Média V Izraeli

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Média V Izraeli Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Diplomová práce MÉDIA V IZRAELI Bc. Lucie Bezděkovská Plzeň 2012 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra blízkovýchodních studií Studijní program Mezinárodní teritoriální studia Studijní obor Kulturní antropologie Předního východu Diplomová práce MÉDIA V IZRAELI Bc. Lucie Bezděkovská Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Věra Tydlitátová, Th.D. Katedra blízkovýchodních studií Fakulta filozofická Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Plzeň 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracovala samostatně a použila jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Plzeň, březen 2012 Poděkování Velice děkuji Mgr. Věře Tydlitátové, Th.D. za odborné vedení mé práce, za cenné připomínky a metodické pokyny, které mi pomohly práci dokončit. Obsah 1 ÚVOD ........................................................................................................................ 1 2 VÝVOJ IZRAELSKÝCH MÉDIÍ: HISTORICKÁ PERSPEKTIVA .............................. 4 2.1. Sionismus a žurnalistika .................................................................................... 4 2.2 Vznik prvních deníků .......................................................................................... 5 2.3. Počátky elektronických médií ............................................................................ 6 2.3.1 Rozhlas ....................................................................................................... 6 2.3.2 Televize ....................................................................................................... 8 2.3.3 Správa vysílací sítě ..................................................................................... 9 3 VÝVOJ IZRAELSKÝCH MÉDIÍ: POLITICKÁ PERSPEKTIVA ................................ 12 3.1 Vzah médií a politiky na počátku státu Izrael .................................................. 12 3.1.1 Tištěná média ........................................................................................... 12 3.1.2 Elektronická média ................................................................................... 14 3.2 Vztah médií a politiky v 70. a 80. letech 20. století ......................................... 14 3.2.1 Tištěná média ........................................................................................... 15 3.2.2 Rozhlas ..................................................................................................... 16 3.2.2 Televize ..................................................................................................... 17 3.3 Nezávislost médií od 90. let 20. století ............................................................ 18 3.3.1 Rozhlas ..................................................................................................... 19 3.3.2 Televize ..................................................................................................... 20 4 INTERNET ............................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Historie ............................................................................................................. 22 4.2 Rozšíření .......................................................................................................... 23 4.3 Zpravodajství a publicistika .............................................................................. 23 5 SOUČASNÁ NEJSLEDOVANĚJŠÍ MÉDIA A JEJICH CHARAKTERISTIKA ........ 25 5.1 Tištěná média a jejich popularita ..................................................................... 26 5.1.1 Náklad ....................................................................................................... 27 5.1.2 Čtenost ...................................................................................................... 27 5.2 Noviny ve vlastnictví významných židovských rodin ....................................... 29 5.3 Přední izraelské deníky: jejich charakteristika a politické preference ............. 31 5.3.1 Ha-arec ..................................................................................................... 31 5.3.2 Jedi’ot achronot......................................................................................... 33 5.3.3 Ma’ariv ....................................................................................................... 34 5.3.4 Jisra’el ha-jom ........................................................................................... 36 5.3.5 The Jerusalem Post .................................................................................. 37 5.3.6 Tisk v dalších jazycích .............................................................................. 39 5.3.6.1 Ruskojazyčný tisk .................................................................................. 40 5.3.6.2 Arabský tisk ........................................................................................... 41 5.3.7 Náboženský tisk v Izraeli .......................................................................... 43 5.4 Televizní zpravodajské a publicistické pořady: popularita a charakteristika .. 45 5.4.1 Zpravodajství a publicistika ve veřejnoprávní televizi .............................. 46 5.4.2 Zpravodajství a publicistika v komerční televizi ....................................... 47 5.5 Sledovanost televizního vysílání...................................................................... 50 5.6 Televizní vysílání cílené na arabskou populaci v Izraeli ................................. 50 5.7 Rozhlas: charakteristika a poslechovost ......................................................... 52 6 IZRAELŠTÍ NOVINÁŘI A JEJICH VLIV NA VEŘEJNÉ MÍNĚNÍ ............................ 53 6.1 Politicky aktivní žurnalisté a vznik státu ........................................................... 53 6.2 Politický a společenský vliv současných novinářů .......................................... 53 7 PŘEDPOJATOST A ZKRESLENÍ OBSAHU MÉDIÍ - BIAS ................................... 54 7.1 Bias na vnitropolitické scéně ........................................................................... 55 7.2 Bias ve zprávách týkajících se státu Izrael ...................................................... 55 7.2.1 Zkreslení použitím speciální terminologie ................................................ 56 7.2.2 Vybrané příklady mystifikujících zpráv ..................................................... 57 7.3 Hlídací psi: organizace monitorující předpojatost zpravodajství ..................... 61 8 VOJENSKÁ CENZURA ............................................................................................... 62 8.1 Cenzura versus demokracie ................................................................................. 62 8.2 Zákon o cenzuře: Historie a současnost ......................................................... 64 8.3 Vztah médií, politiky a cenzury: konkrétní případy v nedávné historii státu ... 67 9 ZÁVĚR ..................................................................................................................... 72 10 SEZNAM POUŽITÉ LITERATURY A PRAMENŮ............................................... 76 11 RESUMÉ .............................................................................................................. 91 12 PŘÍLOHY ............................................................................................................. 92 1 1 ÚVOD Izrael se dnes, jako každá moderní společnost, může pochlubit desítkami novin, rozhlasových stanic a televizních kanálů, které hrají důležitou roli v politickém, společenském a kulturním životě jeho obyvatel. Cílem mé diplomové práce je komplexní průzkum především těch izraelských sdělovacích prostředků, které publikují zpravodajství, jeho analýzy nebo publicistická hodnocení, tedy subjektivní postoje reportérů. Sleduji v ní trendy v tradičních médiích (novinách, rozhlasu a televizi), která během posledních let prošla zásadními transformacemi, zejména ve vztahu ke státní politice. Mým záměrem je analyzovat poslední vývoj v těchto sdělovacích prostředcích a jejich politickém a společenském zaměření. Ve své práci dále uvádím základní údaje o historii médií, jejich typu, politické, ideologické či náboženské orientaci, popularitě, vlastnictví a zároveň také o jejich financování a řízení. Opomenut není ani způsob, kterým se média prezentují na novém poli masové komunikace – internetu, který vnesl do světa zpráv a publicistiky zásadní změnu spočívající především v interaktivitě, rychlosti a rozšíření. Krátce zmiňuji také cizojazyčný a religiózní tisk, který v Izraeli vychází – jeho historii i současnou situaci. Poslední část mé diplomové práce je pak zaměřena na určitá specifika izraelských médií, vyplývající ze zvláštní bezpečnostní situace státu a na to, jak tato situace ovlivňuje zpravodajství uvnitř Izraele, ale i mezinárodní mínění (prezentované v zahraničních médiích) o něm. Vycházím především z analytického sledování daných médií v hlavních vnitropolitických i mezinárodně-politických kauzách historie a komparace jejich zaměření v kontextu současných politických a společenských trendů. Má práce by tak měla být založena na kombinovaném informativním a analytickém průzkumu jednotlivých médií a jejich vztahů s politikou v Izraeli. 2 Zmíněný postup se odráží i na široké základně zdrojů obsahující články z příslušných izraelských médií nebo seriózních světových deníků, kterou využívám v analytických částech práce, jako jsou kapitoly zabývající se politickými preferencemi médií a konkrétními případy mediálního zkreslení či cenzury z posledních
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