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Evaluating the Effects of Uneven Distribution of Public Goods, Economic Globalization and Political Openness on Domestic Terrorism

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Evaluating the Effects of Uneven Distribution of Public Goods, Economic Globalization and Political Openness on Domestic Terrorism University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2014 Challenging the State: Evaluating the Effects of Uneven Distribution of Public Goods, Economic Globalization and Political Openness on Domestic Terrorism Sambuddha Ghatak University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Ghatak, Sambuddha, "Challenging the State: Evaluating the Effects of Uneven Distribution of Public Goods, Economic Globalization and Political Openness on Domestic Terrorism. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2692 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Sambuddha Ghatak entitled "Challenging the State: Evaluating the Effects of Uneven Distribution of Public Goods, Economic Globalization and Political Openness on Domestic Terrorism." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Political Science. Brandon C. Prins, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Wonjae Hwang, Ian Down, Carl Pierce Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Challenging the State: Evaluating the Effects of Uneven Distribution of Public Goods, Economic Globalization and Political Openness on Domestic Terrorism A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Sambuddha Ghatak May 2014 ii Copyright © 2014 by Sambuddha Ghatak All rights reserved. iii Dedication To my family, Mom, Prabuddha, Minakshi and Maitraya, who have provided me with love and support, often from afar. To Minakshi, my wife, who has been the best friend I could have asked for and my constant companion for the past nineteen and half years. You have been there for everything and have been a great source of happiness and confidence for me. To Maitraya, my son, who has been a monumental source of strength and confidence for me. You inspired me to touch the sky and I can’t put into words how lucky I am to have you in my life. To Prabuddha, my brother, who has always stood by me with material and emotional support in last seven years in my graduate school. I would not be able to finish my doctorate without your support. To Aratrika and Atreya (and Maitraya), who give me strength to reach my goal so that one day you can proudly say that your uncle (and dad) has achieved the highest level of education. To my mom, who has always encouraged me to achieve something high in life. I owe my life to you. Finally, to my dad, who is resting in his heavenly abode. You would be the happiest person to see me achieve this height. I know you are watching my success and blessing me from your resting place. You taught me to take risk, be honest and made me what I am today. iv Acknowledgements In both the planning and completion of the present dissertation I have been fortunate in receiving much support and guidance of my dissertation supervisor Dr. Brandon Prins. I am indebted to him for the time and energy he devoted to reading of the text and the regular feedback I received from him. The example of his own scholarship has been an inspiration throughout my graduate work. I am thankful to Dr. Wonjae Hwang, Dr. Ian Down and Professor Carl Pierce who consented to be members of the thesis committee and to their contribution to the completion of this thesis. I express my gratitude to Dr. John Scheb, the Head, Department of Political Science, for providing me the encouragement to finish the thesis on time and for furnishing me with the relevant information. I am also extremely grateful to Professors Young Jhong, David Brule, Nate Kelly, David Houston, and Michael Gant. I gratefully acknowledge the gracious support received from Laura Cosey and Sue Howerton. I am thankful to past and present graduate students in the Political Science department who have assisted me personally and academically, especially Nurgul Aitalieva, Missy Buice, Eric Castater and Ali Brewer. Thanks for making graduate school enjoyable. Lastly, and most importantly, I thank my family, especially Mom, Prabuddha, Minakshi, and Maitraya, for their love and encouragement. v Abstract The end of Cold-War ushered in an era of global economic integration and political openness in terms of emerging democracies; the world celebrated the triumph of free market capitalism as the East European ex-communist countries and Third World countries of Asia and Africa placed market forces at the center of their policy. There seems to have been a breakthrough for the idea of the Manchester School, in terms of using economics as a means of international peace. On the other hand, however, the world is not at peace. The collapse of the “Soviet Empire” was followed by the emergence, or re-emergence, of many ethno-political conflicts, religious militancy, terrorism, and severe competition over scarce resources. Domestic terrorism, as a form of intrastate violence, has varied widely along with the post-Cold War period of global economic integration and political openness, taking almost a U-shape in its fluctuations. How are these two phenomena– economic integration and emergence of democracies – related to domestic terrorism? The thesis is intended to explore whether post-Cold War trends of global economic integration and emergence of democracies are responsible for the fluctuations in domestic terrorism. A rational choice theoretic model of violent intrastate conflict that is based on three crucial factors- (1) political openness, (2) global economic integration, and (3) heterogeneity cost- is used to explain the causal relationship. I argue that resort to terrorism is a rational choice when individuals’ cost of heterogeneity - deprivation from public goods due to geographical and ideological distance -increases; opportunity is provided by democratization and integration to the global economy. The testable hypotheses regarding the influence of global economic integration, emerging democracies and heterogeneity cost on domestic terrorism derived from the theory are empirically tested on a global dataset of 172 countries for the time period between 1990 and 2007. I also use a regional dataset on South Asia and a case study on India to supplement my findings and situate them in historical context. I conclude with the policy implications of my findings and offer suggestions on how this research can be extended in the future. vi Table of Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction .......................................................................................... 1 Terrorism: Victimization of the Innocent ....................................................................... 1 Domestic Terrorism ........................................................................................................ 2 Statement of the Problem................................................................................................ 5 Outline of the Dissertation............................................................................................ 10 Chapter 2 Literature Review............................................................................................ 14 Defining Terrorism ....................................................................................................... 14 Extant Literature ........................................................................................................... 19 Political Factors ............................................................................................................ 27 Economic Factors.......................................................................................................... 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3 Theory and Hypotheses................................................................................... 45 Rational Choice Theoretical Model.............................................................................. 46 Two Contending Theoretical Expectations................................................................... 50 Grievances................................................................................................................. 57 Political Opportunity................................................................................................. 68 Economic Opportunity.............................................................................................. 71 Chapter 4 Empirical Beginnings: Cross Country Analysis.............................................. 79 Research Design............................................................................................................ 80 Unit of Analysis .......................................................................................................
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