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Home , Battle of Mons Graupius, Caledonia, Caledonians, Calgacus

Roman Invasions of

Presented by William Markham There were Three Roman Invasions of Scotland

78 - 84AD Julius Agricola, Governor of Britain

139AD Lollius Urbicus

200AD and his son Scotland in Ancient Times

Called by the Romans

Inhabited by various tribes, Selgovi, Caledonii

Very warlike

Warriors painted with designs - Picti

Iron Age culture, no cities, mainly villages

No written language

Carved designs on stone Campaigns of Agricola, 78 to 84AD

Agricola, Governor of Britain

Invasion ordered by the Emperor Vespasian

Tacitus recorded the invasion in “Agricola”

An army of 20 thousand, including Legionaries and Auxiliary troops

Campaign to complete conquest of entire Vespasian To exploit resources – metal, slaves, recruits

Invasion path of Agricola Roman Marching Camps in Scotland

First recorded battle on Scottish soil

Exact site not know

30,000 vs 20,000 Romans

Speech of

Caledonians outflanked by Roman

Roman Victory, Caledonians flee

10,000 Caledonians and 350 Roman deaths

Legions not involved, only Auxiliaries and Cavalry Artists impression of the battle lines, Mons Graupius Roman consolidation and colonisation

Forts established such as at Inchtuthil Roman withdrawal from Scotland

Troops needed in Dacia (Romania)

Domitian, Roman Emperor All forts abandoned

Agricola returns to Rome in triumph Hadrians Wall

Built in 122AD on the orders of the Emperor, Hadrian

80 miles long

Hadrian’s stops expansion and consolidates

Hadrian Wall to consolidate Northern Frontier

10,000 Auxiliaries manned wall

Forts along the wall - Housesteads

Hadrians Wall in Roman times

The Wall as it is today Campaigns of Lollius Urbicus, 138AD

Invasion ordered by the Emperor, Antoninus Pius

Romans build wall of turf and timber

Called the

Between the Clyde and Forth Rivers

Occupied for about 20 years

Wall abandoned and troops withdrawn

Money to Caledonian Chiefs to keep peace Antoninus Pius British Isles at the time of Antoninus Pius Antonine Wall

Distance slab on the wall Antonine Wall in Roman times Septimius Severus, 193-211AD

Governor of Britain requests help against warring Tribes

Severus and Caracalla invade Caledonia Septimius Severus Severus returns but tribes revolt again

“Let no one escape sheer destruction, not even the babe in the womb of the mother” ()

Severus dies in Eburacum () before second campaign

Caracalla makes peace with Tribes

Caracalla Crossing of the River Tay (Taum)

Roman Fort at Carpow Scottish Campaigns of Severus Later

Hadrians Wall becomes the Northern Frontier

Caledonian Tribes form into confederation of (Picti)

268AD defeats Picts

Roman Shore forts to counter Saxon raiders

378AD Thoeodoius crushs Great Barbarian Conspiracy (Picts, Scots, Saxons)

410AD Honorius withdraws Roman Troops from Britain

Hadrians Wall abandoned Honorius Roman Scotland in books and film

A historic fictional account of the 9th Roman Legion’s disappearance in Scotland

In reality, this Legion simply disappeared from the Roman Records. Recent films