiracy Rajguru Gupta Saunders

Deccan Rebellion Roshan Singh Vasudev Balwant Kakori Conspiracy,

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Name Activity Name Activity

Bamrauli Action Alipore Bomb Case Ghosh Pritilata Pahartali European Waddedar Club attack Rash Behari Indian National Army Bose Hunger strike and Jatindra Nath Lahore conspiracy Das Ubaidullah case Silk Letter Conspiracy Sindhi

Running the bomb factory 'Himalayan Jogesh Chandra (Durga Bhabi) Kakori Conspiracy Toilets' Chatterjee

Bhagwati Charan Assassination of Philosophy of Bomb Vohra Baikuntha Phanindra Nath Shukla Ghosh, a government Approver Madan Lal Curzon Wyllie's Dhingra assassination Ambika Chittagong armoury Chakrabarty raid Alluri Sitarama Rampa Rebellion of Raju 1922 Attack at Writers Building Train sabotage Kushal Konwar Sarupathar Attack at Writers Building Surya Sen Chittagong Armoury (Masterda) Raid Attack at Writers Benoy Basu Building Chittagong armoury Ananta Singh raid Kakori Conspiracy

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Name Activity Name Activity

Association Barindra Kumar Alipore Bomb Case Ghosh

The Muzaffarpur Prafulla Chaki Surat Split 1907 killing  The Indian National Congress(INC) which was Alipore Bomb Case established in 1885 was divided into two groups in the year 1907) mainly by extremists and moderates at the Surat Session Hemchandra Alipore Bomb Case of the Congress. Kanungo  was the president of surat session. Basawon Singh Lahore conspiracy  The period 1885-1905 was (Sinha) case known as the period of the moderates as moderates dominated the INC. Bhavabhushan  These Moderates used petition, Mitra prayers, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets memorandum and delegations to present their Attempted to demands. Assassinate the Bina Das Bengal Governor  Moderates were not able to Stanley Jackson achieve notable goals other than the expansion of the legislative council by the Indian Council Act of 1892. Kotwal Dasta, Quit Veer Bhai Kotwal India Movement  This created dis-satisfaction among the people.  In 1907 the INC meeting was For her Kingdom to be held in Pune and the Jhansi Killing and Rani Lakshmi Bai extremists wanted Lala Lajpat insulting British Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as official]] president.  But moderates wanted Rash Behari Ghosh to be president. Om Prakash Vij President India Freedom Fighter  changed the meeting place from Pune to

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Surat fearing that if Pune was withdraw from the policy laid to be held as meeting place down in the Calcutta session. then Bal Gangadhar Tilak would  But the extremists were not become President. ready to do so.  The partition of Bengal became  In Surat Session (1907), the rise of extremism in INC. extremists wanted Lala Lajpat  As Surat was not hometown Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as a of Bal Gangadhar Tilak he could President candidate of congress not preside over the meeting. and Moderates supported Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh to be the  Hence it was decided that President. Ghosh would be president.  But Lala Lajpat Rai stepped  Extremists protested in the INC down and Dr. Rashbihari meeting as Bal Gangadhar Ghosh became the President. Tilak was not given permission even to speak by  The British Government pandit Madanmohan immediately launched a Malviya extremists then reacted massive attack on the by throwing eggs, footwear etc extremists and Extremist and wanted the meeting to be newspaper were suppressed. cancelled.  Lokmanya Tilak, their main  Moderates then held a secret leader, was sent to Mandalay meeting and decided to jail for six years. abdicate extremists.

 Lokmanya Tilak and his followers held a separate Muslim league conference and declared the  Muslim league was founded by formation of the Extremist Salimullah khan, Agha Khan, Party. Muhsin-ul-mulk on  However they decided to work 30 December 1906 at as a part of the Indian National Dhaka.(Salimullah khan was the Congress. main founder).  Difference between moderates  The headquarters were and extremists further widened established at Lucknow. in Calcutta Session of congress  Sir Agha Khan III was the first (1906) and there were attempts president of muslim league. between them to elect one of  The name "All-India Muslim them as the president of League" was proposed by Sir congress. Mian Muhammad Shafi.  The moderates opposed the  The first session of muslim resolutions league was held at Karachi in on Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott of 1907 and was presided by foreign goods and National Adamji Peer Bhai. Education and requested to

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 A London branch of muslim the Legislative Council at the Center league was established in 1908 was increased from 16 to 60, under the presidency of Ameer excluding ex officio members. Ali. 3. The maximum number of  The League's constitution was nominated and elected members of framed in 1907 in Karachi. the provincial legislative councils,  Muslim League refused to under a governor or lieutenant accept Muslims related to governor, was also increased. It was congress because they fixed as 50 pretended to be the only in Bengal, Bombay, Madras, United institution representing Muslims Provinces, and Eastern Bengal and in India. , and 30 in Punjab, Burma, and any lieutenant-governor province created thereafter. Legislative councils Indian Councils Act 1909 were not created for provinces under a The Indian Councils Act chief commissioner. 1909 commonly known as 4. The right of separate electorate was the Morley-Minto Reforms (or as given to the Muslims. the Minto-Morley Reforms), was an Act of the Parliament of the United 5. Official members were to form the Kingdom that brought about a limited majority but in provinces, nonofficial increase in the involvement of Indians members would be in majority. in the governance of British India. It 6. The members of the Legislative received royal assent on 12 march Councils were permitted to discuss 1909. budgets, suggest amendments and Provisions- even vote on them except items that were included as non-vote items. They 1. The members of the Legislative were also entitled to ask Councils, both in the centre and in the supplementary questions during the provinces, were to be of four legislative proceedings. categories: ex officio members (Governor General and the members 7. The Secretary of State for of their Executive Councils), India was empowered to increase the nominated official members (those number of the Executive Councils of nominated by the Governor General Madras and Bombay from two to four. and were government officials), 8. Two Indians were nominated to the nominated non-official members Council of the Secretary of State for (nominated by the Governor General Indian Affairs. but were not government officials) and elected members (elected by 9. The Governor-General was different categories of ). empowered to nominate one Indian member to his Executive Council. 2. The maximum number of nominated and elected members of

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in electing representatives to the Imperial and Provincial Lucknow Pact 1916 Legislative Councils.  The Lucknow Pact was an  Although the Muslims were agreement reached between given this right in the Indian the Indian National Councils Act of 1909, the Indian Congress led by Maratha National Congress opposed it. leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and  The Congress also agreed to the the Muslim League led idea of one-third seats for the by at the Muslims in the Councils despite joint session of both the parties the fact that the Muslim held in Lucknow in December population represented less 1916. than a third.  The session was presided by  Apart from that, the Congress Ambika Charan Majumdar. In agreed that no act affecting a lucknow session, Mahatma community should be passed Gandhi was apprised of the unless three-quarters of that problems of peasants of community's members on the champaran. council supported it.  Through the pact, the two  After the signing of this pact the parties agreed to allow rivalry between moderates and overrepresentation to religious extremist reduced to some minorities in the provincial extent. legislatures.  There was a significant change  The Muslim League leaders in their relation. agreed to join the Congress  Annie Besant and Bal movement demanding Indian Gangadhar Tilak were the chief autonomy. architects of reconciliation  Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then a between the Extremists and the member of the Congress as well Moderators. as the League, made both the Clauses parties reach an agreement to pressure the British government  Self-government in India. to adopt a more liberal  Abolition of the Indian Council. approach to India and give Indians more authority to run  Separation of the executive their country, besides from the judiciary. safeguarding basic Muslim demands.  Salaries of the Secretary of  Jinnah is seen as the State for Indian Affairs to be mastermind and architect of paid from British coffers and not this pact. the Indian funds.  The Congress agreed to separate electorates for Muslims

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 1/3rd representation to be given  The movement lasted around to Muslims in the Central two years between 1916–1918 Government. and is believed to have set the stage for the independence  The number of Muslims in the movement. provincial legislatures to be laid  It worked under the leadership down for each province. of Annie Besant all over India  Separate electorates for all whereas B. G. communities until a joint Tilak participation was limited to electorate is demanded by all. western India only.  In 1920 All India Home Rule  Introduction of a system of League changed its name to weightage for minority Swarajya Sabha. representation (it implied giving  In 1920, the All India Home minorities more representation Rule League elected Mahatma than their share in the Gandhi as its president. population).  The first important work was  Increasing the term of the written by Gandhi entitle Hind Legislative Council to 5 years. Swaraj or Indian home rule, composed in 1909.  Half the members of the  Between 1916 and 1918, when Imperial Legislative Council to the war was beginning, be Indians. prominent Indians like Joseph  All elected members to be Baptista, Muhammad Ali elected directly on the basis of Jinnah, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, G. adult franchise. 4/5th of the S. Khaparde, Sir S. Subramania members of the provincial Iyer and the leader of legislatures to be elected and the Theosophical Society, Annie 1/5th to be nominated. Besant, decided to organise a national alliance of leagues  Members of the Legislative across India, specifically to Council to elect their President demand Home Rule, or self- themselves. government within the for all of India.

 The Theosophical Society was officially formed in New York City, United States, on 17 Indian Home Rule movement November 1875 by Helena  The Indian Home Rule Petrovna Blavatsky, Colonel movement was a movement Henry Steel Olcott, William in British India on the lines Quan Judge, and others. of Irish Home Rule  Tilak founded the first home movement and other home rule league at the Bombay rule movements.

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provincial congress at Belgaum cousin. He spent 21 years in in April,1916. South Africa, where he  Annie Besant founded second developed his political views, league at Adyar Madras in ethics and politics. September 1916.  He helped found the Natal  While Tilak's league worked in Indian Congress in 1894, and areas through this organisation, he like (excluding moulded the Indian community Bombay of South Africa into a unified city), Karnataka, Central political force. provinces and Berar, Annie  He founded with Besant's league worked in the his associates and started living rest of India. there.  The Home Rule Leagues of Tilak  He also founded Phoenix farm and Annie Besant were merged in 1904. into one in 1918.  He published a magazine ‘’ in South Africa.

 At the request of Gopal Krishna Return of Gandhiji to India Gokhale, conveyed to him by C. F. Andrews, Gandhi returned to  Mohandas Karamchand India in 1915. Gandhi Gandhi was born on 2 October considered Gopal Krishna 1869 at Porbandar, . Gokhale as his mentor.  He died on 30 January 1948 in  Gandhi took leadership of the . He was killed by Congress in 1920 and began . escalating demands until on 26  Gandhi first employed January 1930 the Indian nonviolent civil disobedience as National Congress declared the an expatriate lawyer in South independence of India. Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil In Ganghiji’s thought the emphasis is rights. not idealism, but on practical idealism.  He studied at University College Gandhi’s thought has also been linked London and Inner Temple, to Utopian and philosophical London. and can be compared with  He returned to India in 1915. strands of Marxist (though not a  Assuming leadership of western phiolosophy) and even the Indian National Congress in western liberal thought. He believed 1921, Gandhi led nationwide that in the concept of ideal non-violent campaigns for various social state, every citizen would have the causes and for feeling of self- government and in this achieving Swaraj or self-rule. stage there would be no need for the  In April 1893, Gandhi aged 23, state to comply with the law of the set sail for South Africa to be land. Gandhiji’s thought has been the lawyer for Abdullah's linked to philosophical anarchism and

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©helloscholar.in can be compared with strands of  He rendered his services as an Marxist thought. He told Leouis attendant to the helpless poor Fischer ‘I am a true socialist’. The patients in the charity hospitals meaning of my socialism is of Rustamji. ‘’.There is a great similarity  He gave his voluntary services between Gandhi and Marx, the final as a compounder. aim of both of them was to establish a  He also served the wounded stateless and classless society. But soldiers of Boar War. their means of achieving it was  For Gandhiji, politics meant different. Gandhi used non-violence social and public welfare. He whereas Marx used violence for believed in decentralization of achieving it. power.  He meant to encourage village  Truth and non-violence were panchayats to control their the twin principles of Mahatma administration. Gandhi s Ram Rajya. ’  The Gandhian model of politics  He used truth and non-violence included morality, religion and to develop a new society of his humanity. dream.  It did not include authority. He  The first step in Gandhian wanted a stateless society. strategy of satyagraha was  During his stay at South Africa, and the last step was Gandhi read the book of John strike. Ruskin ‘Unto the Last’.  According to Gandhiji, the  This book transformed his life. cruelest form of violence is the  The message of the book was- persistence of poverty. ‘The good of the individual is  Gandhiji told ‘self-control’ as contained in the good of all’. the best way for family  He was also influenced by planning. and  Gandhiji was thrown out of train Tolstoy. in .  Subhash Chandra Bose was the

first person to call Mahatma Gandhiji attended the Calcutta session Gandhi ‘The Father of Nation’ in of Indian National Congress in 1901 1944. for the first time. During this session,  called his resolution about South Africa was Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’ during passed. This session was presided by Champaran Satyagraha. Sir . He  Yerwada Jail in Maharashtra established his law office in Bombay. was termed by Gandhiji as ‘Mandir’. He wrote ‘Yerwada  was Mandir’ in 1932. established by Gandhiji in  At the time of India’s Ahmedabad. Independence, Mahatma Gandhi  Gandhiji adopted Seva Dharma was not the member of in South Africa.

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Congress. In 1934, he resigned indigo on 3/20th of the total from congress. land area (tin-kathia system).  On the death of Gandhiji,  Under Colonial era laws, many Jawahrlal Nehru said ‘The light tenant farmers were forced to has gone out of our lives and grow some indigo on a portion there is darkness everywhere’. of their land as a condition of  Lord Mountbatten termed their tenancy. Gandhiji as ‘one man boundary  This indigo was used to make force’ because due to him there dye. were no riots in Bengal.  The Germans had invented a  Gandhiji delivered his first cheaper artificial dye so the major public speech in demand for indigo fell. in 1916 at the opening of  Some tenants paid more rent in Banaras Hindu University. return for being let off having to grow indigo. Gandhiji strongly advised the  However, during the First World development of cottage industries in War the German dye ceased to villages, which will reduce the burden be available and so indigo on agriculture. Villagers can also get became profitable again. employment. Socio-economic  Thus many tenants were once development of untouchables can be again forced to grow it on a brought by establishing cottage portion of their land- as was industries for them. required by their lease.  Naturally, this created much anger and resentment. Champaran Satyagraha – 1917  Gandhi arrived in Champaran  It was the first civil 10 April 1917 and stay on the disobedience movement by house of Sant raut in Amolwa Gandhiji. Champaran is a village with a team of eminent district which comes under the lawyers: Brajkishore state Bihar. Prasad, Rajendra  Raj Kumar Shukla, and Sant Prasad, Anugrah Narayan raut a money lender who also Sinha Ramnavmi Prasad, and owned some land, others including J. B. persuaded Gandhi to go Kripalani. to Champaran.  Gandhi led organised protests  N.G.Ranga opposed the and strike against the landlords, movement. who with the guidance of the  Rabindra Nath Tagore gave him British government, signed an the title of ‘Mahatma’ during agreement granting more this movement. compensation and control over  The problem was that the indigo farming for the poor farmers of planters were forced to grow the region, and cancellation of

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revenue hikes and collection until the famine ended.  It was during this agitation, that The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 first time Gandhi called  It was the first non-cooperation (Father) by Sant raut movement of Gandhiji. and Mahatma (Great Soul).  It was the third Satyagraha movement after Champaran

Satyagraha and the Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Textile Mill Issue – mill strike. 1918  Gandhi organised this movement to support peasants  Gandhiji received a letter from of the Kheda district. Shrimati Anasuyabai.  People of Kheda were unable to  She informed him about the pay the high taxes levied by the condition of workers in British due to crop failure and a Ahmedabad mills and requested plague epidemic. him to solve the issue with the  In Gujarat, Gandhi was chiefly mill owners. the spiritual head of the  The Bubonic Plague of 1917-18 struggle. led to a heavy decline in the  His chief lieutenant, Sardar number of workers in the major and a close industrial city of Ahmedabad. coterie of devoted Gandhians,  In order to attract the workers, namely Indulal the mill owners started paying Yagnik, Shankarlal them 75% of their wages as Banker, , Narhari plague bonus. Parikh, Mohanlal  When the situation became Pandya and Ravi Shankar normal, the mill owners decided Vyas toured the countryside, to withdraw the plague bonus, organised the villagers and but the workers opposed their gave them political leadership decision. and direction.  The mill owners were ready to  Patel and his colleagues give 20% increase, but the organised a major tax revolt, workers were demanding a 50% and all the different ethnic and raise in wages. caste communities  Consequently, the relations of Kheda rallied around it. between the mill owners and  The peasants of Kheda signed a the workers became hostile. petition calling for the tax for  At last the issue was resolved this year to be scrapped in with the intervention of wake of the famine. Mahatma Gandhi.  The government in Bombay  The mill owners agreed to give rejected the charter. 35% of wages as bonus and  They warned that if the this was accepted by the peasants did not pay, the lands workers.

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and property would be  Baba Ramchandra formed confiscated and many arrested. ‘ Kisan Sabha’ in 1920.  And once confiscated, they  The Bihar Kisan Sabha was would not be returned even if formed by Swami Sahajanand most complied. None of the Saraswarti. villages flinched.  All India Kisan Congress was  The tax withheld, the founded at Lucknow in April government's collectors and 1936 with Swami Sahajanand inspectors sent in thugs to seize Saraswati as the president and property and cattle, while the N.G.Ranga as the general police forfeited the lands and all secretary. agrarian property.  Later it was renamed All India  The farmers did not resist Kisan Sabha. arrest, nor retaliate to the force  Swami employed with violence. was addressed as ‘Kisan  Instead, they used their cash Pran’(Life of Kisan) by his and valuables to donate to followers. the Gujarat Sabhawhich was  Sahajanand just before his officially organising the protest. death focused on the future  The Government finally sought peasant movement by forming to foster an honourable an All India United Kisan Sabha agreement for both parties. whose basic demand was the  The tax for the year in question, nationalization of land and and the next would be waterways and all sources of suspended, and the increase in energy and wealth. rate reduced, while all  The Bhartiya vidyalaya was confiscated property would be founded by N.G.Ranga. returned.  In 1937, Fazlul Haq founded the Bengal Praja Party (Krishak

Praja Party). Peasant movements and Kisan  After the 1937 elections, he Sabha formed a government with Muslim League in Bengal.  The first peasant movement  The Bakashat Agitation was was Bijolia. The leaders were started by Swami Sitaram Das in 1913 and Vijay Sharaddhanand Saraswati. Pathak Singh in 1915.  UP Kisan Sabha was organized The Tebhaga peasant movement in February 1918 by Gauri was initiated in Bengal in 1946 by Shankar Mishra and Indra the Bengal provincial kisan sabha Narayan Dwivedi. Madan Mohan to implement the recommendations of Malviya was also a supporter. Flood Commission, which asked  Nai-Dhobi band (a form of sharecroppers to give one-third of social boycott) was started in their harvest to the land-owners Pratapgarh district in 1919. instead of one-half. In its response,

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©helloscholar.in the Bargadari Act was passed which  However, the government of provided that sharecroppers pay only the Bombay Presidency had one-third of their harvest to the raised the tax rate by 30% that landlords. year, and despite petitions from civic groups, refused to cancel started bhoodan the rise in the face of the movement after independence to calamities. distribute lands to landless farmers.  The situation for the farmers He organized Sarvodaya Samaj to was grave enough that they bring about non-violent social barely had enough property and transformation through land reforms crops to pay off the tax, let with the willing cooperation of alone for feeding themselves landlords. Large landlords were afterwards. persuaded to gift atleast one-sixth of  The Gujarati activists Narhari their land. On 18th April, 1951, the Parikh, Ravi Shankar Vyas, first donation of land took place in a and Mohanlal Pandya talked to village called Pochampalli in Telangana village chieftains and farmers, by a Zamindar Ramachandra Reddy and solicited the help of who agreed to donate his 100 acres Gujarat's most prominent land. It was most successful in Orissa. freedom fighter, Vallabhbhai Patel.  Patel had previously guided Bardoli Satyagraha Gujarat's farmers during the  The Bardoli Satyagraha of Kheda struggle, and had served 1928, in the state recently as Ahmedabad's of Gujarat, India during the municipal president. period of the British Raj, was a  He was widely respected by major episode of civil common Gujaratis across the disobedience and revolt in state. the Indian Independence  Patel first wrote to the Governor Movement. of Bombay, asking him to  The movement was eventually reduce the taxes for the year in led by Vallabhbhai Patel, and its face of the calamities. success gave rise to Patel  But the Governor ignored the becoming one of the main letter, and reciprocated by leaders of the independence announcing the date of movement. collection.  In 1925,  Patel then instructed all the the taluka of Bardoli in Gujarat farmers of Bardoli taluka suffered from floods and to refuse payment of their famine, causing crop production taxes. to suffer and leaving farmers  Aided by Parikh, Vyas and facing great financial troubles. Pandya, he divided Bardoli into several zones – each with a

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leader and volunteers (resisters had begun keeping specifically assigned. their cattle inside their locked  Patel also placed some activists homes when the collectors were close to the government, to act about, in order to prevent them as informers on the movements from seizing the animals from of government officials. the fields).  Above all, Patel instructed the  The government began to farmers to remain completely auction the houses and the non-violent, and not respond lands. physically to any incitements or  But not a single man from aggressive actions from Gujarat or anywhere else in officials. India came forward to buy  He reassured them that the them. struggle would not end until not  Patel had appointed volunteers only the cancellation of all taxes in every village to keep watch. for the year, but also when all As soon as he sighted the the seized property and lands officials who were coming to were returned to their rightful auction the property, the owners. volunteer would sound his  The farmers received complete bugle. support from their compatriots  The farmers would leave the in Gujarat. village and hide in the jungles.  Many hid their most precious  The officials would find the belongings with relatives in entire village empty. other parts, and the protestors  They could never find out who received financial support and owned a particular house. essential supplies from  However, some rich people supporters in other parts. from Bombay came to buy  But Patel refused permission to some lands. enthusiastic supporters in  There was also one village Gujarat and other parts of India recorded that paid the tax. from going on sympathetic  A complete social boycott was protest. organized against them,  The Government declared that wherein relatives broke their it would crush the revolt. ties to families in the village.  Along with tax inspectors,  Other ways social boycott was bands of Pathans were gathered enforced against landowners from northwest India to forcibly who broke with the tax strike or seize the property of the purchased seized land were to villagers and terrorize them. refuse to rent their fields or to  The Pathans and the men of the work as laborers for them. collectors forced themselves  Members of the legislative into the houses and took all councils of Bombay and across property, including cattle India were angered by the

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terrible treatment of the Trade Unions protesting farmers. Indian  The Labour union formed in members resigned their offices, 1918 by B.P.Wadia was the first and expressed open support of modern trade union the farmers. organization of India.  The Government was heavily  It comprised textile workers of criticized, even by many in the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills. Raj's offices.  The All India Trade Union  In 1928, an agreement was Congress was founded at finally brokered by Bombay on October 31, 1920 a Parsi member of the Bombay by N.M. Joshi with Lala Lajpat government. Rai as its first President.  The Government agreed to  Joseph Baptista was the Vice- restore the confiscated lands President. and properties, as well as  Diwan Chaman Lal Bajaj was cancel revenue payment not the General Secretary. only for the year, but cancel the  The first partition of this 30% raise until after the organization took place in 1929 succeeding year. Nagpur session.  The farmers celebrated their  Jawahar Lal Nehru was the victory, but Patel continued to President of this session. work to ensure that all lands  The mililtant phase of the Trade and properties were returned to Union movement in India is every farmer, and that no one considered from 1926-1939. was left out.  M.N.Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed,  When the Government refused , Shaukat to ask the people who had Usmani were the main leaders bought some of the lands to during this phase. return them, wealthy sympathizers from Bombay bought them out, and returned the lands to the rightful owners. Communist party of India  Mahatma Gandhi on behalf of  The Communist International women of bardoli bestowed the was founded in 1919 by title Sardar upon Vallabhbhai Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Patel for the first time, which Russian Party (Bolshevik). in Gujarati and most Indian  M.N.Roy visited Moscow on the languages invitation of Vladimir Lenin and means Chief or Leader. became the first Indian member  It was after Bardoli that Sardar of communist international. Patel became one of India's  On October 17, 1920 M.N.Roy most important leaders. along with Avani Mukherjee, Moh.Ali and Mohd. Shafique

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founded Indian Communist  Lord Chelmsford was the Party at Tashkent. Viceroy of India when the  M.N.Roy formed Radical Rowlatt Act was passed. Democratic Party in 1940.  It indefinitely extended the  Ajit Roy and Indrasen founded emergency measures of Indian Bolshevik Leninist party preventive indefinite detention, in 1941. incarceration without trial and  Saumyendranath Tagore judicial review enacted in formed Revolutionary the Defence of India Act Communist Party in 1934. 1915 during the First World War. Kanpur conspiracy case was  It was passed on the against the communists who were recommendations of hated by the British Government. the . Some newly turned communists  It was named after its named M.N.Roy, Muzaffar president, British judge Ahmed,Shripad Amrit Sir . Dange,Shaukat Usmani,  This act effectively authorized Ramchandra Lal the government to imprison any Sharma,Singaravelu Chettiar, person suspected of terrorism Ghulam Shaukat Hussain were living in the Raj, for up to two caught by the Government and years without a trial, and gave were trialed for conspiring against the imperial authorities power the government in 1924. The to deal with all revolutionary charge on them was to deprive the ‘ activities. Emperor of his sovereignty of  It provided for stricter control of British India, by complete the press, arrests without separation of India from warrant, indefinite detention imperialistic Britain by a violent without trial, and juryless in revolution’. camera trials for proscribed political acts.  The accused were denied the Rowlatt Act -1919 right to know the accusers and  The Anarchical and the evidence used in the trial. Revolutionary Crimes Act of  Those convicted were required 1919, popularly known as to deposit securities upon the Rowlatt Act and also release, and were prohibited known as the Black Act, was a from taking part in any political, legislative act passed by educational, or religious the Imperial Legislative activities. Council in Delhi on March 18,  On the report of the committee, 1919. headed by Justice Rowlatt, two bills were introduced in the central legislature in February

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1919. These bills came to be was overshadowed by tensions known as "black bills". running high, which resulted in  They gave enormous powers to rioting in the Punjab and other the police to search a place and provinces. arrest any person they  Deciding that Indians were not disapproved of without warrant. ready to make a stand  A well known description of the consistent with the principle bills at that time was: No Dalil, of , Gandhi No Vakil, No Appeal i.e., no suspended the resistance. pleas, no lawyer, no Appeal. Rowlatt Satyagraha was the first  Despite much opposition, the all India level movement by Rowlatt Act was passed in Mahatma Gandhi. March 1919.  The purpose of the act was to Swami Sharaddhanand suggested curb the growing nationalist no tax campaign (non-payment of upsurge in the country. Lagaan/Rent) in protest against Rowlatt Act. Rowlatt Satyagraha In the Punjab the protest movement  Mahatma Gandhi, among other was very strong, and on April 10 two Indian leaders, was extremely leaders of the congress, Dr. Satya Pal critical of the Act and argued and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew, were that not everyone should be arrested and taken secretly punished in response to isolated to Dharamsala. political crimes.  The Act angered many Indian The army was called into Punjab, and leaders and the public, which on April 13 people from neighbouring caused the government to villages gathered for Baisakhi Day implement repressive celebrations and to protest against measures. deportion of two important Indian  Gandhi and others thought that leaders in Amritsar, which led to the constitutional opposition to the infamous Jallianwala Bagh measure was fruitless, so on massacre of 1919. April 6, a "" was organised where Indians would suspend Accepting the report of the Repressive all business and would fast, Laws Committee, the Government of pray and hold public meetings India repealed the Rowlatt Act, against the 'Black Act' as a sign the Press Act, and twenty-two other

of their opposition and civil laws in March 1922. The government disobedience would be offered passed the rotary of the accordance against the law. with the recommendation of this  This event was known as committee. the Rowlatt Satyagraha.  However, the success of the hartal in Delhi, on March 30,

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Jallianwala Bagh massacre dead,with approximately 1,100 wounded.  The Jallianwala Bagh  The casualty number estimated massacre, also known as by the Indian National the Amritsar massacre, took Congress was more than 1,500 place on 13 April 1919 when injured, with approximately troops of the British Indian 1,000 dead. Army under the command of  This "brutality stunned the Colonel Reginald Dyer fired entire nation", resulting in a rifles into a crowd of Indians, "wrenching loss of faith" of the who had gathered in Jallianwala general public in the intentions Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab. of the UK.  Lord Chemlsford was the  The ineffective inquiry and the viceroy of India at the time of initial accolades for Dyer by the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. House of Lords fuelled  Michael O'Dwyer was the British widespread anger, leading to Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab the Non-cooperation at the time of Jallianwala Bagh Movement of 1920–22. massacre.  Secretary of State for India was Edwin Montagu at the time of Rabindranath Tagore received the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. news of the massacre by 22 May  Montagu cahracterised 1919. He tried to arrange a protest Jallianwala Bagh massacre as meeting in Calcutta and finally decided Preventive Murder. to renounce his British knighthood as  The civilians had assembled to "a symbolic act of protest" on May 3, condemn the arrest and 1919. deportation of two national leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Sir Sankaran Nair resigned his Kitchlew. membership from the Viceroy’s  The Jallianwalla Bagh is a public Executive Council in protest against garden of 6 to 7 acres Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy. (28,000 m2), walled on all sides, with five entrances.  To enter, troops first blocked Hunter Commission the entry by a tank and locked the exit.  On 14 October 1919, after  On Dyer's orders, his troops orders issued by the Secretary fired on the crowd for ten of State for India, Edwin minutes, directing their bullets Montagu, the Government of largely towards the few open India announced the formation gates through which people of a committee of inquiry into were trying to flee. the events in Punjab.  Official British Indian sources  Referred to as the Disorders gave a figure of 379 identified Inquiry Committee, it was later

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more widely known as the  Khilafat movement took Hunter Commission. place as a result of Muslim fears  It was named after the for the integrity of Islam. chairman, William, Lord Hunter,  These fears were a result of former Solicitor-General for Italian (1911) and Balkan Scotland and Senator of the (1912–13) attacks on Turkey College of Justice in Scotland. and of Turkish defeats in World  The stated purpose of the War I. commission was to "investigate  The sultan of Turkey, as caliph, the recent disturbances was the religious head of the in Bombay, Delhi and Punjab, worldwide Muslim community. about their causes, and the  It was intensified by the Treaty measures taken to cope with of Sèvres (August 1920), which them". not only detached all non- Turkish regions from the empire

but also gave parts of the On 13 March 1940, at Caxton Hall in Turkish homeland to Greece London, Udham Singh, an Indian and other non-Muslim powers. independence activist from Sunam  The movement collapsed by late who had witnessed the events in 1922 when Turkey gained a Amritsar and had himself been more favourable diplomatic wounded, shot and killed Michael position and moved towards O'Dwyer, the British Lieutenant- secularism. Governor of Punjab at the time of the  By 1924 Turkey simply massacre, who had approved Dyer's abolished the roles of the Sultan action and was believed to have been and Caliph. Mustafa Kemal's the main planner. forces, overthrew the Ottoman rule to establish a pro-Western, secular republic in independent Khilafat movement Turkey. He abolished the role of Caliph and sought no help from  The Khilafat Indians. movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamist, political protest Mohammad Ali and his campaign launched by Muslims brother Maulana Shaukat Ali joined of India to influence the British with other Muslim leaders such as Pir government not to abolish Ghulam Mujaddid Sarhandi Sheikh the Ottoman Caliphate. Shaukat Ali Siddiqui, Dr. Mukhtar  It was a protest against the Ahmed Ansari, Raees-Ul-Muhajireen humiliating sanctions placed on Barrister Jan Muhammad the Caliph and Ottoman Empire Junejo, Hasrat Mohani, Syed Ata Ullah after the First World War by Shah Bukhari, Maulana Abul Kalam the Treaty of Sevres. Azad and Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan to form the All India Khilafat Committee.

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 The organisation was based in October 17, 1919 was observed as Lucknow, India at Hathe Khilafat Day when the Hindus united Shaukat Ali, the compound of with Muslims in fasting and observed a Landlord Shaukat Ali Siddiqui. strike on that day. Gandhiji was  They aimed to build political elected President of the All India unity amongst Muslims and use Khilafat Conference held at Delhi on their influence to protect the November 23,1919. caliphate. In 1920, they Hakim Ajmal Khan had renounced the published the Khilafat title of Haziq-ul-Mulk during the Manifesto, which called upon Khilafat Agitation. He was honored the British to protect the with this title in 1908 by the British caliphate and for Indian Government. Muslims to unite and hold the British accountable for this On 4 April , 1919 Swami purpose. Shraddhanand delivered a speech in  The Khilafat Committee in front of 30,000 muslims on Hindu Bengal included Mohmmad Muslim unity from the pulpit of Jama Akram Khan, Manruzzaman Masjid in Delhi. Islamabadi, Mujibur Rahman Khan and Chittaranjan Das. Mohammad Ali Jannah opposed the linking of Swaraj and Khilafat issue by In 1920 an alliance was made Gandhiji and he warned Gandhiji not between Khilafat leaders and to encourage fanaticism of Musilm the Indian National Congress, the religious leaders. largest political party in India and of the nationalist movement. Congress In February 1920, Gandhiji suggested leader Mohandas Gandhi and the Khilafat Committee to adopt a Khilafat leaders promised to work and programme of non-violent, non- fight together for the causes of cooperation to protest against the Khilafat and Swaraj. Seeking to government. On 9 June, 1920 the increase pressure on the British, the Khilafat committee at Allahabad Khilafatists became a major part of unanimously accepted his suggestion the Non-cooperation movement. The and asked him to lead the movement. support of the Khilafatists helped In September 1920, during the Gandhi and the Congress Calcutta Session under the ensure Hindu-Muslim unity during presidentship of Lala Lajpat Rai, the struggle. Khilafat leaders such as resolution of Non-Cooperation Dr. Ansari, Maulana Azad and Hakim Movement was adopted. Ajmal Khan also grew personally close Aitchison remarked- ‘In this instance, to Gandhi. These leaders founded we could not play off the the Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920 to Mohammedans against the Hindus’. promote independent education and social rejuvenation for Muslims. Moplah Rebellion is considered an offshoot (extended version) of Khilafat Movement.

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Jenmi

The Jenmi, consisting mainly of the Nairs and Nambudiri , were Moplah rebellion the highest level of the hierarchy, and  The Malabar rebellion (also a class of people given hereditary land known as the Moplah grants by the Naduvazhis or rebellion ) was a mass uprising rulers'. The jenmis could neither to form an independent state of cultivate nor supervise the land but decolonised India. would instead provide a grant  It was a lahala of kanam to an individual from against British authority in the Kanikkaran ethnic group in return the Malabar region of Southern for a fixed share of the crops India by Mappilas and the produced. Typically, a jenmi would culmination of a series of have a large number of kanikkaran Mappila revolts that recurred under him. throughout the 19th century and early 20th century.

 The 1921 rebellion began as a Kanikkaran (Nairs) reaction against a heavy- handed crackdown on The Kanikkaran, mostly members of the Khilafat Movement, a the Nair community, were responsible campaign in defense of for the security and supervision of the the Ottoman Caliphate, by the land and distribution of respective British authorities in shares of produce. Like the jenmi, the the Eranad and Valluvanad talu kanikkaran was also a part-proprietor ks of Malabar. of the soil to the extent that one-third  In the initial stages, a number of the net produce was his. Each of minor clashes took place kanikkaran typically had a number between Khilafat volunteers and of verumpattakkaran under him. the police, but the violence soon spread across the region.  The Mappilas attacked and took Verum pattakkaran (Mappilas) control of police stations, British government offices, courts and The Verumpattakkaran, government treasuries. generally Thiyya and Mappila classes, cultivated the land but were also its  The British Government put part-proprietors. These classes were down the rebellion with an iron fist, British given a Verum Pattam (Simple Lease) and Gurkha regiments were of the land that was typically valid for sent to the area and Martial one year. According to custom, they Law imposed were also entitled to one-third or an equal share of the net produce.

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Outbreak- as a result all land became the private property of the jenmis.  During the Mysorean interlude  As conditions worsened, rents (1788–1792), when the Muslim rose to as high as 75–80% of invasion of Malabar led to net produce, leaving the widespread atrocities on the verumpattakkar cultivators Hindu population, the largely "only straw". landowners took refuge in  This caused great resentment neighbouring states. among the Mappilas, who, in  The tenants and the Nair army the words of Logan, were men who could not escape were "labouring late and early to forcibly converted into Islam as provide a sufficiency of food for described in William their wives and children". Logan's Malabar Manual.  General resentment amongst  Thus, the Malabar government the Muslim population led to a under suzerainty of Tipu's long series of violent outbreaks Islamic sultanate, having driven beginning in 1836. out the Hindu Landlords,  These always involved the reached accord with the Muslim murder of Hindus, an act which Kanakkars. the disgruntled Mappilas  A new system of land revenue regarded as religiously was introduced for the first time meritorious and as part of their in the region's history with the larger obligation to establish an government share fixed on the Islamic state. basis of actual produce from the  In 1921, for instance, the land. stated aim was not to oust the  However, within five years, the Janmi system, but to establish British took over Malabar an Islamic nation in Malabar. defeating and ending Tipu's  The British administration reign over the region. referred to the outbreaks as  This allowed the Hindu "Moplah outrages", but modern landlords to return to their historians tend to treat them as homes and regain the lands lost religious outbreaks or during the Islamic aggression, expressions of agrarian with the help of the British discontent. government and its duly  The massacre of Hindus and constituted law courts. widespread sexual violence in  The British superimposed 1921–22 sustained this tradition several Anglo-Roman juridical of violence in Malabar but with concepts, such as that of one crucial difference: this time absolute property rights, upon it had also a political ideology the existing legal system of and a formal organisation. Malabar.  Up until then, such rights had been unknown in the region and

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The following were the various leaders  It aimed to resist British rule in of the movement who were sentenced India through nonviolence to death following the Moplah riots means, or "". Protesters would refuse to buy British  Ali Musaliar (leader of the goods, adopt the use of local movement) handicrafts and picket liquor  Kunhi Kadir, Khilafat Secretary, shops. Tanur  The ideas of Ahimsa and nonviolence, and Gandhi's  Variankunnath Kunhammad ability to rally hundreds of Haji thousands of common citizens  Kunhj Koya, Thangal, president towards the cause of Indian of the Khilafat Committee, independence, were first seen Malappuram on a large scale in this movement through the summer  Koya Tangal of of 1920. Kumaramputhur, Governor of a  All offices and factories would Khilafat Principality be closed. Indians would be  Chembrasseri Imbichi Koya encouraged to withdraw from Thangal (notorious for his killing Raj-sponsored schools, police of 38 men by slashing the necks services, the military, and the and throwing them into a well) civil service, and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj's courts.  Palakamthodi Avvocker Musaliar  Public transportation and English-manufactured goods,  Konnara Mohammed Koya especially clothing, was Thangal boycotted.  Indians returned honours and titles given by the government Non-Cooperation Movement and resigned from various posts  It was led by Mohandas like teachers , lawyers , civil Karamchand Gandhi and was a and military services. reaction to the oppressive  Mahatma Gandhi returned the policies of the British Indian title of Kaisar-i-Hind. This title government such as the Rowlatt was given to him by Lord Act and the Jallianwala Bagh Hardinge in 1915 for his massacre. contribution to Indian  It was launched on 1 August Ambulance Corp formed in 1899 1920. in South Africa.  Its aim was to attain Swaraj in  Jamnalal returned the title of a year. Gandhiji said that if the Rai Bahadur during the movement was implemented movement in 1921. successfully then swaraj would  Veterans like Bal Gangadhar be attained in a year. Tilak, Bipin Chandra

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Pal, Mohammad Ali Working Committee met in Delhi on Jinnah, Annie Besant, 24 February 1922 and decided to ban and Sammed Akiwate opposed all the activities that violated the law. the idea outright. The sudden suspension of the  Rabindranath Tagore was movement was a shock to Gandhiji’s against the movement and followers. Dr.Moonje tables a vote of opposed the burning of foreign censure against Gandhiji for clothes and called it an suspending the movement. insensate waste. On September 4,1920 Congress met  The All India Muslim in Calcutta at a special session in League also criticized the idea. which Gandhiji proposed the Non-  But the younger generation of Cooperation resolution which was Indian nationalists were thrilled, opposed by C.R.Das. In December and backed Gandhi. 1920, at annual congress session in  The Congress Party adopted his Nagpur it was discussed and endorsed plans, and he received by all. During Nagpur session, C.R.Das extensive support from Muslim himself proposed the Non-Cooperation leaders like Maulana movement. Azad, , Hakim Ajmal , original name Khan, , Maulana Kedar Nath Pandey, carried out the Muhammad Ali and Maulana Non-Cooperation movement in Shaukat Ali. Chhapra, Bihar.  The success of the revolt was a total shock to British authorities and a massive encouragement Chauri Chaura incident to millions of Indian nationalists.  The Chauri Chaura  Unity in the country was incident occurred at Chauri strengthened and many indian Chaura in the Gorakhpur schools and colleges were district of the United Province, made. Indian goods were (modern Uttar Pradesh. encouraged.  It occured on 5 February 1922.  A large group of protesters, The Non-cooperation movement was participating in the Non- withdrawn on 12 February 1922 cooperation movement, clashed because of the Chauri Chaura incident. with police, who opened fire. Although he had stopped the national  In retaliation the demonstrators revolt single-handedly, on 10 March attacked and set fire to a police 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On 18 station, killing all of its March 1922, he was imprisoned for six occupants. years for publishing seditious  The incident led to the deaths of materials. This led to suppression of three civilians and 22 the movement and was followed by policemen. the arrest of other leaders. The

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 Mahatma Gandhi, who was towards the market and started strictly against violence, halted shouting anti-government slogans. In the Non-cooperation Movement an attempt to frighten and disperse on the national level on 12 the crowd, the police fired warning February 1922, as a direct shots into the air. This only agitated result of this incident. the crowd who began to throw stones  Gandhiji was at Bardoli at the at the police. time of Chauri Chaura incident. With the situation getting out of He called up a meeting of control, the Indian sub-inspector in Congress Working Committee charge ordered the police to open fire on Februrary 12, 1922 and on the advancing crowd, killing three passed a resolution known as and wounding several others. Bardoli Resolution. He Infuriated by the gunfire into their announced the withdrawal of ranks, the crowd set the Non-Cooperation the chowki ablaze, killing all of the Movement. Indian policemen and chaprassis (official messengers) trapped inside. Most were burned to The Incident- death though several appear to have Two days before the incident, on 2 been killed by the crowd at the February 1922, volunteers entrance to the chowki and their participating in the Non-cooperation bodies thrown back into the fire. Movement protested against high meat prices in the marketplace. The demonstrators were beaten back by local police. Several of their leaders were arrested and put in the lockup at  The Swaraj Party, was formed the Chauri Chaura police station. In on 9 January 1923 by response, a protest against the police Chittaranjan Das and Motilal was called for 4 February, to be held Nehru after the Gaya annual in the local marketplace. conference in December 1922 of the National Congress, that On 5 February, approximately 2,000 sought greater self-government to 2,500 protesters assembled and and political freedom for the began marching towards the market Indian people from the British at Chauri Chaura. They had gathered Raj. to picket a liquor shop in the market  Other prominent leaders place. One of their leaders was included Huseyn Shaheed arrested. Part of the crowd gathered Suhrawardy and Subhas in front of the local police station Chandra shouting slogans demanding the Bose of Bengal, Vithalbhai release of their leader. Armed police Patel and other Congress were dispatched to control the leaders who were becoming situation while the crowd marched dissatisfied with the Congress.

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 Chittaranjan Das was its the Congress but to work in president and was their separate ways. its secretary.  There was no basic difference  It was against Gandhiji’s between the two. suspension of Non-Cooperation Swarajist members were elected to movement. the councils. Vithalbhai Patel became  Das and Nehru thought of the president of the Central Legislative contesting elections to enter the Assembly. legislative council with a view to obstructing a foreign With the death of Chittaranjan Das in government. 1925, and with Motilal Nehru's return  Many candidates of the Swaraj to the Congress the following year, Party got elected to the central the Swaraj party was greatly legislative assembly and weakened. provincial legislative council in the 1923 elections. The Madras Province Swarajya Party  In these legislatures ,they was established in 1923. S. strongly opposed the unjust Satyamurti and S. Srinivasa government policies. Iyengar led the party.  The establishment of fully In 1934, the Madras Province responsible government for Swarajya Party merged with the All India, the convening of a round India Swarajya Party which table conference to resolve the subsequently merged with the Indian problems of Indians, and the National Congress when it contested releasing of certain political the 1935 elections to the Imperial prisoners, were the resolutions Legislative Council under in the central legislative council. the Government of India Act 1935.

After non-cooperation movement congress was divided into two parts- Pro-changers and No-changers. Pro Simon Commission changers opposed the suspension of The Indian Statutory Commission, non-cooperation movement whereas commonly referred to as the Simon no changers were happy with the Commission, was a group of suspension. So Pro-changes formed seven British Members Swaraj Party. of Parliament under the chairmanship  Now both the Swarajists and of Sir John Allsebrook Simon. The the No-Changers were engaged commission arrived in British India in in a fierce political struggle, but 1928 to study constitutional reform. both were determined to avoid Members- the disastrous experience of the 1907 split at Surat.  Sir John Simon, (Liberal Party ,  On the advice of Gandhi, the chairman) two groups decided to remain in  Clement Attlee, (Labour Party)

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 Harry Levy-Lawson, 1st and challenged Lord Birkenhead, Viscount Burnham the Secretary of State for India, to draft a constitution that would be  Edward Cadogan, (Conservative acceptable to the Indian populace. A Party) faction of the Muslim League, led  Vernon Hartshorn, (Labour by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, also decided Party) to boycott the Commission.

 George Lane-Fox, (Conservative However, opinion was divided, with Party) support for co-operation coming from some members of the Muslim League  Donald Howard, 3rd Baron and also both Hindus and members of Strathcona and Mount Royal the Central Sikh League. An All-India Committee for Cooperation with the Simon Commission was established by One of its members was Clement the Council of India and by selection Attlee, who became committed to of the Viceroy, Lord Irwin. The Indian independence by 1934 and members of the committee were: C. achieved that goal when he became Sankaran Nair (Chairman), Arthur Prime Minister in 1947 and granted Froom, Nawab Ali Khan, Shivdev independence to India and Pakistan. Singh Uberoi, Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Hari At the time of introducing Singh Gour, Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy, Kikabhai Premchand the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms in 1919, the British Government declared and M. C. Rajah. that a commission would be sent to The Simon Commission left England in India after ten years to examine the January 1928. Almost immediately effects and operations of the with its arrival in Bombay on 3 constitutional reforms and to suggest February 1928, its members were more reforms for India. In November confronted by throngs of protesters, 1927, the British government although there were also some appointed a commission to report on supporters among the crowds who India's constitutional progress for saw it as the next step on the road to introducing constitutional reforms, as self-governance. A strike began and promised. many people turned out to greet the People in India were outraged and Commission with black flags. Similar insulted that the Simon Commission, protests occurred in every major which was to determine the future of Indian city that the seven British MPs India, did not include a single Indian visited. member. Lord Irwin suggested to not One protest against the Simon to include Indians in Simon Commission became infamous. On 30 Commission. The Indian National October 1928, the Commission arrived Congress, at its in Lahore where it was met by meeting in Madras (now Chennai), protesters waving black flags. The resolved to boycott the Commission protest was led by Indian

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©helloscholar.in nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, who had his son Jawaharlal Nehru acting moved a resolution against the as secretary. Commission in the Legislative  There were nine other members Assembly of Punjab in February 1928. in this committee. In order to make way for the  The final report was signed by Commission, the local police force Motilal Nehru, Ali Imam, Tej began beating protestors. Lala Lajpat Bahadur Sapru, Madhav Rai was critically injured and died a Shrihari Aney, Mangal Singh, fortnight later. Shuaib Qureshi, , and G. R. The Commission published its 2- Pradhan. volume report in May 1930. It  This was the first attempt by proposed the abolition of dyarchy and Indians to draft a new the establishment of representative constitution. government in the provinces. It also recommended that separate Points of Nehru Report- communal electorates be retained, but  Unlike the eventual Government only until tensions of India Act 1935 it contained between Hindus and Muslims had died a Bill of Rights. down.  All power of government and all The outcome of the Simon authority - Commission was the Government of legislative, executive and judici India Act 1935, which called for al - are derived from the people "responsible" government at the and the same shall be exercised provincial level in India but not at the through organisations national level—that is a government established by, or under, and in responsible to the Indian community accord with, this Constitution. rather than London. It is the basis of many parts of the Indian Constitution.  There shall be no state religion; In 1937 the first elections were held in men and women shall have the Provinces, resulting in Congress equal rights as citizens. Governments being returned in almost all Provinces.  There should be federal form of government with residuary powers vested in the centre.(Some scholars, such The Nehru Report as Moore 1988 considered the  The Nehru Report of 28-30 Nehru Report proposal as August, 1928 was a essentially unitary rather memorandum outlining a than federal); proposed new status  It included a description of the constitution for India. machinery of government  It was prepared by a committee including a proposal for the of the All Parties Conference creation of a Supreme chaired by Motilal Nehru with

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Court and a suggestion that the 14 points- provinces should be linguistically determined. 1. The form of the future constitution should be federal,  It did not provide for separate with the residuary powers electorates for any community vested in the provinces; or weightage for minorities. 2. A uniform measure of autonomy Both of these were liberally shall be guaranteed to all provided in the provinces; eventual Government of India 3. All legislatures in the country Act 1935. However, it did allow and other elected bodies shall for the reservation of minority be constituted on the definite seats in provinces having principle of adequate and a minorities of at least ten effective representation of percent, but this was to be in minorities in every province strict proportion to the size of without reducing the majority in any province to a minority or the community. even equality;  The language of the Union shall 4. In the Central Legislature, be Indian, which may be written Muslim representation shall not either in Devanagari be less than one third; (Hindi/Sanskrit), Telugu, 5. Representation of communal Kannada, Marathi, Gujarati, groups shall continue to be by Bengali or Tamil in character. means of separate electorate as at present: provided it shall be The use of the English language open to any community, at any shall be permitted. time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of a joint electorate. Fourteen Points of Jinnah 6. Any territorial distribution that might at any time be necessary  The Fourteen Points of shall not in any way affect the Jinnah were proposed Muslim majority. by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. 7. Full religious liberty, i.e. liberty  Jinnah's aim was to get more of belief, worship and rights for Muslims. observance, propaganda,  The report was given in a association and education, shall meeting of the council of the All be guaranteed to all India Muslim League on 9 March communities. 1929. 8. No bill or resolution or any part  Nehru Report was criticised by thereof shall be passed in any Muslim leaders Aga legislature or any other elected Khan and Muhammad Shafi. body if three fourths of the  They considered it as a death members of any community in warrant because it that particular body oppose it recommended joint electoral as being injurious to the interests of that community or rolls for Hindus and Muslims.

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in the alternative, such other  Jawaharlal Nehru was the method is devised as may be president of this session. found feasible and practicable  The was hoisted by to deal with such cases. Jawaharlal Nehru on 31 9. should be separated from December 1929 on the banks of the Bombay Presidency. river Ravi. 10. Reforms should be introduced in  The Congress asked the people the North West Frontier of India to observe 26th of Province and Balochistan on the January as . same footing as in the other  Hasrat Mohani was the first provinces. activist to demand complete 11. Provision should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an independence (Poorna Swaraj) adequate share, along with the from the British in 1921. other Indians, in all the services Major decisions taken at the of the state and in local self- Lahore session- governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of  The Round Table conference efficiency. was to be boycotted. 12. The constitution should embody  Complete independence was adequate safeguards for the declared as the aim of the protection of Muslim culture and congress. for the protection and  Congress working committee promotion of Muslim education, was authorized to launch a language, religion, personal programme of civil disobedience laws and Muslim charitable institutions and for their due including non-payment of taxes share in the grants-in-aid given and all members of legislatures by the state and by local self- were asked to resign their governing bodies. seats. 13. No cabinet, either central or  January 26, 1930 was fixed as provincial, should be formed the first independence day without there being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers. 14. No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central  It started on 12 March 1930 to Legislature except with the 6 April 1930. It started from concurrence of the States Sabarmati Ashram to the constituting of the Indian coastal village of Dandi. Federation.  Mahatma Gandhi started this march with 78 of his trusted volunteers.  They covered a distance of 242  Purna Swaraj was declared in miles (390 km) miles. Lahore session in 1929.  They walked for 24 days 10 miles a day.

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 It was a direct action campaign called . On 23 April of tax resistance and nonviolent 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested. A protest against the British salt crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered monopoly. in Peshawar's Kissa Khani  The 24-day march would pass (Storytellers) Bazaar. The British through 4 districts and 48 ordered troops of 2/18 battalion of villages. Royal Garhwal Rifles to open fire with  The Salt March was also called machine guns on the unarmed crowd, the White Flowing killing an estimated 200–250. The River because all the people Pashtun satyagrahis acted in accord were joining the procession with their training in nonviolence, wearing white . willingly facing bullets as the troops  The Salt Satyagraha quickly fired on them. One British Indian grew into a mass Satyagraha. Army Soldier Chandra Singh Garwali  British cloth and goods were and troops of the renowned Royal boycotted. Garhwal Rifles, refused to fire at the  Unpopular forest laws were crowds. The entire platoon was defied in the Maharashtra, arrested and many received heavy Karnataka and Central penalties, including life imprisonment. Provinces.

 Gujarati peasants refused to pay tax, under threat of losing Women in civil disobedience their crops and land.  In , took The civil disobedience in 1930 marked part by refusing to pay the the first time women became mass chowkidar tax. participants in the struggle for  The British responded with freedom. Thousands of women, from more laws, including censorship large cities to small villages, became of correspondence and active participants in declaring the Congress and its satyagraha. Gandhi had asked that associate organisations illegal. only men take part in the salt march,  None of those measures slowed but eventually women began the civil disobedience manufacturing and selling salt movement. throughout India. It was clear that  C. Rajagopalachari led the salt though only men were allowed within march in Tamil Nadu. the march, that both men and women  K.Kelappan led the salt march were expected to forward work that in Malabar. would help dissolve the salt laws.

In Peshawar, satyagraha was led by a Gandhi himself avoided further active Muslim Pashto disciple of involvement after the march, though Gandhi, Ghaffar Khan, who had he stayed in close contact with the trained 50,000 nonviolent activists developments throughout India. He created a temporary ashram near

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Dandi. From there, he urged women major concessions from the British. It followers in Bombay (now Mumbai) to also failed to attract Muslim support. picket liquor shops and foreign cloth. Congress leaders decided to end He said that "a bonfire should be satyagraha as official policy in 1934. made of foreign cloth. Schools and Nehru and other Congress members colleges should become empty." drifted further apart from Gandhi. Gandhi withdrew from Congress to For his next major action, Gandhi concentrate on his Constructive decided on a raid of the Dharasana Programme, which included his efforts Salt Works in Gujarat, 25 miles south to end untouchability in of Dandi. He wrote to Lord Irwin, the Harijan movement. again telling him of his plans. Around midnight of 4 May, as Gandhi was sleeping on a cot in a mango grove, Khudai Khidmatgar was a the District Magistrate of Surat drove Pashtun non-violent movement up with two Indian officers and thirty against the British Empire by the heavily armed constables. He was people (also known as Pathans, arrested under an 1827 regulation Pakhtuns or Afghans) of the North- calling for the jailing of people West Frontier Province of British engaged in unlawful activities, and India (now in Pakistan). It was also held without trial called Surkh Posh or "Red Shirts". The near Poona (now Pune). movement was led by Khan Abdul The Dharasana Satyagraha went Ghaffar Khan, known locally as Bacha ahead as planned, with Abbas Tyabji, Khan or Badshah Khan. a seventy-six-year-old retired judge, The Bannu Resolution was a formal leading the march with Gandhi's political statement adopted in India on wife Kasturba at his side. Both were June 21, 1947, seven weeks before arrested before reaching Dharasana the , by Bacha and sentenced to three months in Khan, Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai, prison. After their arrests, the march the Khudai Khidmatgars, members of continued under the leadership the Provincial Assembly, Mirzali of Sarojini Naidu. Vithalbhai Patel, Khan (Faqir of Ipi), and other tribal former Speaker of the Assembly, chiefs at a loya jirga held at Bannu. watched the beatings and remarked, The resolution demanded that "All hope of reconciling India with the the be given a choice to British Empire is lost forever. Time have an independent state magazine declared Gandhi its 1930 of Pashtunistan, composing all Man of the Year, comparing Gandhi's Pashtun territories of British India, march to the sea "to defy Britain's salt instead of being made to join either tax as some New Englanders once India or Pakistan. But, the British defied a British tea tax. Raj refused to comply with the Salt Satyagraha produced little resolution. progress toward dominion status or self-rule for India, and did not win any

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Gandhi Irwin Pact  Release of prisoners arrested for participating in the civil  The Gandhi Irwin Pact was a disobedience movement political agreement signed  Removal of the tax on salt, which by Mahatma Gandhi and the allowed the Indians to produce, then Viceroy of India, Lord trade, and sell salt legally and for Irwin on 5 March 1931 before their own private use the second Round Table Conference in London.  Before this, the viceroy Lord In reply, the British Government agreed to:- Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague offer of 1. Withdraw all ordinances and 'dominion status' for India in an end prosecutions unspecified future and a Round 2. Release all political prisoners, Table Conference to discuss a except those guilty of violence future constitution. 3. Permit peaceful picketing of  The main purpose of this pact liquor and foreign cloth shops to make Congress participated 4. Restore confiscated properties in round table conference. of the satyagrahis  and M.R. 5. Permit free collection or Jaykar played an important role manufacture of salt by persons in the signing of this pact. near the sea-coast  Sarojini Naidu called Gandhi 6. Lift the ban over the congress. and Irwin “the two Mahatmas”.  Alan Campbell Johnson termed Gandhi’s gain in the pact as Karachi Session -1931 “Consolation Prizes”.  The Gandhi Irwin Pact was Below are the proposed approved by the Congress in conditions:- the Karachi Session of 1931,that was held from March  Discontinuation of the civil 26-31. disobedience movement by the  Vallabhbhai Patel was the Indian National Congress president of this session.  Participation by the Indian National  Congress passed the resolutions Congress in the Round Table related to Fundamental Rights Conference and the national economic  Withdrawal of all ordinances issued programmes for the first time in by the British this session. Government imposing curbs on the  Jawahar Lal Nehru with the help activities of the Indian National of M.N.Roy drafted the Congress resolution of Fundamental  Withdrawal of all prosecutions Rights and the national relating to several types of offenses except those involving economic programmes. violence  Subhash Chandra Bose regarded Karachi session as the

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pinnacle of Gandhiji’s popularity of Jinnah to Viceroy Lord and prestige. Irwin and Prime Minister Ramsay Some important aspects of these MacDonald, and by the report resolutions were: submitted by the Simon  Basic civil rights of freedom of Commission in May 1930. speech, Freedom of Press,  Demands for swaraj, or self- Freedom of assembly, Freedom rule, in India had been growing of association, increasingly strong.  By the 1930s, many British  Equality before law politicians believed that India  Elections on the basis of needed to move Universal Adult Franchise towards dominion status.  However, there were significant  Free and compulsory primary disagreements between the education. Indian and the British political  Substantial reduction in rent parties that the Conferences and taxes would not resolve.  B.R.Ambedkar and Tej Bahadur  Better conditions for workers Sapru attended all the three including a living wage, limited conferences. hours of work.

 Protection of women and peasants First Round Table Conference (November 1930 – January 1931)  Government ownership or control of key industries, mines,  The Round Table Conference and transport. officially inaugurated by His Majesty George V on November  Protection of Minorities. 12, 1930 in Royal Gallery House of Lords at London and chaired

by the British Prime Round Table Conferences Minister, Ramsay MacDonald.  The three British political  The three Round Table parties were represented by Conferences of 1930–32 were sixteen delegates. a series of conferences  There were fifty-eight political organized by the British leaders from British India and Government to discuss sixteen delegates from the constitutional reforms in India. princely states.  These started in November  In total 74 delegates from India 1930 and ended in December attended the Conference. 1932.  However, the Indian National  They were conducted as per the Congress, along with Indian recommendation

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business leaders, kept away  The Gandhi-Irwin Pact opened from the conference. the way for Congress  Many of them were in jail for participation in this conference. their participation in Civil  Mahatma Gandhi was invited Disobedience Movement. from India and attended as the  The idea of an All-India sole official Congress Federation was moved to the representative accompanied centre of discussion by Tej by Sarojini Naidu and Bahadur Sapru. also Madan Mohan  Other important discussions Malaviya, Ghanshyam Das were the responsibility of the Birla, Muhammad Iqbal, Sir executive to the legislature and Mirza Ismail (Diwan of a separate electorate for Mysore), S.K. Dutta and Sir the Untouchables as demanded Syed Ali Imam. by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.  Gandhi claimed that the Congress alone represented

political India; that the Second Round Table Conference Untouchables were Hindus and (September – December 1931) should not be treated as a “minority”; and that there  The Congress had boycotted the should be no separate first conference was requested electorates or special to come to a settlement by safeguards for Muslims or other Sapru, M. R. Jayakar and V. S. minorities. Srinivasa Sastri.  These claims were rejected by  A settlement between Mahatma the other Indian participants. Gandhi and Viceroy Lord  During the Conference, Gandhi Irwin known as the Gandhi– could not reach agreement with Irwin Pact was reached and the Muslims on Muslim Gandhi was appointed as the representation and safeguards. sole representative of the  At the end of the conference Congress to the second Round Ramsay MacDonald undertook Table Conference. to produce a Communal  Although MacDonald was still Award for minority Prime Minister of Britain, he representation, with the was by this time heading a provision that any free coalition Government (the agreement between the parties "National Government") with a could be substituted for his Conservative majority. It was award. held in London in September 1931.  The discussion led to the Third Round Table Conference passing of the Government Of (November – December 1932) India act of 1935.

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 The third and last session the Second of the Three Round assembled on November 17, Table Conferences. 1932.  The Award was highly  Only forty-six delegates controversial and opposed by attended since most of the main Gandhi, who was in Yerwada political figures of India were jail, and fasted in protest not present. against it.  The Labour Party from Britain  Gandhi feared that it would and the Indian National disintegrate Hindu society. Congress refused to attend.  However, the Communal Award  From September 1931 until was supported by many among March 1933, under the the minority communities, most supervision of the Secretary of notably the leader of the State for India, Sir Samuel Scheduled Castes, Dr. B. R. Hoare, the proposed reforms Ambedkar. took the form reflected in  According to Ambedkar, Gandhi the Government of India Act was ready to award separate 1935. electorates to Muslims and Sikhs. But Gandhi was reluctant to give separate electorates to scheduled castes.

Communal Award  He was afraid of division inside Congress and Hindu society due  The Communal Award was to separate scheduled caste made by the British Prime representations. Minister Ramsay MacDonald on 16 August 1932  But Ambedkar insisted for granting separate separate electorate for electorates in India for scheduled caste. the Forward Caste, scheduled  After lengthy negotiations, Caste, Muslims, Buddhists, Sikh Gandhi reached an agreement s, Indian Christians, Anglo- with Ambedkar to have a single Indians, Europeans and Depress Hindu electorate, with ed Classes (now known as scheduled castes having seats the Scheduled Caste) etc. reserved within it.  The principle of weightage was  This is called the Poona Pact. also applied.  Electorates for other religions  The reason behind introduction like Muslims, Buddhists, Sikhs, I of this 'Award' was that Ramsay ndian Christians, Anglo- MacDonald considered himself Indians, Europeans remained as 'a friend of the Indians' and separate. thus wanted to resolve the issues in India.  The 'Communal Award' was announced after the failure of

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Poona Pact  About 19 per cent of seats were to be reserved for these classes  The Poona Pact refers to an in legislature agreement between B. R. Ambedkar and M. K. Gandhi on  The system of election to the the reservation of electoral panel of candidates in both, seats for the depressed classes Central and Provincial in the legislature of British Legislature should come to end India government. in 10 years, unless it ends on  It was made on the 24th of mutual terms September 1932 at Yerwada  The representation of the Central Jail in Poona, India. classes through reservation  It was signed by Madan Mohan should continue as per clauses Malviya, Ambedkar and some 1 and 4 until determined, else other leaders as a means to end by mutual agreement between the fast that Gandhi was the communities undertaking in jail as a protest against the decision by British  The franchise for the Central Prime Minister Ramsay and Provincial Legislatures of MacDonald to give separate these classes should be electorates to depressed classes indicated in the Lothian for the election of members of Committee report provincial legislative assemblies in British India.  There should be a fair  They finally agreed upon 148 representation of these classes seats whereas Communal  In every province, the SCs and Award had reserved 71 seats STs should be provided with for depressed classes. sufficient educational facilities.

Terms of the Poona Pact After Poona Pact Gandhiji was not  Seat reservation for the actively involved in civil disobedience Scheduled Castes (SC) and movement but now he took an Scheduled Tribes (ST) in interest in anti-untouchability provincial legislature movements and launched ‘All India Untouchability League’. Its name was  The STs and SCs would form an later changed to ‘Harijan Sewak electoral college which would Sangh’. Ghanshyam Das Birla was the elect four candidates for the first president of this Sangh and Amrit general electorate Lal Thakkar was the first secretary of this Sangh.  The representation of these classes was based on the All India Depressed Class Federation standards of joint electorates was founded by B.R.Ambedkar in and reserved seats 1920. He started publication of Marathi paper ‘Bahiskrit Bharat’. He

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©helloscholar.in said ‘Mahatma Gandhi like fleeting  He was a Gandhian Socialist. phantom raised dust not the level’. Narayan became general secretary of the party and

Acharya became Congress Socialist Party president.  In the new party the greeting  The Congress Socialist 'comrade' was used. Party (CSP) was founded in  Masani mobilised the party 1934 by Rambriksh Benipuri, Jai in Bombay, Prakash Narayan, Ram Manohar whereas Kamaladevi Lohia, Acharya Narendra Deva Chattopadhyaya and Puroshotta as a socialist group within m Trikamdas organised the the Indian National Congress. party in other parts  Influenced by Fabianism as well of Maharashtra. as -Leninism, the CSP  Ganga Sharan Singh (Sinha) included advocates of armed was among the prominent struggle or sabotage (such as leaders of the Indian National Yusuf Meherally, Jai Prakash Congress Party as among the Narayan, Rambriksh founders of the Congress Benipuri and Basawon Singh Socialist Party. (Sinha) as well as those who  The constitution of the CSP insisted upon ahimsa or defined that the members of (such as CSP were the members of the Acharya Narendra Deva). Provisional Congress Socialist  The CSP advocated Parties and that they were all decentralized socialism in required to be members of the which co-operatives, trade Indian National Congress. unions, independent farmers, and local authorities would hold a substantial share of the Indian provincial elections, 1937 economic power.  JP Narayan and Minoo Masani  Provincial elections were held were released from jail in April in British India in 1936-37 as 1934.Rambriksh Benipuri & mandated by the Government Narayan convened a meeting of India Act 1935. in on 17 May 1934, which  Elections were held in eleven founded the Bihar Congress provinces - Madras, Central Socialist Party. Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United  Rambriksh Benipuri & Narayan Provinces, Bombay convened a meeting in Patna on Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Beng 17 May 1934, which founded al, Punjaband Sindh. the Bihar Congress Socialist  The final results of the elections Party.Rambriksh Benipuri was were declared in February the driving force behind the 1937. formation of socialist party.

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 The Indian National Congress contested 739 and won 617. Of emerged in power in eight of the 125 non-general the provinces - the three constituencies contested by exceptions being Bengal, Congress, 59 were reserved for Punjab, and Sindh. Muslims and in those the  The All-India Muslim Congress won 25 seats, 15 of League failed to form the them in the entirely- government in any province. Muslim North-West Frontier  The Congress ministries Province. resigned in October and  The All-India Muslim November 1939, in protest League won 106 seats (6.7% of against Viceroy Lord the total), placing it as second- Linlithgow's action of declaring ranking party. India to be a belligerent in  The only other party to win the Second World War without more than 5 percent of the consulting the Indian people. assembly seats was the Unionist Party (Punjab),

with 101 seats. Election-  Neither the Muslim League nor the Congress did well in the  The 1937 election was the first Muslim constituencies. in which large masses of  While the Muslim League fared Indians were eligible to better on Muslim seats from the participate. non-Muslim majority provinces,  An estimated 30.1 million its performance was less persons, including 4.25 million impressive in the Muslim women, had acquired the right majority provinces such as to vote (12% of the total Punjab and Bengal. population), and 15.5 million of  The Congress was also unable these, including 917,000 to show popularity among women, participated to exercise Muslims. their franchise.  The elections showed that  Nehru admitted that while the Muslims thought along elections were on a restricted provincial or local lines and franchise, they were a big were less interested in all-India improvement as compared to matters. earlier elections conducted by the British raj that had been extremely restricted. In Madras, the Congress won 74% of  The results were in favour of all seats, eclipsing the the Indian National Congress. incumbent Justice Party (21 seats). Of the total of 1,585 seats, it won 707 (44.6%). The Sind Legislative Assembly had 60  Among the 864 seats assigned members. The Sind United Party "general" constituencies, it emerged the leader with 22 seats, and

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©helloscholar.in the Congress secured 8 seats. Frontier Province, Congress won 19 Mohammad Ali Jinnah had tried to set out of 50 seats and was able, with up a League Parliamentary Board in minor party support, to form a Sindh in 1936, but he failed, though ministry. 72% of the population was The Unionist Party under Sikander Muslim. Though 34 seats were Hyat Khan formed the government reserved for Muslims, the Muslim in Punjab with 95 out of 175 seats. League could secure none of them. The Congress won 18 seats and the The United Provinces legislature Akali Dal, 10. In Bengal, though the consisted of a Legislative Council of 52 Congress was the largest party (with elected and 6 or 8 nominated 54 seats), The Krishak Praja members and a Legislative Assembly Party of A. K. Fazlul Huq (with 36 of 228 elected members: some from seats) was able to form a coalition exclusive Muslim constituencies, some government. from "General" constituencies, and some "Special" constituencies. The Congress won a clear majority in the The election results were a blow to the United Provinces, with 133 League. After the election, Muhammad seats, while the Muslim League won Ali Jinnah of the League offered to only 27 out of the 64 seats reserved form coalitions with the Congress. The for Muslims. League insisted that the Congress should not nominate any Muslims to In Assam, the Congress won 33 seats the ministries, as it (the League) out of a total of 108 making it the claimed to be the exclusive single largest party, though it was not representative of Indian Muslims. This in a position to form a ministry. The was not acceptable to the Congress, Governor called upon Sir Muhammad and it declined the League's offer. Sadulla, ex-Judicial Member of Assam and Leader of the Assam Valley Muslim Party to form the ministry. The Congress was a part of the ruling Resignation of Congress ministries coalition.

In Bombay, the Congress fell just  Viceroy Linlithgow declared short of gaining half the seats. India at war with Germany on 3 However, it was able to draw on the September 1939. support of some small pro-Congress  The Congress objected strongly groups to form a working to the declaration to war majority. B.G. Kher became the first without prior consultation with Chief Minister of Bombay. Indians. In three additional provinces, Central  The Congress Working Provinces, Bihar, and Orissa, the Committee suggested that it Congress won clear majorities. In the would cooperate if there were a overwhelmingly Muslim North-West central Indian national government formed, and a

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commitment made to India's  The committee visited16 States independence after the war. and submitted its report in  The Muslim League promised its 1929. support to the British, with  The committee consisted of Sir Jinnah calling on Muslims to Harcourt Butler, Prof. W.S. help the Raj by "honourable co- Holdsworth and S.C. Peel. operation" at the "critical and  They visited sixteen Princely difficult juncture," while asking States. the Viceroy for increased  They submitted their report in protection for Muslims. February 1929.  The government did not come Recommendations of the Butler up with any satisfactory committee - response. The viceroy Linlithgow could only offer to (i) The relationship of the paramount form a 'consultative committee' power with the state was not merely a for advisory functions. contractual relationship, but a living,  Thus, Linlithgow refused the growing relationship shaped by the demands of the Congress. circumstances and policy, resting on  On 22 October 1939, all the mixture of history and theory. Congress ministries were called upon to tender their (ii) State should not be transferred resignations." without their own agreement to a  Both Viceroy Linlithgow and relationship with a new government in Muhammad Ali Jinnah were British India responsible to an Indian pleased with the resignations. legislature.  On 2 December 1939, Jinnah (iii) British paramountcy preserve the put out an appeal, calling for princely state. Indian Muslims to celebrate 22 December 1939 as a "Day of Deliverance" from August Offer Congress. On 8 August 1940, the Viceroy of

India, Lord Linlithgow, made the so- Butler Committee called "August Offer".

 The Indian states committee The following proposals were put in: appointed a committee under 1. After the war a representative the Chairmanship of Sir Indian body would be set up to Harcourt Butler which was frame a constitution for India. popularly known as ‘the Butler Committee’ to investigate and 2. Viceroy's Executive Council clarify the relationship between would be expanded without the British Government of India delay. and the Princes of Princely States in AD 1927.

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3. The minorities were assured  The non-violence was set as the that the government would not centerpiece of Individual transfer power "to any system Satyagraha. of government whose authority  This was done by carefully is directly denied by large and selecting the Satyagrahis. powerful elements in Indian  The first Satyagrahi selected national life. was Acharya Vinoba Bhave, who was sent to Jail when he spoke In return, it was hoped that all parties against the war. and communities in India would  He was followed nearly by cooperate in Britain's war effort. 25,000 individual satygrahis. The Congress Working  The second Satyagrahi was Committee meeting at Wardha on Jawahar Lal Nehru. 21st August 1940 eventually rejected  The third was Brahma Datt, one the offer, and asserted its demand for of the inmates of the Gandhi's complete freedom from the imperial Ashram. They all were sent to power. The Muslim League did not jail for violating the Defence of accept the offer as it did not give a India Act, and many others clear assurance that a separate were also later imprisoned. Pakistan would be established.  But since it was not a mass movement, it attracted little enthusiasm and in December Individual Satyagraha 1940, Gandhi suspended it.  The campaign started again in  The Congress was in a confused January 1941; this time state again after the August thousands of people joined and Offer. around 20,000 people were  The radicals and leftists wanted arrested. to launch a mass Civil  Significant modifications were Disobedience Movement, but made to the August Offer in here Gandhi insisted on 1942 in the form of Cripps Individual Satyagraha. Proposals.  The Individual Satyagraha was not to seek independence but to affirm the right of speech. Cripps Mission - 1942  The other reason for this Satyagraha was that a mass Cripps Mission was sent by the British movement might turn violent Government in March 1942 to India and he would not like to see the with key objective to secure Indian Great Britain embarrassed by cooperation and support for British such a situation. War Efforts. It was headed by Sir  This view was conveyed to Lord and sought to Linlithgow by Gandhi when he negotiate an agreement with Indian met him on 27 September leaders. Winston Churchill was the 1940. prime minister at that time.

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Proposals - dated cheque drawn on a failing bank".  An Indian Union with a dominion status; would be set The Muslim League rejected the up; it would be free to decide Cripps proposal. Jinnah argued that its relations with the the proposals were merely a draft Commonwealth and free to declaration and did not meet the participate in the United Nations demand for Pakistan sufficiently and other international bodies. and preferred a scheme of United  After the end of the war, a India. constituent assembly would be

convened to frame a new constitution. Members of this Quit India Movement assembly would be partly elected by the provincial  The Quit India Movement, or assemblies through proportional the India August Movement, representation and partly was a movement launched at nominated by the princes. the Bombay session of the All-  The British Government would India Congress Committee accept the new constitution only by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 on the following conditions :(a) August 1942, during World War any province not willing to join II, demanding an end to British the Union could have a separate Rule of India. constitution and form a  The Cripps Mission had failed, separate Union, and (b) the and on August 8th 1942, new constitution- making body Gandhi made a call to Do or and the British Government Die in his Quit India would negotiate a treaty to speech delivered in Bombay at effect the transfer of power and the Gowalia Tank . to safeguard racial and religious  The Congress Working minorities. Committee meeting  The post of governor-general’s at Wardha (14 July 1942) would remain intact and passed a resolution demanding defence of India would remain complete independence from in British hands. the British government.  The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did The Congress stopped talks with not accede to the demands. Cripps and, guided by Gandhi, the  Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, national leadership demanded Sarojini Naidu, Jawaharlal immediate self-government in Nehru, Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. return for war support. Gandhi said ,Sitaramaiyya, that Cripps' offer of Dominion G.V.Pant,Praful Chandra Ghosh, Status after the war was a "post- Saiyyad Mehmood, ,

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J.B.Kriplani, Mahatma Gandhi, regional level organisers. Jawaharlal etc. had taken part. Nehru and Maulana Azad were  The president of this session apprehensive and critical of the call, was Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. but backed it and stuck with  On August 8, 1942 in the Gandhi's leadership until the meeting of AICC, Jawaharlal end. Sardar Vallabhbhai Nehru presented Quit India Patel, Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah resolution and Sardar Patel Narayan Sinha openly and supported it. The draft of Quit enthusiastically supported such a India Resolution was prepared disobedience movement, as did many by Mahatma Gandhi. veteran Gandhians and socialists  The commander-in-chief of the like and Jayaprakash during Quit Indian Narayan. movement was Lord Wavell. Muslim League, the Hindu On the eve of commencing Quit Mahasabha, the Rashtriya India movement, 1942 Mahatma Swayamsevak Sangh, Gandhi had given the following the Communist Party of India and statements- the princely states opposed the Quit India movement. 1. Government employees should not leave their work but should Hindu nationalist parties like declare their allegiance for the openly congress opposed the call for the Quit India 2. Soldiers should refuse to fire on Movement and boycotted it their countrymen. officially. Vinayak Damodar 3. Students should leave their Savarkar, the president of the Hindu study only if they stay firm on Mahasabha at that time, even went to their decision until freedom is the extent of writing a letter titled achieved "Stick to your Posts", in which he 4. The Princess of the princely instructed Hindu Sabhaites who states should accept the happened to be "members of sovereignty of their people and municipalities, local bodies, people living in their states legislatures or those serving in the should declare them as a part of army... to stick to their posts" across the Indian nation and accept the country, and not to join the Quit the leadership of the king only India Movement at any cost. when they take their future was the linked with public. leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in However, it proved to be controversial Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling within the party. A prominent coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Congress national Praja Party of Fazlul Haq). leader, Chakravarti Rajgopalachari, quit the Congress over this decision, and so did some local and

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During Quit India Movement, trials and tribulations that followed. was secretly being The British, already alarmed by the broadcasted form different parts of advance of the Japanese army to the India which could be heard upto India-Burma border, responded by Madras. was imprisoning Gandhi. All the members regularly broadcasted on the radio. of the Party's Working Committee was a member of the (national leadership) were imprisoned small group of congress that managed as well. Due to the arrest of major underground congress radio. leaders, a young and until then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf The American journalist Louis Ali presided over the AICC session on Fischer and other intellectuals Pearl 9 August and hoisted the flag; later Buck, Adgersnow, M.L.Surment and the Congress party was banned. Norman Thomas were with Gandhiji and demanded India’s freedom.

After passing the movement, Gandhiji C. Rajagopalachari's formula was arrested in Bombay and kept in  C. Rajagopalachari's , Pune. formula (or C. R. Jai Prakash Narayan got the formulaor Rajaji formula) was a recognition as a national leader during proposal formulated by Chakravarti the Quit India movement. All the main Rajagopalachari to solve the leaders of the congress were arrested political deadlock between in the starting of the movement. the All India Muslim League and Congress leaders such as Jai Prakash the Indian National Congress on Narayan, Ram Manohar Lohia, Aruna the independence of British Asaf Ali who were outside jail started India. consolidating public secretly. Jai  The League's position was that Prakash Narayan was put under arrest the Muslims and Hindus of Britis in Hazaribagh Jail during the Quit h India were of two separate India movement. He escaped from nations and hence the Muslims high security prison and organized had the right to their own under ground activities. nation. Parallel government was  The Congress, which included established in – both Hindu and Muslim members, was opposed to the 1. Ballia (Uttar pradesh under idea of partitioning India. the leadership of Chittu  With the advent of the Second Pandey. World War the British 2. (Midnapore) Bengal administration required both 3. Satara (Mahrashtra) parties to agree so that Indian One of the important achievements of help could be sought for the war effort. the movement was keeping the Congress party united through all the

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 C. Rajagopalachari, a Congress  The transfer of population, if leader from Madras, devised a any would be absolutely on a proposal for the Congress to voluntary basis. offer the League, the  The terms of the binding will be predominantly Muslim region applicable only in case of full that became Pakistanbased on transfer of power by Britain to a plebiscite of all the people in Government of India. those regions where Muslims were in the majority.  Although the formula was The Indian National Army (Azad opposed, even within the Hind Fauj) Congress party, Gandhi used it as the basis of his proposal in  The Indian National talks with Jinnah in 1944. Army (INA; Azad Hind Fauj)  However, Jinnah rejected the was an armed force formed by proposal and the talks failed. Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World

War II.  Its aim was to secure Indian Proposals of the CR formula - independence from British rule.  It formed an alliance  The League was to endorse the Indian demand for with Imperial Japan in the independence and to co-operate latter's campaign in with the Congress in formation the Southeast Asian theatre of of Provisional Interim WWII. Government for a transitional  The army was first formed in period. 1942 under , by  At the end of the War, a Indian PoWs of the British- commission would be appointed Indian Army captured by Japan to demarcate the districts in the Malayan campaign and at having a Muslim population in Singapore. absolute majority and in those  This first INA collapsed and was areas plebiscite to be conducted disbanded in December that on all inhabitants (including the year after differences between non-Muslims) on basis of adult suffrage. the INA leadership and the  All parties would be allowed to Japanese military over its role express their stance on the in Japan's war in Asia. partition and their views before  It was revived under the the plebiscite. leadership of Subhas Chandra  In the event of separation, a Bose after his arrival in mutual agreement would be Southeast Asia in 1943. entered into for safeguarding  The army was declared to be essential matters such as the army of Bose's Arzi defence, communication and Hukumat-e-Azad Hind (the commerce and for other essential services.

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Provisional Government of Free the Indian independence India). movement.  Under Bose's leadership, the  The Minami Kikan successfully INA drew ex-prisoners and recruited Burmese nationalists, thousands of civilian volunteers while the F Kikan was from the Indian successful in establishing expatriate population contacts with Indian nationalists in Malaya (present-day in exile in Thailand and Malaya. Malaysia) and Burma.  Fujiwara, later self-described as  This second INA fought along "Lawrence of the Indian with the Imperial Japanese National Army" (after Lawrence Army against the British of Arabia) is said to have been and Commonwealth forces in a man committed to the values the campaigns in Burma, in which his office was supposed Imphaland at Kohima, and later to convey to the expatriate against the successful Burma nationalist leaders, and found Campaign of the Allies. acceptance among them.  His initial contact was with Giani The end of the war saw a large Pritam Singh and the Thai- number of the troops repatriated to Bharat Cultural Lodge. India where some faced trials for  At the outbreak of World War treason. These trials became a II in South-East Asia, 70,000 galvanising point in the Indian Indian troops (mostly Sikhs) Independence were stationed in Malaya. In movement. The Bombay mutiny in Japan's spectacular Malayan the Royal Indian Navy and other Campaign a large number of mutinies in 1946 are thought to have Indian prisoners-of-war were been caused by the nationalist feelings captured, including nearly that were caused by the INA trials. 45,000 after the fall of Singapore alone.  The conditions of service within First INA the British-Indian Army and the  Before the start of World War social conditions in Malaya had II, Japan and South-East Asia led to dissension among these were major refuges for exiled troops. Indian nationalists.  From these prisoners, the First  Meanwhile, Japan had sent Indian National Army was intelligence missions, notably formed under Mohan Singh. under Maj. Iwaichi Fujiwara, Singh was an officer in the into South Asia to gather British-Indian Army who was support from the Malayan captured early in the Malayan sultans, overseas Chinese, the campaign. Burmese resistance and  His nationalist sympathies found an ally in Fujiwara and he

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received considerable Japanese  The INA leadership resigned aid and support. along with that of the League  Ethnic Indians in Southeast Asia (except Rash Behari). also supported the cause of  The unit was dissolved by Indian independence and had Mohan Singh in December formed local leagues in Malaya 1942, and he ordered the before the war. troops of the INA to return to  These came together with PoW camps. encouragement from Japan  Mohan Singh was expected to after the occupation, forming be shot. the Indian Independence  Between December 1942 and League (IIL). February 1943, Rash Behari  Although there were a number struggled to hold the INA of prominent local Indians together. working in the IIL, the overall

leadership came to rest with , an Second INA Indian revolutionary who had lived in self-exile in Japan since Bose was a hard-line radical World War I. nationalist. He had joined the  The League and INA leadership Gandhian movement after resigning decided that the INA was to be from a prestigious post in the Indian subordinate to the IIL. Civil Service in 1922, quickly rising in the Congress and being incarcerated  A working council – composed of prominent members of the repeatedly by the Raj. By late 1920s he and Nehru were considered the League and the INA leaders – was to decide on decisions to future leaders of the Congress. In the send the INA to war. late 1920s, he was amongst the first  The Indian leaders feared that Congress leaders to call for complete they would appear to be independence from Britain (Purna Japanese puppets, so a decision Swaraj), rather than the previous was taken that the INA would Congress objective of India becoming go to battle only when a British dominion. In Bengal, he was the Indian National repeatedly accused by Raj officials of Congress called it to do so. working with the revolutionary  In November and December movement. Under his leadership, the 1942, concern about Japan's Congress youth group in Bengal was intentions towards the INA led organised into a quasi-military to disagreement between the organisation called the Bengal INA and the League on the one Volunteers. Bose deplored Gandhi's hand and the Japanese on the ; Gandhi disagreed with other. Bose's confrontations with the Raj. The Congress's working committee, including Nehru, was predominantly loyal to Gandhi. While

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©helloscholar.in openly disagreeing with Gandhi, Bose  In , he met Hideki Tojo, won the presidency of Indian National the Japanese prime minister, Congress twice in the 1930s. His and the Japanese High second victory came despite Command. opposition from Gandhi. He defeated  He then arrived in Singapore in Gandhi's favoured July 1943, where he made a candidate, Bhogaraju Pattabhi number of radio broadcasts to Sitaramayya, in the popular vote, but Indians in Southeast Asia the entire working committee resigned exhorting them to join in the and refused to work with Bose. Bose fight for India's independence. resigned from the Congress  On 4 July 1943, two days after presidency and founded his own reaching Singapore, Bose faction, the . assumed the leadership of the IIL and the INA in a ceremony  At the start of World War II, at Cathay Building. Bose was placed under house- arrest by the Raj. Divisions of INA  He escaped in disguise and  The 1st Division, under M.Z. made his way through Kiani, drew a large number of Afghanistan and Central -Asia. ex-Indian army prisoners of war  He came first to the Soviet who had joined Mohan Singh's Union and then to Germany, first INA. It also drew prisoners reaching Berlin on 2 April 1941. of war who had not joined in  There he -sought to raise an 1942. army of Indian soldiers from  It consisted of the 2nd Guerrilla prisoners of war captured by Regiment (the Gandhi Brigade) Germany, forming the Free consisting of two battalions India Legion and the Azad under Col. Inayat Kiani; the 3rd Hind Radio. Guerrilla Regiment (the Azad  In a series of meetings between Brigade) with three battalions the INA leaders and the under Col. Gulzara Singh; and Japanese in 1943, it was the 4th Guerrilla Regiment decided to cede the leadership (or Nehru Brigade) commanded of the IIL and the INA to Bose. by the end of the war by Lt.  In January 1943, the Japanese Col Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon. invited Bose to lead the Indian  The 1st Guerrilla Regiment nationalist movement in East – the Subhas Brigade under Asia. – Col. Shah Nawaz Khan was an  He accepted and left Germany independent unit, consisting of on 8 February. three infantry battalions.  After a three-month journey by  A special operations group was submarine and a short stop in also to be set up called Singapore, he reached Tokyo on the (Valiant), to 11 May 1943. operate behind enemy lines.

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 A training school for INA officers, led by Habib ur Rahman, and the Azad School Red Fort trials for the civilian volunteers were  Between November 1945 and set up to provide training to the May 1946, approximately ten recruits. courts-martial were held in  A youth wing of the INA, public at the Red Fort in Delhi. composed of 45 young Indians  Claude Auchinleck, personally chosen by Bose and the Commander-in-Chief of the known as the , was British-Indian army, hoped that also sent to Japan's Imperial by holding public trials in the Military Academy, where its Red Fort, public opinion would members trained as fighter turn against the INA. pilots.  General Shah Nawaz Khan,  A separate all-female unit was Colonel and also created under Lakshmi Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Sahgal. Dhillon were court martialed.  This unit was intended to have  The three accused were from

combat-commitments. the three major religions of Named Jhansi ki Rani ("Jhansi India: , Islam, and Queens") Regiment (after the Sikhism. legendary rebel  Indians felt the INA represented Queen Lakshmibai of the 1857 a true, secular, national army rebellion), it drew female when judged against the civilian volunteers from Malaya British-Indian Army, where and Burma. caste and religious differences  In October 1943, Bose were preserved amongst ranks. proclaimed the formation of  The Congress quickly came the Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, forward to defend soldiers of or the Provisional Government the INA who were to be court- of Free India (also known martialled. as Azad Hind or Free India).  The INA Defence  The INA was declared to be the Committee was formed by the army of Azad Hind. Indian Congress and included prominent Indian legal figures, among whom were Jawaharlal The British-Indian Army intended to Nehru, Bhulabhai implement appropriate internal Desai, Kailashnath disciplinary action against its soldiers Katju and Asaf Ali. who had joined the INA, whilst putting  was the head to trial a selected group in order to of the committee. preserve discipline in the Indian Army  The trials covered arguments and to award punishment for criminal based on military law, acts where these had occurred.

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constitutional law, international 20,000 sailors in 78 ships and law, and politics. shore establishments.  In spite of aggressive and  The mutiny was repressed with widespread opposition to force by British troops and continuation of the court Royal Navy warships. martial, it was completed.  Total casualties were 8 dead  The sentence however was and 33 wounded. never carried out. Immense  Only the Communist Party public pressure, supported the strikers; the demonstrations, and riots Congress and the Muslim forced Claude Auchinleck to League condemned it. release all three defendants. Strike  Within three months, 11,000 soldiers of the INA were  The RIN Revolt started as a released after cashiering and strike by ratings of the Royal forfeiture of pay and allowance. Indian Navy on 18 February in  On the recommendation of Lord protest against general Mountbatten and with the conditions. agreement of Jawaharlal Nehru, A naval rating is an enlisted former soldiers of the INA were member of a country's navy, not allowed to join the subordinate to warrant new Indian Armed Forces as a officers and officers. condition for independence.  The immediate issues of the revolt were living conditions and

food. The Royal Indian Navy revolt  By dusk on 19 February, a Naval Central Strike committee  The Royal Indian Navy was elected. revolt (also called the Royal  Leading Signalman Lieutenant Indian Navy mutiny M.S. Khan and Petty Officer or Bombay mutiny) Telegraphist Madan Singh were encompasses a total strike and unanimously elected President subsequent revolt by Indian and Vice-President respectively. sailors of the Royal Indian  The actions of the mutineers Navyon board ship and shore was supported by establishments demonstrations which included at Bombay harbour on 18 a one-day general February 1946. strike in Bombay.  From the initial flashpoint in  The strike spread to other Bombay, the revolt spread and cities, and was joined by found support elements of the Royal Indian Air throughout British India, Force and local police forces. from Karachi to Calcutta, and ultimately came to involve over Indian Naval personnel began calling themselves the "Indian National Navy"

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©helloscholar.in and offered left-handed salutes to  These London talks resulted in British officers. At some places, NCOs the formulation of a definite in the British Indian Armyignored and plan of action which was defied orders from British superiors. officially made public In Madras and Poona (now Pune), the simultaneously on June 14, British garrisons had to face some 1945 by L.S. Amery, the Secretary of State for India, in unrest within the ranks of the Indian the House of Commons and by Army. Widespread rioting took place Wavell in a broadcast speech from Karachi to Calcutta. Notably, the delivered from Delhi. revolting ships hoisted three flags tied Sir Winston Churchill as prime together – those of  minister and head of war the Congress, Muslim League, and the cabinet proposed Field Marshal Red Flag of the Communist Party of Wavell's name to his cabinet in India (CPI), signifying the unity and mid-June 1943, as India's next downplaying of communal issues viceroy. among the mutineers.  General Sir Claude The revolt was called off following a Auchinleck who had followed meeting between the President of the Wavell in his middle eastern Naval Central Strike Committee command was to be the next (NCSC), M. S. Khan, and Vallab Bhai commander in chief of Indian Patel of the Congress, who had been army after Lord Wavell. sent to Bombay to settle the crisis.  On becoming Viceroy, Wavell’s Patel issued a statement calling on the most important task was to strikers to end their action, which was present a formula for the future later echoed by a statement issued in government of India which Calcutta by Mohammed Ali Jinnah on would be acceptable to behalf of the Muslim League. Under both Congress and the Muslim these considerable pressures, the League. strikers gave way. Arrests were then The plan, commonly known as the made, followed by courts martial and Wavell Plan, proposed the the dismissal of 476 sailors from the following: Royal Indian Navy. None of those 1. The Viceroy’s Executive dismissed were reinstated into either Council would be immediately the Indian or Pakistani navies after reconstituted and the number of its independence. members would be increased.

2. In the Council there would be equal representation of high-caste Hindus and Muslims.

Wavell Plan 3. Other minorities including low-caste Hindus, Shudras and Sikhs would be  In May 1945 Wavell visited given representation in the Council. London and discussed his ideas with the British Government. 4. All the members of the Council, except the Viceroy and the

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Commander-in-Chief, would be meeting between the Viceroy Indians. and the major political leaders 5. An Indian would be appointed as of British India at Simla, India. the member for Foreign Affairs in the  It was convened to agree on Council. However, a British and approve the Wavell Plan for commissioner would be responsible for Indian self-government. trade matters.  It reached a potential 6. The defence of India would remain agreement for the self-rule of in British hands until power was India that provided separate ultimately transferred to Indians. representation for Muslims and reduced majority powers for 7. The Viceroy would convene a both communities in their meeting of Indian politicians including the leaders of Congress and the majority regions. Muslim League at which they would  Lord Wavell officially opened nominate members of the new the summit on 25 June 1945. Council.  In the beginning Azad being president of congress spoke of 8. If this plan were to be approved for its "non-communal" character. the central government, then similar councils of local political leaders would  Jinnah spoke of Congress' be formed in all the provinces. predominately Hindu character, at that point there was a tug of 9. None of the changes suggested war that was settled down by would in any way prejudice or Wavell's intervention. prejudge the essential form of the On the morning of June 29 the future permanent Constitution of  India. conference was reconvened and Wavell asked parties to submit To discuss these proposals with Indian list of candidates for his new leaders, Wavell summoned them to a council, Azad agreed while conference to take place in Simla on Jinnah refused to submit a list June 25, 1945. before consulting Muslim While the plan proposed immediate League's working committee. changes to the composition of the  Jinnah said that Wavell had Executive Council it did not contain failed to give assurance relating any guarantee of Indian nomination of all Muslim independence, nor did it contain any members form Muslim League's mention of a future constituent platform so he was not able to assembly or any proposals for the submit a list. division of power between the various  Viceroy made his own list of parties of India. new council members to Leopold Amery (secretary of state to India). Shimla Conference 1945  Four were to be Muslim League members (Liaquat Ali  The Shimla Khan, Khawaja Conference 1945 was a

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Nazimuddin, Chaudhry  Formulated at the initiative Khaliquzzaman and Eassak of Clement Attlee, the Prime Sait) and another Non-League Minister of the United Muslim Muhammad Nawaz Khan Kingdom, the mission included (a Punjabi landlord). Lord Pethick-Lawrence,  The five 'Caste Hindus' had to the Secretary of State for be Jawaharlal India, Sir Stafford Cripps, Nehru, Vallabhbhai President of the Board of Trade, Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Madhav and A. V. Alexander, the First Shrihari Aney, B. N. Rau. Lord of the Admiralty.  Tara Singh was to represent  The Cabinet Mission arrived in Sikhs and B. R. Ambedkar to India on 23 March 1946 and in untouchables. Delhi on 2 April 1946.  John Mathai was the only  The announcement of the Plan Christian thus bringing total to on 16 May 1946 had been sixteen with Viceroy and preceded by the Shimla Commander-in-Chief. Conference in the first week of  Amery asked Wavell to consult May. this list with Jinnah, when The Mission proposed its plan over Jinnah was asked about Muslim the composition of the new names he bitterly refused to government on 16 May 1946. In allow any League member to be its proposals, the creation of a part of the government until the separate Muslim Pakistan was League's right to be the sole rejected. representative of Muslims of India was acknowledged. 1. A united Dominion of India  Wavell found this demand would be given independence. impossible thus he half an hour later told Gandhi about his 2. The Muslim-majority provinces failure. Thus the Wavell plan would be grouped, that was later to be called with Sind, Punjab, Baluchistan Shimla Conference was badly and North-West Frontier failed. Province forming one group, and Bengal and Assam would form another.

Cabinet Mission - 1946 3. The Hindu-majority provinces in central and southern India  The Cabinet Mission of 1946 would form another group. aimed to discuss the transfer of power from the British 4. The central government, government to the Indian stationed in Delhi, would be leadership, with the aim of empowered to handle preserving India's unity and nationwide affairs, such as granting it independence. defence, currency, and diplomacy, and the rest of

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powers and responsibility would Council or the Interim belong to the Government of India. provinces,coordinated by  Nehru became the head, vice- groups. president in title, but possessing the executive An interim Government at the Centre authority. representing all communities would be installed on the basis of parity Jinnah and the League condemned between the representatives of the the new government, and vowed to Hindus and the Muslims agitate for Pakistan by any means possible. The rejection of cabinet Congress abhorred the idea of having mission plan led to a resurgence of the groupings of Muslim-majority confrontational politics beginning provinces and that of Hindu-majority with the Muslim League's Direct provinces with the intention of action day and the subsequent balancing one another at the central killings in Noakhali and Bihar. legislature. The Muslim League could not accept any changes to this plan since they wanted to keep the safeguards of British Indian laws to Constituent Assembly of India prevent absolute rule of Hindus over  The Constituent Assembly of Muslims. India was elected to write the . Reaching an impasse, the British proposed a second plan on 16 June  The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 1946 to arrange for India to be December 1946, and its last divided into Hindu-majority India and session was held on 24 January a Muslim-majority India that would 1950. later be renamed Pakistan since Congress had vehemently rejected  Following India's independence from Great Britain in 1947, its 'parity' at the centre. A list of princely members served as the nation's states of India, which would be first Parliament. permitted to accede to the dominion or attain independence, was also  An idea for a Constituent drawn up. Assembly was proposed in 1934 by M. N. Roy.

 It became an official demand of The Viceroy began organising the the Indian National Congress in transfer of power to a Congress- 1935. League coalition.  C. Rajagopalachari demanded for a Constituent Assembly on  Jinnah withdrew the Muslim 15 November 1939 based on League's acceptance of the adult franchise, and was Cabinet Mission Plan on 17 July. accepted by the British in  Thus Congress leaders entered August 1940. the Viceroy's Executive

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 On 8 August 1940, a statement  Hindu-Muslim riots began, and was made by Viceroy Lord the Muslim League demanded a Linlithgow about the expansion separate constituent assembly of the Governor-General's for Muslims in India. Executive Council and the  On 3 June 1947 Lord establishment of a War Advisory Mountbatten, the last British Council. This offer, known as Governor-General of India, the August Offer, included announced his intention to giving full weight to minority scrap the Cabinet Mission Plan; opinions and allowing Indians to this culminated in the Indian draft their own constitution. Independence Act 1947 and the  Under the Cabinet Mission separate nations of India and Plan of 1946, elections were Pakistan. held for the first time for the  The Indian Independence Act Constituent Assembly. was passed on 18 July 1947  The Constitution of India was and, although it was earlier drafted by the Constituent declared that India would Assembly, and it was become independent in June implemented under the Cabinet 1948, this event led to Mission Plan on 16 May 1946. independence on 15 August 1947.  The members of the Constituent Assembly were elected by the  The Constituent Assembly provincial assemblies by (elected for an undivided India) a single, transferable- met for the first time on 9 vote system of proportional December 1946, reassembling representation. on 14 August 1947 as a sovereign body and successor  The total membership of the to the British parliament's Constituent Assembly was 389: authority in India. 292 were representatives of the states, 93 represented the  As a result of the partition, princely states and four were under the Mountbatten plan a from the chief commissioner separate constituent assembly provinces of Delhi, Ajmer- was established in Pakistan on 3 Merwara, Coorg (Near Madikeri) June 1947. and British Baluchistan.  The representatives of the  The elections for the 296 seats areas incorporated into Pakistan assigned to the British Indian ceased to be members of the provinces were completed by Constituent Assembly of India. August 1946. New elections were held for the West Punjab and East Bengal  Congress won 208 seats, and (which became part of Pakistan, the Muslim League 73. although East Bengal later  After this election, the Muslim seceded to League refused to cooperate become Bangladesh); the with the Congress, and the membership of the Constituent political situation deteriorated. Assembly was 299 after the

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reorganization, and it met on 31 was appointed as its December 1947. constitutional adviser.

The Interim Government of India was  13 December 1946: An formed on 2 September 1946 from the 'Objective Resolution' was newly elected Constituent moved by Jawaharlal Nehru in Assembly. On 26 January 1950 the the assembly, laying down the constitution took effect underlying principles of the (commemorated as Republic Day), constitution. It finally became and the Constituent Assembly became the Preamble of the the Provisional constitution. (continuing until after the first elections under the new constitution in  22 January 1947: Objective 1952). Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was resolution unanimously the first chairman (temporary) of adopted. Constituent Assembly. Later  22 July 1947: National Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as flag adopted. the president and Its vice-president was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee.  15 August 1947: Indian Jurist B. N. Rau was appointed independence achieved as constitutional adviser to the assembly. the Dominion of India. Rau prepared the original draft of the  29 August 1947: Drafting constitution, and was later appointed Committee appointed with Dr. a judge in the Permanent Court of B. R. Ambedkar as the International Justice in The Hague. Chairman. Timeline  16 July 1948: Along  9 December 1946: The first with Harendra Coomar meeting of the Constituent Mookerjee V. T. Assembly was held in the Krishnamachari was also constitution hall (now the elected as second vice- Central Hall of Parliament president of Constituent House). Demanding a separate Assembly. state, the Muslim League  26 November boycotted the meeting. 1949: Constitution passed and Sachchidananda Sinha was accepted by the assembly. elected temporary president of the assembly, in accordance  24 January 1950: "Jana Gana with French practice. Mana" adopted as the national anthem, with the first two  11 December 1946: Rajendra verses of "" the Prasad was elected as president national song. Rajendra Prasad and H. C. Mukherjeewas elected elected the first president of as vice-president of the India. constituent assembly. B. N. Rau

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The assembly was chaired by Dr. Committee – Gopinath Rajendra Prasad when it met as a Bardoloi constituent body, and by G. V. 4. Excluded and Partially Mavlankar when it met as a legislative Excluded Areas (Other body. It completed the task of drafting than those in Assam) a constitution in two years, eleven Sub-Committee A V months and eighteen days, at a total – Thakkar expenditure of ₹ 6.4 million. 6. Rules of Procedure Committee The Constituent Assembly appointed a – Dr. Rajendra Prasad total of 22 committees to deal with different tasks of constitution-making. 7. States Committee (Committee Out of these, eight were major for Negotiating with States) – committees and the others were minor Jawaharlal Nehru committees. 8. Steering Committee – Dr. Major Committees Rajendra Prasad

1. Drafting Committee – Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Interim Government of India-1946 2. Union Powers Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru  The Interim Government of India, formed on 2 September 3. Union Constitution Committee – 1946 from the newly Jawaharlal Nehru elected Constituent Assembly of 4. Provincial Constitution India, had the task of assisting the transition of British India to Committee – Sardar Patel independence. 5. Advisory Committee on  It remained in place until 15 Fundamental Rights, Minorities August 1947, the date of the and Tribal and Excluded Areas – independence (and partition) Sardar Patel. This committee of India, and the creation had the following of Pakistan. subcommittees:  After the end of the Second World War, the British 1. Fundamental Rights Sub- authorities in India released all Committee – J.B. political prisoners who had Kripalani participated in the Quit India 2. Minorities Sub- movement. Committee – Harendra  The Indian National Congress, Coomar Mookerjee, the largest Indian political party, which had long fought for 3. North-East Frontier Tribal national independence, agreed Areas and Assam to participate in elections for Excluded & Partially a constituent assembly, as did Excluded Areas Sub- the Muslim League.

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 The newly elected government the Executive of Clement Attlee dispatched Council the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India to formulate proposals for Commander- Sir Claude the formation of a government in-Chief Auchinleck that would lead to an independent India. Vice President  The elections for the of the Indian Constituent Assembly were not Executive Nationa direct elections, as the Council Jawaharlal l members were elected from External Nehru Congre each of the provincial legislative Affairs and ss assemblies. Commonweal  In the event, the Indian th Relations National Congress won a majority of the seats, some 69 Indian Home Affairs per cent, including almost every Nationa Information Vallabhbhai seat in areas with a majority l and Patel Hindu electorate. Congre Broadcasting  The Congress had clear ss majorities in eight of the eleven provinces of British India. Indian The Muslim League won the Nationa  Agriculture Rajendra seats allocated to the Muslim l and Food Prasad electorate. Congre ss The Viceroy's Executive Council became the executive Indian branch of the interim government. Arts, Nationa Shafaat Originally it was headed by the Education l Ahmed Khan Viceroy of India. Later, it was and Health Congre transformed into a council of ss ministers, with the powers of a prime minister bestowed on the Indian vice-president of the Council. This Nationa position was held by the Congress Commerce C.H. Bhabha l leader Jawaharlal Nehru. Congre ss Office Name Indian Viceroy and Nationa Governor- The Viscount British Defence l General of Wavell Raj Congre India ss President of

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Indian The Viscount Nationa Wavell (15 Finance John Mathai l October Viceroy and Congre 1946 – 20 Governor- ss February General of 1947) India Indian President of British C. Nationa The Viscount Industries the Executive Raj Rajagopalach l Mountbatten and Supplies Council ari Congre of Burma(21 ss February 1947 -) Indian Nationa Commander- Sir Claude Labour l in-Chief Auchinleck Congre ss Vice President of the Indian Indian Executive Nationa Nationa Council Jawaharlal Syed Ali l Law l External Nehru Zaheer Congre Congre Affairs and ss ss Commonweal th Relations Indian Railways and Nationa Indian Communicati Asaf Ali l Nationa ons Agriculture Rajendra Congre l Post and Air and Food Prasad ss Congre ss Indian Sarat Nationa All- Works, Mines Ibrahim Chandra l India and Power Commerce Ismail Bose Congre Muslim Chundrigar ss League

Indian Nationa Reconstituted Cabinet Defence Baldev Singh l Cabinet was reconstituted when Congre Muslim league joined the interim ss government. Liaquat Ali All- Office Name Finance Khan India Muslim

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League  The Indian Independence Act 1947 is an Act of Indian the Parliament of the United C. Nationa Kingdom that partitioned British Education Rajagopalach l India into the two new ari Congre independent of India ss and Pakistan.  The Act received the royal All- assent on 18 July 1947. Ghazanfar Ali India  The legislation was formulated Health Khan Muslim by the government of Prime League Minister Clement Attlee and the Governor General of India Lord Indian Mountbatten, after Home Affairs Nationa representatives of the Indian Information Vallabhbhai l National Congress, the Muslim and Patel Congre League, and Broadcasting ss the Sikh community came to an agreement with Lord Indian Mountbatten on 3 June Nationa Plan or Mountbatten Plan. This Labour Jagjivan Ram l plan was the last plan for Congre independence. ss The Prime Minister of the United All- Kingdom announced on 20 Jogendra India February 1947 that: Law Nath Mandal Muslim 1. the British Government would League grant full self-government to British India by June 1948 at Railways and All- the latest, Communicati Abdur Rab India ons Nishtar Muslim 2. The future of the Princely Post and Air League States would be decided after the date of final transfer is Indian decided. Nationa Works, Mines C.H. Bhabha l and Power Congre 3 June Plan or Mountbatten Plan ss This was also known as the Mountbatten Plan. The British government proposed a plan Indian Independence Act 1947 announced on 3 June 1947 that included these principles:

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1. Principle of the Partition of  partition of the provinces British India was accepted by of Bengal and Punjab between the British Government the two new countries;

2. Successor governments would  establishment of the office be given dominion status of Governor-General in each of the two new countries, as

representatives of the Crown; Dickie Bird Plan or Plan Balkan  conferral of complete legislative  It was prepared by Lord authority upon the Mountabtten. respective Constituent  This plan was prepared by a Assembliesof the two new committee of General Sir countries; Hastings Ismay, Sir George  termination of Abell and Lord Mountbatten. British suzerainty over  The Plan Balkan was completed the princely states, with effect and presented on 15-16 April from 15 August 1947, and 1947 by Hastings Ismay to recognised the right of states to assembly of provincial remain independent or accede governors in Delhi. to either dominion[7]  It was decided that instead of giving sovereignity to a  abolition of the use of the title common center, all the existing "Emperor of India" by states be rendered free. the British monarch (this was  Provinces should become first subsequently executed by King independent successor states George VI by royal rather than an Indian Union or proclamation on 22 June 1948). the two dominions of India & The Act also made provision for the Pakistan. division of joint property, etc. between  Nehru rejected the plan right the two new countries, including in away and told him that this plan particular the division of the armed would invite Balkanization of forces. India and would provoke conflict and violence.

The Act's most important Lord Mountbatten, the last provisions were: Viceroy, was asked by the Indian leaders to continue as  division of British India into the the Governor-General of two new and fully sovereign India. Jawaharlal Nehru became dominions the of India and Pakistan, with and Sardar Vallabhbhai effect from 15 August 1947; Patel became the Home Minister.

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Over 560 princely states acceded greater independence for the new to India by 15 August. The exceptions states. Although, under British law, were Junagadh, Hyderabad and Jamm the new constitutions did not have the u and Kashmir. The state of Jammu legal authority to repeal the Act. The and Kashmir, which was contiguous to Act has not been repealed in the both India and Pakistan but, its Hindu United Kingdom, where it still has ruler chose to remain initially effect, although some sections of it independent. Following a Pakistani have been repealed. tribal invasion, he acceded to India on The Congress committee had accepted 26 October 1947, and the state the proposal of divided India on 14 became a dispute between India and June 1947. J.B.Kriplani was the Pakistan. The state chairman of the INC at that time. This of Junagadh initially acceded to proposal was presented by Gobind Pakistan but faced a revolt from its Vallabh Pant and supported by Hindu population. Following a Maulana Azad, Sardar Patel and breakdown of law and order, its Jawaharlal Nehru. Dewan requested India to take over the administration on 8 November 1947. India conducted a referendum in the state on 20 February 1948, in which the people voted overwhelmingly to join India. The state of Hyderabad, with majority Hindu population but Muslim ruler, faced an intense turmoil and sectarian violence. India invaded the state on 13 September 1948, following which the ruler of the state signed the Instrument of Accession, joining India.

After Lord Mountabatten, C.Rajagopalchari became the first Indian governor general and the last the last governor general.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah became the Governor-General of Pakistan, and Liaquat Ali Khanbecame the Prime Minister of Pakistan. INDIAN POLITY BOOK

The Indian Independence Act was click to download Indian subsequently repealed in Article 395 Polity Book by hello scholar of the Constitution of India and in Article 221 of the Constitution of Pakistan of 1956, to bring about

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