Roman Invasions of Scotland

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Roman Invasions of Scotland Presented by William Markham There were Three Roman Invasions of Scotland 78 - 84AD Julius Agricola, Governor of Britain 139AD Lollius Urbicus 200AD Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla Scotland in Ancient Times Called Caledonia by the Romans Inhabited by various tribes, Selgovi, Caledonii Very warlike Warriors painted with designs - Picti Iron Age culture, no cities, mainly villages No written language Carved designs on stone Campaigns of Agricola, 78 to 84AD Agricola, Governor of Britain Invasion ordered by the Emperor Vespasian Tacitus recorded the invasion in “Agricola” An army of 20 thousand, including Legionaries and Auxiliary troops Campaign to complete conquest of entire British Isles Vespasian To exploit resources – metal, slaves, recruits Invasion path of Agricola Roman Marching Camps in Scotland Battle of Mons Graupius First recorded battle on Scottish soil Exact site not know 30,000 Caledonians vs 20,000 Romans Speech of Calgacus Caledonians outflanked by Roman Cavalry Roman Victory, Caledonians flee 10,000 Caledonians and 350 Roman deaths Legions not involved, only Auxiliaries and Cavalry Artists impression of the battle lines, Mons Graupius Roman consolidation and colonisation Forts established such as at Inchtuthil Roman withdrawal from Scotland Troops needed in Dacia (Romania) Domitian, Roman Emperor Domitian All forts abandoned Agricola returns to Rome in triumph Hadrians Wall Built in 122AD on the orders of the Emperor, Hadrian 80 miles long Hadrian’s stops expansion and consolidates Hadrian Wall to consolidate Northern Frontier 10,000 Auxiliaries manned wall Forts along the wall - Housesteads Hadrians Wall in Roman times The Wall as it is today Campaigns of Lollius Urbicus, 138AD Invasion ordered by the Emperor, Antoninus Pius Romans build wall of turf and timber Called the Antonine Wall Between the Clyde and Forth Rivers Occupied for about 20 years Wall abandoned and troops withdrawn Money to Caledonian Chiefs to keep peace Antoninus Pius British Isles at the time of Antoninus Pius Antonine Wall Distance slab on the wall Antonine Wall in Roman times Septimius Severus, 193-211AD Governor of Britain requests help against warring Tribes Severus and Caracalla invade Caledonia Septimius Severus Severus returns but tribes revolt again “Let no one escape sheer destruction, not even the babe in the womb of the mother” (Cassius Dio) Severus dies in Eburacum (York) before second campaign Caracalla makes peace with Tribes Caracalla Crossing of the River Tay (Taum) Roman Fort at Carpow Scottish Campaigns of Severus Later Roman Britain Hadrians Wall becomes the Northern Frontier Caledonian Tribes form into confederation of Picts (Picti) 268AD Constantius Chlorus defeats Picts Roman Shore forts to counter Saxon raiders 378AD Thoeodoius crushs Great Barbarian Conspiracy (Picts, Scots, Saxons) 410AD Honorius withdraws Roman Troops from Britain Hadrians Wall abandoned Honorius Roman Scotland in books and film A historic fictional account of the 9th Roman Legion’s disappearance in Scotland In reality, this Legion simply disappeared from the Roman Records. Recent films .

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New Caledonia 1698-1700: Scotland's Twice-Lost Colony
71 “New Caledonia 1698-1700: Scotland’s Twice-Lost Colony” Ignacio Gallup-Díaz, Bryn Mawr College “Lost Colonies” Conference, March 26-27, 2004 (Please do not cite, quote, or circulate without written permission from the author) This paper explores the manner in which the troubled relationship between Scotland and England played itself out in the arena of imperial expansion in the Americas. How did Scotland, a nation-state attempting to free itself from its problematic relationship with a mightier southern neighbor, act upon the colonial stage it had chosen in the Darién region of eastern Panamá? How did a nation-state that occupied the subject position in a colonial relationship itself perform as a colonizer? Informed by David Armitage’s persuasive description of the elements that differentiated the Scottish vision of empire from English expansionist thinking,1 the paper sets out to discover whether Scottish sailors, soldiers and settlers-- the individuals acting on the front lines of the nation’s expansionist effort-- interacted with the Darién’s Tule2 people in a manner that also distinguished them from their English competitors. 1. D. Armitage, “The Scottish Vision of Empire: Intellectual Origins of the Darién Venture,” in John Robertson, ed., A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the Union of 1707, (Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 97-121; see also his Ideological Origins of the British Empire, (Cambridge UP, 2000), pp. 158-162. 2. The San Blas Kuna Indians, the descendants of the early modern indigenous peoples of Panamá, use the word “Tule” to describe themselves, and this is the term that I shall use for the actors in this paper.
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