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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR ANTHONY QUAINTON Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: November 6, 1997 Copyright 000 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in Seattle, ashington; raised there and in British Columbia and Mexico Educated at Andover, Sherborne School (in England) Princeton and Oxford McCarthyism European travel Communism*s attraction to Europe Moscow ,outh Festival Research at St. Anthony*s College, Oxford Entered Foreign Service / 1121 A3100 Course Sydney, Australia 3 5ice Consul 116031162 5isa interviewees Commercial8trade duties Environment Australia3British relations Politics Racial policies State Department 3 Foreign Service Institute (FSI) 116231163 Urdu Language Training Karachi8Rawalpindi, Pakistan 3 Economic Officer 116331166 Reporting duties U.S.3Pakistan relations Move to Islamabad Indo3Pak war 3 1162 Evacuation Rise of anti3U.S. feeling Delhi3Karachi embassy disagreements East Pakistan issue Environment 1 New Delhi, India 3 External Relations 116631161 Ambassador Carter Bowles ?Green RevolutionA Indian cultural scene Indian officialdom hierarchy India3Soviet relations Bhutan Kashmir USAID State Department 3 India, Nepal, and Ceylon Desk Officer 116131172 India3Soviet relationship issue Indo3Pakistan crisis 3 1171 Kissinger tilt towards Pakistan India*s non3alignment policy U.S. concerns re India Irritations in Indian relations Kissinger*s clandestine diplomatic efforts Hindu refugees India and est Pakistan ,ahya Khan Mrs. Gandhi*s U.S. visit Coseph Sisco and Kissinger U.S. cultural programs in India USS Enterprise to Gulf of India CENTO Soviet displeasure Paris, France 3 External Affairs 117231173 Official duties and contacts Cean3Bedel Bokassa (Central African Republic) Dealing with the French Kathmandu, Nepal 3 Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) 117331176 AID program Peace Corps tension orld travelers King Birendra*s coronation Foreign embassies U.S. relations with foreign embassies Ambassador to Central African Republic 117631178 Bangui embassy staff Missionaries French influence 2 Cean3Bedel Bokassa, President for Life Relations with Bokassa Peace Corps Michael Goldsmith*s incarceration Bokassa*s antics Human rights French embassy Emperor Bokassa Bokassa*s coronation comedy Rewards for becoming Muslim Eadhafi visit French role in coronation Bokassa*s family Bokassa*s brutality Bokassa persuades Idi Amin to release hostages Bokassa thrown out by the French State Department 3 Office of Counterterrorism 3 Director 117831181 Background of office Interagency orking Group Task Force Kidnappings and murders Plane hijackings Cack Anderson interventions Foreign government anti3terrorist units Delta Force Teheran embassy hostages Ambassador Dubs Colombia hostage situation U.S. ?no concessionA policy Bader3Meinhof gang Palestinian groups Soviet involvementF Terrorist training basis Cuba aircraft hijackings Libya M8CT (counterterrorism group) roles Coint Special Operations Command Use of military force Briefing of President Reagan Ed Meese Ambassador to Nicaragua 118231184 Sandinistas Policy differences (U.S.) CIA operations 3 Enders mission Daniel Ortega Political climate Grenada operation influence Embassy policy differences Sandinista government organiHation Cuban aid to Salvador issue Kissinger Commission Pope*s visit Meeting the opposition NationaliHation Domino theory illiam Casey and CIA Senatorial visit Human rights Cewish community Good news3bad news reporting Public appearances Diplomatic colleagues Security U.S. presence Media 5ioleta Chamorro COSEP visit Oliver North 5isiting Americans Ambassador to Kuwait 118431187 IraI3Iran ar Security Post3embassy bombing environment Petroleum Kuwait*s relations with neighbors OPEC Palestinians Elections PLO Government officials Kuwait non3alignment policy Soviet relations Tanker registration issue Iran relations IraI3Kuwait relations Israel Boycott issue Improved U.S.3Kuwait relations 4 State Department 3 Deputy Inspector General 118731181 Sherman Funk Functions Categories of employees Audit process Hotline complaints Fraud issues Investigation process Inspection teams Ambassador to Peru 118131112 Narcotics Democracy issue U.S. commercial interests Economy Garcia 5argas Llosa Fujimori Elections Politics Fujimori*s ?shockA programs Parliament dismissed Human rights abuses Terrorists Security Personnel reduction Military Economic progress Peru3Ecuador border dispute Soviet Union El NiJo Foreign ministry relations Coca production Narcotics assistance unit Hospitality State Department 3 Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security 111231112 OrganiHation Special agents and engineers and couriers Foreign Service specialists Construction security Communication security Budget cuts Passport and visa fraud FBI role 5 Protection role Sexual orientation issue Embassy security Beirut embassy operations Saudi Arabia bombings Morale Marine guards issues President Aristide protection State Department 3 Director General of the Foreign Service 111231117 Confirmation process Foreign Service morale Demonstrations Board of the Foreign Service Subgroup interests Discrimination accusations Secretary of State arren Christopher and court cases Grievances Civil Service versus Foreign Service Recruitment Examination process Minority recruitment Foreign affairs fellows program Discipline issues Assignments Processing allegations of wrongdoing Discipline versus grievance channel Grade inflation (efficiency reports) Ambassador and DCM assignments process Race and gender in assignments Choosing DCMs Secretary of State Christopher and management reform Clifton harton and management of State orkforce planning Senior Foreign Service SiHe of staff at posts Changes in diplomatic operations Bhutan 3 Comments on U.S. relations 1160s31170s Early U.S. contacts Delegation to Thimphu Shirley MacLaine Environment Bhutan*s UN membership bid Indian sensitivity China activities in area 6 Missionaries Importance of impact Problems ?Rice ChristiansA Long3term goals orldwide presence Political involvement Embassy contact Evacuation inclusion Independence U.S. Ambassadors and American Community Resistance to community agenda U.S. community organiHations Preparation for crises Risk avoidance Line of authority Informing community Sensitivity of information Representation Role of spouses Large versus small receptions Usefulness Embassy*s agency integration 5ariety of budgets and personnel Interagency problems AID problems CIA problems Ambassador*s responsibility INTERVIEW %: Today is November 6, 1997. This is an interview with Anthony %uainton being done on behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. Tony, let)s start at the beginning. When and where were you born? EUAINTON: I was born in Seattle, ashington on April 4, 1134. %: Tell me something about your parents. EUAINTON: My father was a university professor at the University of ashington. He 7 was born in England and came to Canada just before the First orld ar. He subseIuently moved from Brandon, Manitoba to 5ictoria, British Columbia. He went to the University of Cambridge in England and returned to be a school master in British Columbia before receiving an appointment at the University of ashington in about 1130. He was naturaliHed as an American citiHen in early 1134. %: What was his specialty? EUAINTON: European history, particularly English history in the 16th to 18th centuries. %: And your mother? EUAINTON: My mother was born in the United States of English and Irish parents who had migrated about the turn of the century to California. She, in turn, moved with her parents to 5ictoria, British Columbia shortly after the First orld ar, her father having gone bankrupt in the period just before the war. So, the two families came together in British Columbia and my mother and father were married there in 1130. %: How did the Depression affect your family? EUAINTON: I have no recollection of the family being directly affected by the Depression. I am sure they were. Professors were not well paid in the 1130s. On the other hand we lived comfortably on my father*s income and I certainly had no sense of economic hardship growing up in Seattle in those years. %: Where did you go to school? EUAINTON: I started school in Seattle in Catholic parochial schools. I went through several of them before the third grade. In the third grade, my father, being of English origins, believed that it was a good thing to send a boy away to boarding school at that tender age. I was sent to boarding school at age nine in 5ictoria, British Columbia at the little school where he had taught in the 1120s and where his brother, my uncle, was teaching at the time in 1143. I stayed there for three years until 1146 when my father was offered a teaching job in Mexico at the Colegio de Mexico. The family went for a year to Mexico City returning in 1147 because my father suffered from a severe heart condition which was not helped by a year at the altitude of Mexico City. He died in 1148 shortly after our return. %: While you were both at the Canadian and Me.ican schools, did you become aware of foreign affairs or the Foreign Service? EUAINTON: I have no recollection of being aware of the Foreign Service or the existence of a diplomatic corps, but going to school in Canada as a small boy one certainly learned a great deal of geography, particularly those bits of geography where the map was painted pink. 8 %: Which was about a third of the globe. EUAINTON: ,es.