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AGE AND GROWTH THROUGH SCALE, OTOLITH, MATURATION AND FECUNDITY OF SOME COMMON SNAPPERS LUTJANUS LUTJANUS AND L. JOHNII (FAMILY LUTJANIDAE) IN PAKISTANI WATERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE OF DISTRIBUTION ON SINDH COAST. MUHAMMAD ASIM DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI Karachi-75270 CERTIFICATE UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI FACULTY OF SCIENCE This thesis entitled “AGE AND GROWTH THROUGH SCALE, OTOLITH, MATURATION AND FECUNDITY OF COMMON SNAPPERS LUTJANUS LUTJANUS AND LUTJANUS JOHNII (FAMILY LUTJANIDAE) IN PAKISTANI WATERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DISTRIBUTION ON SINDH COAST” .Submitted by Muhammad Asim is accepted by the Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, as satisfying the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Zoology. Supervisor ____________________________ Prof. Dr. Habib-ul-Hassan Department of Zoology University of Karachi. Co- supervisor ____________________________ Prof. Dr. M. Zaheer Khan Department of Zoology University of Karachi. This Dissertation is dedicated to my wife, beautiful son Muhammad Hamdan Asim my sisters Mrs. Nafees Subohi (Late) and Ms Anees Roohi who always wishes and prays for my success. ACKNOWLEDGMENT My deep reverence goes to Almighty Allah, my supreme, who enabled me to complete the present work. I thankful my respected supervisor Prof.Dr. Habib-ul-Hassan and co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Muahmmad Zaheer Khan for their support, guidance and encouragement. I would like to thanks Dr. Constantine Stamatppoulos (Fisheries Resources Monitoring and Assessment Lamans) ICLARM for the guidance to determine the age and growth by von- Bertalanffy growth parameters by VONBIT software tool. I am also acknowledged to Respected Muhammad Moazzam (Ex. Director General, Marine Fisheries Department Government of Pakistan and present Technical Advisor (Marine Fisheries) WWF-Pakistan for his guidance and encouragements. I would like to thanks Dr. Tufail Muhammad Jokhio Dean of Chemical Process Engineering (CPE), NED University, Karachi Pakistan for their help for otolith section cutting thus making it possible to determine the age. I would like to thanks Mr Waheed Ahemd, Additional Secretary, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh for their Guidance, encouragements. Very much thanks to Mr.Ghulam Mehar, Director General Fisheries, Government of Sindh for moral support. I am also grateful to Dr. Pirzada Jamal Siddique for allowing me to use Lab at Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology (Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology), University of Karachi. I would like to thank Mr. Muhammad Tariq Hanif (Fisheries Researcher) from Marine Fisheries Department, Government of Pakistan, for guidance, encouragement and suggestions about working in R-Statistical software and graphical representations. I am very much thankful to my Dearest friend Dr. Syed Salahuddin Qadri, Assistant Professor, Government Jamia Millia Degree College, Karachi, and my colleagues Muahammad Arif Shakir, Mr Aijaz Ahmed Memon, Assistant Director Fisheries, Syed Nasir Ali Naqvi, Mr Muhammad Ashraf (Photographer) Sindh Fisheries Department, Government of Sindh and Mr Sharjeel Parvez Butt for their unconditional support. I am very much thankful to all fishermen who supported me in collection of samples from boat collections and fish markets for this research work. I want to express my deepest gratitude to all, those help out and support me for completion of this work specially my wife and cute son Muhammad Hamdan Asim. TABLES OF CONTENT Description Page No KHULASA (URDU) ABSTRACT 1 1 INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Classification 6 1.2 Descriptive characters of family Lutjanidae 7 1.3 Lutjanus lutjanus (Bloch 1790) 8 1.4 Lutjanus johnii (Bloch 1792) 9 1.5 Distinguish Characters 9 1.6 key to species of family Lutjanidae 10 1.7 Determination of age and growth 20 1.8 Status of Lutjanids in Pakistan 20 1.9 Objectives of present study 23 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Taxonomy status and classification of Lutjanidae 24 2.1.1 General Taxonomy status of Lutjanidae 27 2.1.2 Classification of Lutjanidae 29 2.2. Characters and species of Lutjanidae 32 2.2.1 Characters of Lutjanidae 32 2.3. Reproductive Biology 36 2.3.1 Gonad maturation stages 43 2.3.2 Gonad somatic Index (GSI) 45 2.3.3 Size at Sexual maturity 47 2.3.4. Spawning seasons 52 2.3.5. Fecundity 55 2.4. Fishery Information 59 2.4.1. Total length and body weight relationship 61 2.4.2. Catch per Unit effect 64 2.4.3. Sex Ratio 66 2.5. Age and growth studies 68 2.5.1. Based on fish otolith 72 2.5.2 Based on fish scale 77 2.6. Population dynamic Parameters 79 2.6.1. Growth 83 2.6.2 Mortality 85 2.6.3 Recruitment 87 2.6.4. Age 88 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 89 3.1. Specimen collection and Sampling Sites 89 3.2. Identifications and measurement 91 3.3. Size class 91 3.4. Macroscopic observations 92 3.5. Reproductive biology 92 3.5.1. Analysis of gonads 92 3.5.2 Classification of maturity stages based on macroscopic 93 analysis 3.5.3 Gonad somatic Index (GSI) 94 3.5.4.Estimation of L 50% Sexual Maturity 95 3.5.5. Fecundity 95 3.6 Otolith 96 3.7 Validation of age 98 3.8 Analysis of length frequency data 98 3.9. Length-weight relationship analysis 99 3.10. Calculated length weight data 100 3.11 Estimation of age and growth 101 3.11.1 Method for fitting von Bertalanffy growth parameters by 101 linear regression analysis (Constantine Stamatopoulos and Caddy (1989) 3.11.2 Estimation of age and growth by VBGF curve through 102 “R” statistical software 3.11.3 Linear regressions by Microsoft Excel Program. 102 3.12. Scale observations 102 3.13. Population dynamics (FiSAT-II,1.2.2 VER FAO, ICLARM) 104 3.13.1. ELEFAN 1 routine of FAO- ICLARM Stock Assessment 104 Tool FiSAT II software 3.13.2.Von Bertalanffy growth curve 104 (FiSATII,1.2.2 version) 3.13.3.Shepherd’s method 105 3.13.4. Powell - Wetherall plot 105 3.13.5. Analysis of Growth increment data 106 3.13.5.1. Gulland & Holt plot (Gulland and Holt, 1959) 106 3.13.5.2. Munro’s method 106 3.13.5.3. Faben’s method 107 3.13.6. Mortality 107 3.13.6.1. Length converted catch curve 107 3.13.6.1.1 Jones & Van Zahlinge plot 108 3.13.6.1.2. Beverton and Holt model 108 3.13.6.1.3. Ault & Ehrardt method 108 3.13.6.2. Estimation of Natural Mortality rate (M) 109 3.13.6.2.1.Rikhter and Efanov’s method 109 3.13.6.2.2. Pauly Empirical Equation 109 3.13.7. Recruitment Patterns 109 3.13.8. Probability of Capture 110 3.13.9. Gill net selection 110 3.13.10. Virtual Population analysis (VPA) 110 3.13.11. Relative Biomass per recruitment (Beverton & Holt Y/R) 111 3.13.12. Estimation of Yield per recruitment and biomass per 112 recruitment. 3.13.13. Maximum length estimation (Lmax) 112 3.13.14. Growth performance indices 113 3.15. Distribution 113 3.16. Experimental Design 114 4 RESULTS Lutjanus lutjanus (Bloch 1790) 115 4.1 SIZE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 116 4.1.1. Size frequency distribution for year 2005 116 4.1.2 Size frequency distribution for year 2006 116 4.1.3 Size frequency distribution for Year 2007 117 4.2. Analysis of Gonads 123 4.2.1 Macroscopic and Histological examination of gonads. 123 4.2.2. Monthly variation in maturity stages of Lutjanus lutjanus 129 4.3 Marginal increments Analysis (MIA) 133 4.4 Estimation of L 50% Sexual maturity 133 4.5 Oocytes size frequency distribution of Lutjanus lutjanus 135 during three years (2005-07) 4.6. Fecundity 137 4.7. Percentage frequency distribution of Lutjanus lutjanus (Male, 141 Female and Juveniles) 4.8 Length weight relationship 142 4.9 Linear regression analysis 144 4.9.1 Fish length VS Fish weight 158 4.9.2 Fish Length TL (cm) V/s Scale Size (mm) 158 4.10 Estimation of Age and growth 158 4.10.1 Otolith Morphology 158 4.10.2 Scale observations 160 4.10.3 Sectioned otolith Vs whole otolith 160 4.10.4. Otoliths Vs Scales 160 4.11 Age estimation of L. lutjanus 162 4.12 Determination of growth L. lutjanus 164 4.12.1 Method for fitting von Bertalanffy growth parameters by 164 linear regression analysis (Constantine Stamatppoulos, 2005) 4.12.2 Estimation of Age and Growth by von bit growth 173 equation in “R” statistical software. 4.12.3. Mean length and observed length 176 4.13. Estimation of Population dynamics (FiSAT-II,1.2.2 VER FAO, 180 ICLARM) 4.13.1 Estimation of population dynamics parameters for L. 180 lutjanus (all individuals) 2005. 4.13.2. Estimation of population dynamics parameters for L. 188 lutjanus (all individuals)2006. 4.13.3. Estimation of population dynamics parameters for L. 196 lutjanus (all individuals) 2007. 4.13.4. Estimation of population dynamics parameters for L. 204 lutjanus (all individuals) 2005-2007. 5 RESULTS Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792) 220 5.1. Size frequency distribution 221 5.1.1. Size frequency distribution for year 2005 221 5.1.2. Size frequency distribution for year 2006 222 5.1.3. Size frequency distribution for year 2007 222 5.2. Analysis of Gonads 229 5.2.1. Macroscopic and Histological examination of gonads 229 5.2.2. Monthly variation in maturity stages of Lutjanus johnii 234 5.3 Marginal increments analysis (MIA) 238 5.4. Estimation of L 50% sexual maturity 238 5.5. Oocytes size frequency distribution of L. johnii during three 239 years (2005-07) 5.6. Fecundity 242 5.7.
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  • Department of ZOOLOGY Museum Specimens

    Department of ZOOLOGY Museum Specimens

    P.E. Society’s Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce Ganesh-Khind, Pune – 411 053 http://www.moderncollegegk.org Department of ZOOLOGY Museum Specimens 1 Phylum Porifera 2 SyconSycon n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Porifera n Class: Pharetronida n Order: Sycettida n Genus: Sycon n General Characteristics: Sycon is a genus of calcareous sponges. These sponges are small, growing up to 5 cm in total length, and are tube- shaped and often white to cream in colour. The surface is hairy and spiky tufts of stiff spicules surround the osculum. 3 SpongillaSpongilla n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Porifera n Class: Demospongiae n Order: Haplosclerida n Genus: Spongilla n General Characteristics: Spongilla dwells in lakes and slow streams. Spongilla attach themselves to rocks and logs and filter the water for various small aquatic organisms such as protozoa, bacteria, and other free-floating pond life. fresh-water sponges are exposed to far more adverse and variable environmental conditions, and therefore they have developed gemmules as a means of dormancy. When exposed to excessively cold or otherwise harsh situations, the sponges form these gemmules, which are highly resistant "buds" that can live dormantly after the mother sponge has died. When conditions improve, the gemmules will "germinate" and a new sponge is born. 4 Phylum Coelenterata 5 JellyJelly fishfish n Kingdom: Animalia n Phylum: Coelentrata n Subphylum: Medusozoa n Class: Scyphozoa n Order: Semaeostomeae n Genus: Aurelia n General Characteristics: Jellyfish are free-swimming members. Jellyfish have several different morphologies that represent several different cnidarian Jellyfish are found in every ocean, from the surface to the deep sea.