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Thomas Engebretsen.Pdf Discobass - En studie av el-basspillet i disco. Thomas Engebretsen Veileder Per Elias Drabløs Masteroppgaven er gjennomført som ledd i utdanningen ved Universitetet i Agder og er godkjent som del av denne utdanningen. Denne godkjenningen innebærer ikke at universitetet innestår for de metoder som er anvendt og de konklusjoner som er trukket. Universitetet i Agder, 2016 Fakultet for kunstfag Institutt for rytmisk musikk 2 Forord Mangt kan sies om disco og mangt kan sies om bass. Denne masteroppgaven beskriver el- basspillet i discoperioden – først og fremst gjennom transkripsjon og analyse. Som bassist på flere innspillinger hvor disco har vært en sentral ingrediens, har det vært spennende å gå i dybden på discobass. Jeg håper at arbeidet kan være opplysende for flere bassister, musikkvitere og andre interessenter. Etter å ha fullført denne masteroppgaven, er det en rekke personer som fortjener takk: Takk til min veileder og basslærer gjennom to år, Per Elias Drabløs, for all hjelp, nyttige innspill og verdifulle tilbakemeldinger gjennom hele prosessen. Takk til hele mastermiljøet ved Universitet i Agder for godt vennskap og samarbeid. Takk til venner og bandkollegaer Espen Tappel, Simon Berg, Inge Andreas Jacobsen, Erlend Wold, Paul Torjesen Marti, Jørgen Helliesen, Kathrine Helliesen, Marte Aarseth, Morten Røsbak, Håkon Øyen, Thomas Gallatin, Ole Andreas Olafsrud og Lars Christian Olsen for inspirerende vennskap, samspill og generelt høy aksept for discobass. Sistnevnte skal ha en ekstra takk for solide, faglige innspill på tema. For korrekturlesning takker jeg bror Anders Engebretsen og lektor Kristin Torjesen Marti. Min kone Marianne Engebretsen skal også ha takk både for faglig inspirasjon og gode innspill til livet som helhet gjennom hele prosessen. Thomas Engebretsen Kristiansand, 21.04.2016 3 4 Innhold 1 INNLEDNING ................................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 HVA ER DISCO EGENTLIG? ........................................................................................................................ 7 1.2 DISCO SOM MUSIKKSJANGER .................................................................................................................. 10 1.3 HVORFOR DISCOBASS? ........................................................................................................................... 14 1.4 PROBLEMSTILLING ................................................................................................................................. 14 1.5 JAKTEN PÅ DISCOBASS – VALG AV EMPIRI ............................................................................................. 15 2 TEORI OG TERMINOLOGI ........................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 SPRÅKBRUK ............................................................................................................................................ 19 2.2 LITTERATUR ........................................................................................................................................... 20 2.3 BASSPESIFIKK LITTERATUR ................................................................................................................... 21 2.4 AVHANDLINGENS PLASSERING I POPULÆRMUSIKKVITENSKAPEN ....................................................... 22 2.5 MØTET MED TRANSKRIPSJONSPROSESSEN ........................................................................................... 23 2.6 GROOVE – DET BÆRENDE ELEMENTET I DISCO ..................................................................................... 25 2.7 SOUND ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 3 METODE ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 3.1 KVALITATIVE METODER ........................................................................................................................ 29 3.2 KVALITATIVE INTERVJUER MED UTØVERE OG PRODUSENTER ............................................................. 31 3.3 MULIGE KVANTITATIVE METODER ........................................................................................................ 32 3.4 ANALYSE ................................................................................................................................................. 33 3.5 SOFTWARE OG TRANSKRIPSJONSTEKNIKK ........................................................................................... 34 3.6 HISTORISKE METODER ........................................................................................................................... 35 3.7 KILDER FRA INTERNETT ........................................................................................................................ 35 4 STILISTISK ANALYSE AV DISCOBASS .......................................................................................................... 39 4.1 ETABLERTE VIRKEMIDLER I MELODISK BASS ........................................................................................ 39 4.2 VIRKEMIDLER I DISCOBASS .................................................................................................................... 42 4.3 BASSOUND .............................................................................................................................................. 48 4.4 TEKNISKE ASPEKT .................................................................................................................................. 51 4.5 STILISTISKE UTGANGSPUNKT I DISCOBASS ........................................................................................... 52 5 STILSKAPERE ............................................................................................................................................. 57 5.1 BERNARD EDWARDS .............................................................................................................................. 58 5.1.1 UTSTYR ............................................................................................................................................... 59 5.1.2 SPILLESTIL OG KARAKTERISTIKK ...................................................................................................... 60 5.1.3 ”MY FORBIDDEN LOVER” ................................................................................................................... 62 5 5.2 LOUIS JOHNSON ...................................................................................................................................... 65 5.2.1 UTSTYR ............................................................................................................................................... 67 5.2.2 SPILLESTIL OG KARAKTERISTIKK ...................................................................................................... 68 5.2.3 ”TONIGHT WE LOVE” ......................................................................................................................... 70 5.3 RON BAKER ............................................................................................................................................ 77 5.3.1 UTSTYR ............................................................................................................................................... 79 5.3.2 SPILLESTIL OG KARAKTERISTIKK ...................................................................................................... 80 5.3.3 ”GOIN’ UP IN SMOKE” ........................................................................................................................ 82 6 AVSLUTTENDE KOMMENTARER ................................................................................................................ 87 7 TILLEGG 1 – OVERSIKT OVER BASSPESIFIKK NOTASJON ......................................................................... 91 8 TILLEGG 2 – OVERSIKT OVER BASSISTER I DISCO-PERIODEN ................................................................. 93 9 KILDER ....................................................................................................................................................... 99 6 1 INNLEDNING Disco-æraen var en karikert affære. En hedonistisk virkelighetsflukt under snurrende, speilkledte discokuler. På mange måter én eneste lang fest, én eneste lang natt. Drevet av narkotika, begjær og DJ-er som på magisk vis holdt dansegulvet i kok hele natten igjennom. Så mange følelser, så mange historier, så mye musikk. Elsket og hatet, nytt og foraktet, men først og fremst fylt til randen av ”groovy” el-basspill. Slik var i alle fall mitt møte med denne epoken da jeg 13 år gammel fikk øynene opp for det fabelaktige disco-groovet, 20 år etter at festen var over. Jeg skal i denne oppgaven dykke ned el-basspillet i den populærmusikkhistoriske perioden på slutten av 1970-tallet som omtales som disco-perioden. Gjennom å peke på trender fra perioden, presentere nyvinninger og framheve særtrekk hos tre utvalgte utøvere, er målet er å tegne et tydelig bilde av basspillet fra epoken. I tillegg vil bassens rolle i samspillet kommenteres. Både blant bassister og hos andre musikkinteresserte utgjør discobass ofte en tydelig karikatur. Gjennom oppgaven vil det bli klart at mange av fordommene stemmer, men at virkeligheten
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