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A Comparison of Turkey's Jewish Minority and Turkish-Jewish Immigrants in Israel

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A Comparison of Turkey's Jewish Minority and Turkish-Jewish Immigrants in Israel CmZENSHIP, MINORITiSS AND IMMIGRANTS: A COMPARISON OF TURKEY'S JEWISH MINORITY AND TURKISH-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN ISRAEL « M liM M i \ . ii A. ^ ’A * : ^ A -;--x-a M ·> W (■ V_<«> W %t^ Wt^ b Ik Sw ^ >»«·— U L·^ 'Vi' ^ **■« ;.■ ■ ·■'» “V ■? >·· ·'* ^ A'-V / ii w w U i i \ j Vi?:· W / CITIZENSHIP, MINORITIES AND IMMIGRANTS: A COMPARISON OF TURKEY’S JEWISH MINORITY AND TURKISH-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN ISRAEL The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by ŞULE TOKTAŞ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION m THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BiLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA July, 2004 ю T . о Oí 00 I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is folly adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Assoc. Professor Ahmet İçduygu Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is folly adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Professor E. Fuat Keyman Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is folly adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Assist. Professor Orhan Tekelioğlu Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is folly adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. Assist. Professor Hootan Sfombayati Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is folly adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. ______ -MsA._______ Assist. Professor N ehmet Kalpaklı Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences Professor Kiir§at Aydogan Director ABSTRACT CITIZENSHIP, MINORITIES AND IMMIGRANTS: A COMPARISON OF TURKEY'S JEWISH MINORITY AND TURKISH-JEWISH IMMIGRANTS IN ISRAEL Toktaş, Şule Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor; Assoc. Professor Ahmet İçduygu July 2004 This study investigated the legal status, identity and civic virtue aspects of citizenship and the interaction between them on the layers of international migration and minority issues with use of a comparative case. A research on the perceptions and experiences of Turkey’s Jewish minority and Turkish-Jewish immigrants in Israel regarding citizenship was conducted. The field research which was carried out in both countries - Turkey and Israel - consisted of key informant interviews, participant observation in commimity institutions and in- depth interviews with a total of 65 respondents from the sample group. The results were analyzed using qualitative data analysis technique. On the layer of minority, research results illustrated that in a society where the population is overwhelmingly Muslim, being a non-Muslim minority played roles in: a) the appropriation of the monist and universal conceptualization of citizenship in the legal status aspect; b) the endeavor to maintain Jewish identity despite the inevitable consequences of integration and assimilation in the identity aspect; and c) the discrepancy between values and actions in the civic virtue aspect. On the layer of international migration, the research pointed out that despite long years of residence in Israel, first generation of Turkish-Jewish immigrants in Israel preseryed their political culture that they cultivated when they were in Turkey. However, experience of international migration as a process seemed to impact on citizenship and played roles in; a) the appropriation of democratic norms defined by majoritarian terms in the legal status aspect; b) efforts to maintain their Turkish identity in the identity aspect; and c) the preference for complying with the general norms of Jewish-Israeli society and conversely excluding a proactive understanding of virtuous citizenship. Keywords: Citizenship, Minority, Immigrant, Jew, Turkey, Israel 111 ÖZET VATANDAŞLIK, AZINLIKLAR VE GÖÇMENLER: TÜRKİYE’DEKİ YAHUDİ AZINLIK VE İSRAİL’DEKİ TÜRK-YAHUDİ GÖÇMENLER ÜZERİNE BİR KARŞILAŞTIRMA Toktaş, Şule Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Ahmet İçduygu Temmuz 2004 Bu çalışma vatandaşlığın yasal statü, kimlik ve erdem boyutlannı ve aralarındaki etkileşimi uluslararası göç ve azınlık katmanlannda incelemiştir. Türkiye’deki Yahudi azınlığın ve İsrail’deki Türk-Yahudi göçmenlerin vatandaşlığı nasıl algıladığı ve tecrübe ettiği üzerine bir araştırma yapılmıştır. Türkiye ve İsrail’de gerçekleştirilen alan araştırması çerçeve mülakatlan, cemaat kurumlannda katılımcı gözlem ve ömeklem grubundan 65 kişiyle yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlardan oluşmuştur. Sonuçlar niteliksel veri analizi tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Azınlık katmanında, araştırma sonuçlan çoğunluğun Müslüman olduğu bir ülkede gayri-Müslim azınlık olmanın a) yasal statü boyutunda tekçi ve evrensel bir vatandaşlık anlayışının sahiplenilmesinde; b) kimlik boyutunda entegrasyon ve asimilasyonun kaçınılmaz sonuçlanna rağmen Yahudi kimliğinin korunmaya çalışılmasında; ve c) sivil erdem boyutunda değerlerle uygulama arasındaki uyumsuzlukta etken olduğuna işaret etmiştir. Uluslararası göç katmanında ise araştırma birinci nesil göçmenlerin uzun yıllardır İsrail’de yaşamalanna rağmen Türkiye’de edinilen politik kültürü koruduklannı göstermiştir. Fakat, uluslararası göç deneyimi bir süreç olarak vatandaşlığı doğrudan etkiliyor görünmektedir. Nitekim yapılan araştırma, göç sürecinin a) yasal statü açısından çoğunluğun tapımı esasında gelişen demokratik normlann benimsenmesinde; b) kimlik boyutunda kozmopolit Yahudi-îsrail toplumunda Türk kimliğinin korunmaya çalışılmasında; ve c) sivil erdem boyutunda ise Yahudi-îsrail toplumunun genel kurallanna uyum sağlama ve aktif erdemli vatandaşlığa mesafeli kalmada etkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Vatandaşlık, Azınlık, Göçmen, Yahudi, Türkiye, İsrail IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research received grants awarded by the Chaim Herzog Center for Middle East Studies & Diplomacy at Ben Gurion University of the Negev and by the American Research Institute in Turkey (ARTT). I am grateful to these institutions for supporting the research. I would like to thank my supervisor, Assoc. Prof Ahmet İçduygu for guiding me through every stage of the dissertation. His suggestions on the research and continuous encouragement in its completion were very important for me. Without his supervision, the dissertation would not be a compact piece of work but a mess of ideas. Beyond his supreme academic guidance, he offered me his friendship, which I believe is one of the treasures in hfe. I am very grateful to him. I also would like offering my sincere gratitude to Assoc. Prof Fuat Keyman who gave his kind support during the doctorate. Professor Metin Heper illustrated a role model for me. To his contribution to my professional vision, I am very thankful. The respondents with whom I conducted interviews in Turkey and in Israel deserve a big share in the acknowledgements, because without their willingness in contributing to the research, such an outcome would not be achievable. All of them welcomed me and told me sincerely and openly about their personal and sometimes very private accounts in life. I am very grateful to them. Several people who make up a long list composed of friends, teachers, neighbors and classmates helped me to establish contacts with the respondents. I thank them all. I need to mention Pınar Kılıç-Walter specially because she was the “angel of the dissertation”, as I name her so, because I have not met her yet but received huge support via email. The freíd research in Turkey received generous support of the Jewish community in Turkey. I would like to thank Bensiyon Pinto, the civic leader of the community, for believing in my research. I would like to thank the people at the Chief Rabbinate, especially to Lina Filiba and Lizi Bahar for helping me to establish networks at various community institutions. Likewise, the people at these institutions helped me with my research in Turkey. Some of them are Naim Güleryüz and Sibel Almelek (500. Yil Vakfi), Tilda Levi, Eti Varón, Yakup Barokas and Neli Barokas (Şalom), Jenny Franko (Bannyurt), Janet Mayer (İhtiyarlar Yurdu), Yaşar Bildirici and Vedat Kohen (Yıldmmspor), Vedat Mizrahi (Or-Ahayim) and Moşe Grossman (Tiryaki). I am grateful to all of them. Rifat Bali, deserves an exceptional acknowledgement. He enlightened me with his wisdom and intellectuality. He is one of the prominent researchers in the field and it was my honor that he shared his valuable researching experience with me. The field research in Israel owes very much to several people that I need to express my gratitude name by name. I thank the ambassadors of Israel in Ankara and in Istanbul, Moshe Kamhi, Yomtov Soryano- and Zali de Toledo and to the ambassadors of Turkey in Tel-Aviv and Jerusalem, Cenk Ünal, Çağn Sakar and Hüseyin Avni Bıçaklı for giving me substantial information on migration fi'om Turkey to Israel. I came across with wonderful people who not only provided contact names for interviewing and but also made my stay in Israel very pleasant. Some of them are
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