DOCSLIB.ORG

Systematics of the Protohermes Xanthodes Species-Group in Eastern Asia (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Systematics of the Protohermes Xanthodes Species-Group in Eastern Asia (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) Entomological Science (2006) 9, 399–409 doi:10.1111/j.1479-8298.2006.00186.x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Systematics of the Protohermes xanthodes species-group in eastern Asia (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) Xingyue LIU1, Fumio HAYASHI2 and Ding YANG1 1Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; and 2Department of Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Abstract A new species-group of the dobsonfly genus Protohermes is proposed, the Protohermes xanthodes species- group. Three species from eastern Asia belonging to the new species-group are redescribed and illustrated. Phylogenetic relationships among the species in this group, as well as the biogeography of these species, are discussed on the basis of a cladistic analysis. Key words: Corydalinae, new species-group, phylogeny, Protohermes, taxonomy. INTRODUCTION status by Contreras-Ramos (1998). Recent studies of the systematics of Protohermes have been carried out by The Asian dobsonfly genus Protohermes is one of the Hayashi (1989a,b, 1990), Yang (1985), Yang and Yang most species-rich genera within the subfamily Corydali- (1988), and Liu and Yang (2005, 2006a,b). nae. It includes up to 40 described species, which are Previously, two Protohermes species-groups, the predominantly distributed in the Oriental region. Adult P. changninganus species-group and the P. davidi spe- Protohermes are characterized by a yellowish body with cies-group, have been recognized (Liu & Yang 2005, various blackish marks on the head and pronotum, 2006b). The P. costalis species-group was recognized as wings usually with several yellowish or whitish marks, the third species-group by X. Liu, F. Hayashi and D. forewing with a three-branched 1A, and a posteriorly Yang (unpubl. data, 2006). In the present paper, a fourth incised male ninth sternum. The male tenth tergite varies species-group, the Protohermes xanthodes species- generally from an elongate band and flattened valve, to group, is proposed, comprising the species P. xanthodes, a short subcylindrical or claviform tube. Early revisions P. grandis, and P. immaculatus. All three species are of the genus were made by European neuropterologists keyed, redescribed, and reillustrated herein. The first (van der Weele 1910; Lestage 1927; Kimmins 1948). record of the genus Protohermes from Korea is This genus, together with Neurhermes Navás, were included, as well as a discussion of the phylogeny and established as a well-supported monophyletic group biogeography of the P. xanthodes species-group. according to cladistic analyses (Glorioso 1981; Penny 1993; Contreras-Ramos 1998). The group was thought to be a sister group to the remaining genera within the MATERIALS AND METHODS Corydalinae by Penny (1993), or a sister group to the Preparation of specimens remaining Corydalinae genera except Chloroniella Esben-Petersen with the most primitive phylogenetic Specimens were collected mostly using light traps in mountainous regions at sites close to clean running water. Genitalic preparations were made by clearing the apex of the abdomen in a saturated KOH solution for Correspondence: Dr Ding Yang, Department of Entomology, 8–10 h. The apex of the abdomen was transferred to China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China. glycerin for further dissection and examination, then Email: [email protected] moved to fresh glycerin and stored in a microvial pinned Received 22 December 2005; accepted 14 August 2006. below the specimen. © 2006 The Entomological Society of Japan X. Y. Liu et al. The specimens for the present study are deposited at 6 Male tenth tergite: without setal tuft, 0; with setal the Entomological Museum of the China Agricultural tuft, 1. University (CAU), Beijing; the Institute of Zoology, 7 Ninth gonostylus: slender, 0; thick, 1. Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing; the 8 Male tenth sternite with median portion: simple, 0; Shanghai Entomological Museum, Chinese Academy of enlarged and somewhat modified, 1. Sciences (SEMCAS), Shanghai; and Fumio Hayashi’s 9 Male tenth sternite with lateral lobes: nearly membra- personal collection (HC), Tokyo, Japan. nous, 0; moderately sclerotized, 1. Morphological terminology generally follows Glori- The present cladistic analysis was performed using oso (1981) except for the terminology for the tenth PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) by using heuris- abdominal segment, which follows Contreras-Ramos tic parsimony analysis, with 1000 random stepwise (1998). additions of taxa (TBR branch swapping) under ACCT- RAN optimization, characters unordered and of equal Cladistic analysis weight, MulTrees option in effect. Bootstrap values for For the analysis, three Protohermes species, P. infectus clades were calculated in 1000 replicates using a general (McLachlan, 1869), P. changninganus Yang and Yang, heuristic search, with branches with bootstrap values 1988, and P. niger Yang and Yang, 1988, were selected <50% collapsed. Bremer’s decay index was calculated as the outgroups. This is because P. infectus and using Autodecay version 4.0 (Eriksson 1998) and PAUP* P. changninganus are considered to have a basal status version 4.0b10. in Protohermes. Also, P. niger is considered to be the most primitive species of the P. costalis species-group. TAXONOMY Nine adult morphological characters were numeri- cally coded for all three species of the P. xanthodes Genus Protohermes van der Weele species-group and the three outgroups, which are listed Protohermes van der Weele (1907): 243. Type species below. All the characters presently selected were Hermes anticus Walker (1853): 205, original obtained from the male genitalia except the first two, designation. which were obtained from the head and wings. The data Allohermes Lestage (1927): 100. Type species Protoher- matrix is given in Table 1. The character state coding is: mes davidi van der Weele (1909): 254, original 0, plesiomorphic; 1–3, apomorphic. designation. (Synonymized by Glorioso 1981.) 1 Lateral ocelli: close to median ocellus, 0; widely apart from median ocellus, 1. General characters. Body medium to large sized 2 Forewing with costal areas: hyaline, 0; dark or (forewing length 28–65 mm). Body pale yellow to yel- marked by several dark stripes, 1. lowish brown, sometimes blackish brown. 3 Male ninth sternum: narrower than ninth tergum, 0; Diagnosis. Head robust, postocular spines present or wider than ninth tergum, 1. absent; vertex often with several dark marks. Posterior 4 Male ninth sternum with median portion: not pair of ocelli close to or widely apart from median inflated, 0; distinctly inflated, 1. ocellus, median ocellus usually flattened and transverse. 5 Male tenth tergite: simple digitiform, 0; long band- Antenna subserrate, approximately as long as the like, 1; subcylindrical, 2; claviform, 3. head plus prothorax. Clypeal margin entire. Labrum subtriangular. Table 1 Character matrix for three species of the Prothorax longer than wide, pronotum with various Protohermes xanthodes species-group and three outgroups patterns of dark marks. Wings slightly smoky brown to blackish brown, often with several yellowish or whitish Characters marks, showing distinct specific variations. Rs 8–11- Taxon 1 23456789 branched, last branch bifurcate or trifurcate; 6–14 P. infectus 0 10000000 crossveins between R1 and Rs; M1+2 4–9-branched, M3+4 P. changninganus 0 10010000 2–4-branched; 1A three-branched. P. niger 1 10021000 Male ninth tergum often shorter than wide, with ante- P. grandis 1 01131010 rior margin incised in an arched manner; ninth tergum P. immaculatus 1 01131010 broad, often with V-shaped, arched, or trapezoidal pos- P. xanthodes 1 00031101 terior incision; tenth tergite slender digitiform, short 0, Plesiomorphic state; 1–3, apomorphic state. claviform, short subcylindrical, flattened valvate, or 400 Entomological Science (2006) 9, 399–409 © 2006 The Entomological Society of Japan Systematics of the P. xanthodes species-group elongated band-like; ninth gonostylus unguiform; tenth Protohermes grandis (Thunberg) (Figs 1,4–10) sternite often arched, with pair of lateral lobes digiti- Hemerobius grandis Thunberg (1781): 28. form or tubercle. Female eighth sternum strongly scle- rotized, often produced posteriorly; ninth gonocoxite Diagnosis. Head with three pairs of black marks later- membranous, flattened; ninth gonostylus short and dig- ally on vertex; pronotum with two pairs of black vittae itiform, articulated with gonocoxite; tenth tergite often on each side; male tenth tergite short, claviform, with incised from side by cerci, forming one dorsal and one apex produced into two processes, and inner process ventral lobe. bearing one setal tuft. Male. Body length 24–43 mm; forewing length 33– 51 mm, hindwing length 29–46 mm. Protohermes xanthodes species-group Head yellowish brown, with two pairs of large sub- Diagnostic characters. Head and pronotum yellow to quadrate and one pair of small suboval black marks on yellowish brown, with several blackish marks. Ocelli lateral portion of vertex; postocular spine absent. Com- widely apart. Wing slightly smoky brown, usually with pound eyes brown, ocelli yellow with black inner margin. yellowish marks; costal areas without dark stripes. Male Median ocellus rather flattened and transverse; posterior tenth tergite short, claviform, with one tuft on inner pair widely apart, distance between them about twice subdistal portion. Male tenth sternite wide, with elon- the width of median ocellus but shorter than that gate lateral lobes. Female genitalia simple, without
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effectiveness of Using River Insect Larvae As an Index of Cu, Zn and As Contaminations in Rivers, Japan
    International Journal of GEOMATE, May, 2017, Vol. 12, Issue 33, pp. 153-159 Geotec., Const. Mat. & Env., ISSN:2186-2990, Japan, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21660/2017.33.2619 EFFECTIVENESS OF USING RIVER INSECT LARVAE AS AN INDEX OF CU, ZN AND AS CONTAMINATIONS IN RIVERS, JAPAN *Hiroyuki Ii1 and Akio Nishida2 1Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, Japan; 2 Kyoei High School, Japan *Corresponding Author, Received: 16 June 2016, Revised: 18 July 2016, Accepted: 16 Jan. 2017 ABSTRACT: Analysis of Dobsonfly (a kind of Megaloptera, Protohermes grandis) larvae for concentrations of Cu and Zn was found to be an effective method of determining levels of Cu and Zn contamination of rivers in metal mine areas and non-metal mine catchments. Metal concentration in Dobsonfly larvae was used as an index of metal contamination because the amount of metal concentration in Dobsonfly larvae decreased with the dry weight of the larvae and also on the degree of metal present in the river water. Dobsonfly makes an excellent tool for contamination evaluation because of their easy classification, wide distribution and commonness. Furthermore, due to their relatively lengthy 2-3 year lifespan, river contamination assessment over a long term could be performed. In this study, Cu, Zn and As concentrations in river insect larvae in metal mine areas were found to be higher than those in non-mine catchments. Keywords: Mine waste, Dobsonfly, ecotoxicology, heavy metal, insect larvae 1. INTRODUCTION term. In Japan, metal concentrations in Caddisfly were measured and this metal concentration was Many papers concerning metal concentration in used as an indicator of environmental pollution [8], river insect larvae and the high concentration [9].
    [Show full text]
  • Examining the Role of Cave Crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) in Central Texas Cave Ecosystems: Isotope Ratios (Δ13c, Δ15n) and Radio Tracking
    Final Report Examining the Role of Cave Crickets (Rhaphidophoridae) in Central Texas Cave Ecosystems: Isotope Ratios (δ13C, δ15N) and Radio Tracking Steven J. Taylor1, Keith Hackley2, Jean K. Krejca3, Michael J. Dreslik 1, Sallie E. Greenberg2, and Erin L. Raboin1 1Center for Biodiversity Illinois Natural History Survey 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 (217) 333-5702 [email protected] 2 Isotope Geochemistry Laboratory Illinois State Geological Survey 615 East Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 3Zara Environmental LLC 118 West Goforth Road Buda, Texas 78610 Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 2004 (9) Prepared for: U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center ERDC-CTC, ATTN: Michael L. Denight 2902 Newmark Drive Champaign, IL 61822-1076 27 September 2004 Cover: A cave cricket (Ceuthophilus The Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis secretus) shedding its exuvium on a shrub (False Indigo, Amorpha fruticosa L.) outside invicta Buren, RIFA) has been shown to enter and of Big Red Cave. Photo by Jean K. Krejca. forage in caves in central Texas (Elliott 1992, 1994; Reddell 2001; Reddell and Cokendolpher 2001b). Many of these caves are home to federally endangered invertebrates (USFWS 1988, 1993, 2000) or closely related, often rare taxa (Reddell 2001, Reddell and Cokendolpher 2001a). The majority of these caves are small – at Fort Hood (Bell and Coryell counties), the mean length1 of the caves is 51.7 m (range 2.1 - 2571.6 m, n=105 caves). Few of the caves harbor large numbers of bats, perhaps because low ceiling heights increase their vulnerability to depredation by other vertebrate predators (e.g., raccoons, Procyon lotor).
    [Show full text]
  • Neuropterida of the Lower Cretaceous of Southern England, with a Study on Fossil and Extant Raphidioptera
    NEUROPTERIDA OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND, WITH A STUDY ON FOSSIL AND EXTANT RAPHIDIOPTERA A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of PhD in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2010 JAMES EDWARD JEPSON SCHOOL OF EARTH, ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES.......................................................................................................................8 TABLES......................................................................................................................13 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................14 LAY ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................15 DECLARATION...........................................................................................................16 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT...........................................................................................17 ABOUT THE AUTHOR.................................................................................................18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................19 FRONTISPIECE............................................................................................................20 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................21 1.1. The Project.......................................................................................................21
    [Show full text]
  • Insect Egg Size and Shape Evolve with Ecology but Not Developmental Rate Samuel H
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1302-4 Insect egg size and shape evolve with ecology but not developmental rate Samuel H. Church1,4*, Seth Donoughe1,3,4, Bruno A. S. de Medeiros1 & Cassandra G. Extavour1,2* Over the course of evolution, organism size has diversified markedly. Changes in size are thought to have occurred because of developmental, morphological and/or ecological pressures. To perform phylogenetic tests of the potential effects of these pressures, here we generated a dataset of more than ten thousand descriptions of insect eggs, and combined these with genetic and life-history datasets. We show that, across eight orders of magnitude of variation in egg volume, the relationship between size and shape itself evolves, such that previously predicted global patterns of scaling do not adequately explain the diversity in egg shapes. We show that egg size is not correlated with developmental rate and that, for many insects, egg size is not correlated with adult body size. Instead, we find that the evolution of parasitoidism and aquatic oviposition help to explain the diversification in the size and shape of insect eggs. Our study suggests that where eggs are laid, rather than universal allometric constants, underlies the evolution of insect egg size and shape. Size is a fundamental factor in many biological processes. The size of an 526 families and every currently described extant hexapod order24 organism may affect interactions both with other organisms and with (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Fig. 1). We combined this dataset with the environment1,2, it scales with features of morphology and physi- backbone hexapod phylogenies25,26 that we enriched to include taxa ology3, and larger animals often have higher fitness4.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Insects and Their Potential to Contribute to the Diet of the Globally Expanding Human Population
    insects Review Aquatic Insects and their Potential to Contribute to the Diet of the Globally Expanding Human Population D. Dudley Williams 1,* and Siân S. Williams 2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada 2 The Wildlife Trust, The Manor House, Broad Street, Great Cambourne, Cambridge CB23 6DH, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editors: Kerry Wilkinson and Heather Bray Received: 28 April 2017; Accepted: 19 July 2017; Published: 21 July 2017 Abstract: Of the 30 extant orders of true insect, 12 are considered to be aquatic, or semiaquatic, in either some or all of their life stages. Out of these, six orders contain species engaged in entomophagy, but very few are being harvested effectively, leading to over-exploitation and local extinction. Examples of existing practices are given, ranging from the extremes of including insects (e.g., dipterans) in the dietary cores of many indigenous peoples to consumption of selected insects, by a wealthy few, as novelty food (e.g., caddisflies). The comparative nutritional worth of aquatic insects to the human diet and to domestic animal feed is examined. Questions are raised as to whether natural populations of aquatic insects can yield sufficient biomass to be of practicable and sustained use, whether some species can be brought into high-yield cultivation, and what are the requirements and limitations involved in achieving this? Keywords: aquatic insects; entomophagy; human diet; animal feed; life histories; environmental requirements 1. Introduction Entomophagy (from the Greek ‘entoma’, meaning ‘insects’ and ‘phagein’, meaning ‘to eat’) is a trait that we Homo sapiens have inherited from our early hominid ancestors.
    [Show full text]
  • Consequences of Insect Flight Loss for Molecular Evolutionary Rates and Diversification
    Consequences of Insect Flight Loss for Molecular Evolutionary Rates and Diversification by T. Fatima Mitterboeck A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Integrative Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © T. Fatima Mitterboeck, May 2012 ABSTRACT CONSEQUENCES OF INSECT FLIGHT LOSS FOR MOLECULAR EVOLUTIONARY RATES AND DIVERSIFICATION T. Fatima Mitterboeck Advisor: University of Guelph, 2012 Dr. Sarah J. Adamowicz Advisory committee members: Dr. Teresa Crease Dr. Jinzhong Fu Dr. Ryan Gregory This thesis investigates the molecular evolutionary and macroevolutionary consequences of flight loss in insects. Chapter 2 tests the hypothesis that flightless groups have smaller effective population sizes than related flighted groups, expected to result in a consistent pattern of increased non-synonymous to synonymous ratios in flightless lineages due to the greater effect of genetic drift in smaller populations. Chapter 3 tests the hypothesis that reduced dispersal and species-level traits such as range size associated with flightlessness increase extinction rates, which over the long term will counteract increased speciation rates in flightless lineages, leading to lower net diversification. The wide-spread loss of flight in insects has led to increased molecular evolutionary rates and is associated with decreased long-term net diversification. I demonstrate that the fundamental trait of dispersal ability has shaped two forms of diversity—molecular and species—in the largest group of animals, and that microevolutionary and macroevolutionary patterns do not necessarily mirror each other. Acknowledgements This research was supported by an NSERC Canada Graduate Scholarship and an Ontario Graduate Scholarship to T. Fatima Mitterboeck and by an NSERC Discovery Grant to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Megaloptera: Corydalidae) ในลําธารตนนํา้ ประเทศไทย Adult of Neochauliodes Puntatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 and Life History of Neochauliodes Sp
    ว.วิทย. มข. 46(4) 664-677 (2561) KKU Sci. J. 46(4) 664-677 (2018) ตัวเต็มวัยของแมลงชางกรามโต Neochauliodes puntatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 และชวี ประวตั ขิ อง Neocahuliodes sp. (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) ในลําธารตนนํา้ ประเทศไทย Adult of Neochauliodes puntatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 and life history of Neochauliodes sp. (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in headwater streams, Thailand Fateemah Mahama1, Chutima Hanjavanit2 and Narumon Sangpradub1, 2* 1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen Province 40002 2Applied Taxonomic Research Center, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang District, Khon Kaen Province 40002 *Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 28 March 2018 Revised: 14 October 2018 Accepted: 17 October 2018 บทคัดยอ การศึกษาความหลากหลายและชีวประวัติของแมลงชางกรามโต วงศยอย Chauliodinae (อันดับ Megaloptera วงศ Corydalidae) โดยใหความสนใจที่ระยะตัวออนและตัวเต็มวยั ในลําธารตนน้ํา 2 สายคือหวยหญาเครือ และหวยพรมแลง ระหวางเดือน ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2556 ถึงเดือนธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2557 พบตัวเต็มวัยของ Neochauliodes punctatolosus Liu and Yang, 2006 ในเดือน ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2556 และระหวางเดือน มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2556 ถึง กันยายน พ.ศ. 2557 คือ พบตัวผู จํานวน 12 ตัว และตัวเมีย 1 ตัวที่ หวยหญาเครือ และตัวผู 2 ตัวที่หวยพรมแลง ตัวเต็มวัยมีความแตกตางระหวางเพศ โดยตัวผูมีหนวดแบบขนนก ตัวเมียมีหนวดแบบซี่ เลื่อย และตัวเมียมีขนาดใหญกวาตัวผู จากขอมูลการพบตัวเต็มวัยในสองลําธารนี้ดูเหมือนวาการเปนตัวเต็มวัยของตัวผูมีจํานวนมากกวา ตัวเมีย พบตัวออนพบสกุล Neochauliodes ที่มีลักษณะสัณฐานแบบเดียวกันทั้งหมดแตไมสามารถระบุชนิดไดจํานวน
    [Show full text]
  • A Radio-Tracking Study on the Foraging Movements of the (Megaloptera, Corydalidae)
    KontyG, Tokyo, 56 (2): 417-429. June 25, 1988 A Radio-tracking Study on the Foraging Movements of the Dobsonfly Larva, Protohermes grandis (Megaloptera, Corydalidae) Fumio HAYASHI Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158 Japan and Masatoshi NAKANE Zaimokuza 5-1 5-2 1, Kamakura, Kanagawa, 248 Japan Abstract Miniature radio transmitters were used to monitor the movements of the dobsonfly larvae, Pvotohevmes gvandis (THUNBERG)(Megaloptera, Corydalidae), in their natural habitat. The transmitter, 7 x 18 x 2 mm and 0.25 g in water, in- cluded a quartz crystal (52 MHz band) and a silver oxide battery (life of about 7 days), and was attached to the back of larval prothorax. The signal range was about 2 m and positions of larvae in stream riffles were determined using a small loop antenna. The results showed that larvae favoured a central part of riffles and spent most time there for ambushing for prey. However, they actively moved about at some nights, but never in any daytimes, probably to search for prey or suitable feeding sites. The mean movement distance per night was not clearly dependent on the degree of starvation. Introduction Two extreme modes of foraging in predators are ambushing and active search- ing for prey (PIANKA,1966; SCHOENER,1971). Among insects, for general example, pit-making ant-lion larvae are ambush predators, whereas predacious lady beetles actively search their environment for prey items. However, recent detailed studies have been revealing the plasticity of foraging behaviour in response to prey avail- ability, hunger level, predation risk, interference competition, and other environ- mental factors (CARTER& DIXON,1982; FORMANOWICZ,1982; GRIFFITHS,1986; HEADS,1985; HEINRICH& HEINRICH,1984; HILDREW& TOWNSEND,1980; INOUE & MATSURA,1983; MATSURA,1981 ; NAKAMUTA,1982; PECKARSKY,1983; SJOSTROM,1985; TANAKA& 1~6,1982; TOWNSEND& HILDREW,1980; WALDE& DAVIES,1984).
    [Show full text]
  • Processing Insect Abundance: Trading and Fishing of Zazamushi in Central Japan (Nagano Prefecture, Honshū Island) Césard Et Al
    JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE Processing insect abundance: trading and fishing of zazamushi in Central Japan (Nagano Prefecture, Honshū Island) Césard et al. Césard et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2015) 11:78 DOI 10.1186/s13002-015-0066-7 Césard et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2015) 11:78 DOI 10.1186/s13002-015-0066-7 JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE RESEARCH Open Access Processing insect abundance: trading and fishing of zazamushi in Central Japan (Nagano Prefecture, Honshū Island) Nicolas Césard1,2*, Seiji Komatsu1 and Akihisa Iwata1 Abstract Background: This article presents the links between technique, commerce and consumption in fishing for zazamushi, a mixture of aquatic insect larvae sold as food souvenirs in Japan. Since zazamushi are mainly collected for economic reasons, we suggest that demand for them has incited technical development among collectors in order to fish more insects. Methods: Several fishermen and traders were interviewed in semi-directed interviews about their practices and knowledge. To understand the passage from a faunal composition to a commercial composition, our research follows a fishing session closely, as well as the selection of insects that follows it. The insects collected were separated from inanimate matter, then identified, counted and weighed at each stage of the process. Results: Our results suggest that the current technique corresponds to an evolution in subsistence and recreational collecting towards a more systematic fishing of the insects, the aim of which is commercial. In their response to trade issues, the collectors have moved away from the banks to fish the insects in the river current, thus increasing the amount of one species captured compared to another.
    [Show full text]
  • Megaloptera : Corydalidae
    Systematic Entomology (1981) 6, 253--290 Systematics of the dobsonfly subfamily Corydalinae (Megaloptera :Corydalidae) MICHAEL J. GLORIOSO* Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. ABSTRACT. The genera of Corydalinae are redefined, and representative characters are figured for each genus. New character sources, such as mouthparts and internal female genitalia, are investigated, as well as traditional male genitalia and wings. Allohermes is synonymized with Protohermes, Doeringia with Platy- neuromus. Intergeneric relationships are hypothesized on the basis of a cladistic analysis. Acanthacorydalis and the New World genera form a monophyletic group, as do Protohermes and Neurhermes, and Neuromus and Neoneuromus. Chloroniella belongs in the Acanthacorydalis - New World lineage, but exact placement is uncertain. A phyletic sequence classification is proposed on the basis of the cladistic analysis. Introduction American Covydulus cornutus are excellent angling bait, while dried larvae of Pvotoizevmes The Megaloptera, long considered among the grandis, referred to as 'magotaro mushi', were most primitive of holometabolous insects considered a remedy for infant emotional (Weele, 191 O), contains two families, Sialidae irritation in Japan (Kuwayama, 1962). and Corydalidae. The Corydalidae, easily Relationships within the Corydalinae are separated from the Sialidae by presence of poorly understood, and generic limits are ocelli, non-bilobed fourth tarsomeres, and poorly defined. In this study I redefine the large size, contains two subfamilies, Coryda- genera and postulate intergeneric relation- linae and Chauliodinae. The Corydalinae are ships based on shared derived character states, restricted to North and South America, South or synapotypies. In searching for sufficient Africa and Asia, while the Chauliodinae also characters to more confidently establish occur in Australia and New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • Pagos Birds and Their Parasites Noah Kerness Whiteman University of Missouri-St
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Dissertations UMSL Graduate Works 5-2-2006 Evolutionary epidemiology of endemic Gal¿pagos birds and their parasites Noah Kerness Whiteman University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Whiteman, Noah Kerness, "Evolutionary epidemiology of endemic Gal¿pagos birds and their parasites" (2006). Dissertations. 610. https://irl.umsl.edu/dissertation/610 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the UMSL Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. University of Missouri-St. Louis Department of Biology Program in Evolution, Ecology and Systematics Evolutionary Epidemiology of Endemic Galápagos Birds and their Parasites by Noah Kerness Whiteman M.S., Entomology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000 B.A., cum laude Distinction in Biology, Saint John’s University-Minnesota, 1998 Dissertation Advisory Committee: _____________________________ ______________________________ Patricia G. Parker, Ph.D. (Advisor) Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Ph.D. (Chair) _____________________________ ______________________________ Robert J. Marquis, Ph.D. Kevin P. Johnson, Ph.D. (External) _____________________________ Robert E. Ricklefs, Ph.D. A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of the University of Missouri-St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2005 Saint Louis, Missouri 1 Dissertation Abstract In order to better understand parasite diversification, I went to the Galápagos Islands to study the ecology and evolution of a model bird-parasite system, which included four phylogenetically independent ectoparasite lineages infecting the Galápagos Hawk (Aves: Buteo galapagoensis).
    [Show full text]
  • Regular Article Chromosomes of Two Species of Japanese Fishflies in The
    Chromosome Science 15: 23-25, 2012 Takeuchi et al. 23 Regular Article Chromosomes of two species of Japanese fishflies in the genus Parachauliodes (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) Yoshinori Takeuchi, Koji Iizuka, Hiroyuki Koishi, Takuzo Yamada and Hidehiro Hoshiba Received: August 18, 2011 / Accepted: May 17, 2012 © 2012 by the Society of Chromosome Research Abstract Introduction We analyzed chromosomes of two species of Japanese Insects known as dobsonflies or fishflies (Megaloptera: fishflies (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae), Para- Corydalidae) are widely distributed around the world. In chauliodes continentalis and P. japonicus. The chromo- Japan there are 12 species belonging to three genera of some numbers in both species were 2n=20 consisting of Corydalidae (Liu et al. 2006; 2007a, b, 2008). 9 pairs of autosomes plus XX chromosomes in females The first chromosomal study of Asian Corydalidae was and Xy in males. The X chromosomes were subtelocen- made by Itoh (Itoh 1933a, b). Using a paraffin sectioning tric while the y was the smallest chromosome of the set. technique, he reported the chromosome number of the The sex chromosomes of first meiotic metaphase (MI) fishfly Chauliodes japonicus (=Parachauliodes japonicus, spermatocytes in both species invariably formed biva- at present) to be 2n=20 (i.e., 18 autosomes plus an XY lents synchronously with the autosomes and formed sex chromosome pair) and the dobsonfly Protohermes parachute-type bivalents, suggesting that the species in grandis to be 2n=23. Takeuchi et al. (2002) confirmed this genus share a common sex bivalent mechanism. the chromosome number of P. grandis to be 2n=24 using Key words: Chromosomes, fishflies, Parachauliodes, sex the air-drying technique improved by Kezer and Sessions chromosomes, Xy/XX, Xyp (1979).
    [Show full text]