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Interaction in the Radio News Interview: a Case Study of Bbc Radio 4’S the Today Programme and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008

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Interaction in the Radio News Interview: a Case Study of Bbc Radio 4’S the Today Programme and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 INTERACTION IN THE RADIO NEWS INTERVIEW: A CASE STUDY OF BBC RADIO 4’S THE TODAY PROGRAMME AND THE HUMAN FERTILISATION AND EMBRYOLOGY ACT 2008 Allyson Purcell-Davis School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies Cardiff University This thesis is submitted to Cardiff University in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 2015 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank all work colleagues who have supported me over the last five years. Specific mentions must go to Paula Keane, for agreeing to fund my PhD, and to my Head of School, Lance Pettitt, for his enduring support and enthusiasm. Professor Pauline Foster deserves a special mention, after giving me advice on transcription software and what features would be useful when transcribing audio. I would also like to thank Lee Brooks, Mark Donnelly, Nic Groombridge, Maria Mellins and Carole Murphy for reading various chapters along the way: Your contributions were invaluable. Next, thanks go to Cian Duffy, Peter Howell and Trevor Stammers for giving me the opportunity to publish some of the research that contributed towards this PhD. At Cardiff and JOMEC, I thank Paul Bowman (the Foucault reading group really was a guilty pleasure) and Cerys Thomas for putting up with my constant mitherings via email and phone. I would also like to thank Eleanor Ford and Sarah Brasher in the University Graduate College office for administering to my training needs. I imagine a collective sigh of relief upon submission of this thesis. A huge thanks of indebtedness goes to my supervisor Jenny Kitzinger for just being constant: constantly available, constantly optimistic and a constant source of inspiration to me. The last set of thanks goes to family and friends. To my Penarth family: Sheena, Nathan and Murphy for keeping me fed, watered and rested when in town. To Anna, Antonia, Christian, Heather, Ivor, Janet, Mark, Roy and Terence: What did I do to deserve a bunch of friends like you? To my two sons Dominic and Gabriel: I apologise for being an intellectually absent Mother for the past five years. Imagine the conversations we’re going to have now! And to my husband Miles, I thank you for your tireless support and strong pair of shoulders. Now it’s my turn to take the kids away for the weekend, so that you can have some time to yourself. I Abstract News interviews are core within current practices of journalism. They point to the existence of a mediated public space and bolster the concept of democratic accountability. This research investigates what impact these concepts have on the news interviews broadcast by the Today programme (BBC Radio 4) and how interaction within them invoked the public. The programme has a responsibility to uphold the democratic life of the UK, making it a compelling focus of research. The case study examined in this thesis is the broadcast of news interviews concerning the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 (HFEA 2008) and how they shaped representations of the biomedical techniques contained within the legislation. In particular, research investigated what the news interviews reveal about the biological citizen: a specific configuration of citizenship increasingly important in the twenty first century. The research method is Conversation Analysis and the news interviews as broadcast are the empirical data on which findings are based. The study contributes to the understanding of the method through the investigation of the structural organisation of the news interviews and how this affected interaction. Findings suggest that the news interviews on the Today programme highlights the political dimensions of the HFEA 2008, that interviewees were predominantly MPs or public figures and that the gender ratio is skewed towards male voices. It points to the fact that the programme prefers news interviews that contain two interviewees, as this promotes adversarial encounters within interaction. Research also establishes how interviewers have at their disposal a range of devices, such as third party citations, which they use within questions in order to achieve a neutral posture. A further set of findings uncovers the need of interviewees to maintain a positive image of themselves, employing politeness strategies in order to co-operate when answering a question. II List of Abbreviations CA - Conversation Analysis CQ - Carolyn Quinn ED - Evan Davis ES - Edward Stourton ESRC - Economic and Social Research Council HFEA - Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority HFEA 1990 - Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 HFEA 2008 - Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 IVF - In vitro fertilisation JH - John Humphrys JN - James Naughtie MP - Member of Parliament MRC - Medical Research Council PiGD - Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis PSB - Public Service Broadcasting SCNT - Somatic cell nuclear transfer SM - Sarah Montague SMC - Science Media Centre III Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I ABSTRACT II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III CHAPTER 1 – Introduction: The News Interview on the Today Programme 1 1.1 Rationale for the analysis of the news interview 2 1.1.2 Rationale for the analysis of BBC programming 3 1.1.3 Rationale for the analysis of the Today programme 7 1.1.4 Rationale for the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 9 1.2 Strong reflexivity: my interest in the study 11 1.3 Research method 12 1.4 Research questions 13 1.5 Structure of the thesis 13 CHAPTER 2 - A Review of the Literature on the Relationship between the Media and the Public 2.1 Introduction 16 2.2 Imagining the public 16 2.2.1 The public as social space 18 2.3 Habermas and the concept of the public sphere 19 2.3.1 History of the bourgeois public sphere 19 2.3.2 The public sphere: A theoretical device 21 2.3.3 The public sphere: A critique 21 2.3.4 The public sphere and ‘deliberative democracy’ 23 2.4 Public service broadcasting: The new organ of the public sphere? 24 2.4.1 The public as the social construction of interaction 26 2.5 The public sphere and democratic theory 27 2.6 The news interview and the ‘public as social space’: Research implications 30 CHAPTER 3 - A Review of the Literature Regarding the HFEA 2008 and Biological Citizenship 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Bio-power, biopolitics and biological citizenship 33 3.2.1 New configurations of biological citizenship 35 3.3 The perfectly beautiful and beautifully perfect 37 3.3.1 Discourse of the perfect child: The ‘new’ eugenics 38 IV 3.3.2 New reproductive technologies: The privileging of family and kinship 39 3.4 Human and inhuman vitality: The hybrid embryo debate 41 3.5 The ‘pre-embryo’ and the turn towards the molecular gaze 43 3.5.1 Liminal beings and reproductive immortality 44 3.6 The biological citizen, the political citizen and the HFEA 2008 46 3.7 Science communication and the HFEA 2008: Research implications 52 CHAPTER 4 - Method and Approach to Analysing the News Interviews on the Today Programme 4.1 Introduction 54 4.2 Why study interaction? 54 4.3 Methodological orientations 56 4.4 Conversation Analysis: method and approach to data 58 4.4.1 Transcription 59 4.4.2 Turns and the turn-taking system 60 4.4.3 Turn design, sequence organisation and the production of action 62 4.5 Conversation Analysis and institutional interaction 64 4.5.1 Institutional talk: the turn-taking system, roles and identities 65 4.5.2 For the benefit of the ‘overhearing’ audience 66 4.5.3 Structural organisation 67 4.6 Conversation Analysis: tensions and antagonisms 68 4.7 Summary 73 CHAPTER 5 - Data Collection, Transcription and Analysis 5.1 Introduction 74 5.2 Data collection and sample 74 5.3 The transcription system 75 5.3.1 “Why put all that stuff in? Well, as they say, because it’s there” 76 5.3.2 Transcription symbols 77 5.4 Analysis of the Today news interviews 78 5.4.1 The structural organisation of the news interviews 79 5.4.2 Openings 80 5.4.3 Voices heard 80 5.4.4 Categories of news interviews 82 5.4.5 More than one interviewee 84 5.4.6 Questions 85 5.4.7 Answers 86 5.4.8 Closings 87 5.5 Reliability, validity and representativeness 87 5.6 Summary 88 V CHAPTER 6 - Overview and Contextualisation of the News Interviews 6.1 Introduction 91 6.2 The news interviews: reporting timeframes 91 6.3 Whose voices were heard? 93 6.3.1 The gender ratio 95 6.3.2 Identification from lead-in 97 6.3.3 Political allegiances 99 6.3.4 Religious affiliation 101 6.4 Summary 102 CHAPTER 7 - The Openings and Closings of the News Interviews 7.1 Introduction 105 7.2 Openings or ‘cue’ 105 7.2.1 Headline 106 7.2.2 Background 108 7.2.3 Inverting the headline and background 108 7.3 The categories of news interviews heard on the Today programme 111 7.3.1 The advocacy interview 111 7.3.2 The accountability interview 113 7.3.3 Accountability interviews and the promotion of disagreement 114 7.3.4 The expert interview 116 7.3.5 The experiential interview 117 7.3.6 The affiliated interview 120 7.3.7 The categories of news interviews: summary 121 7.4 Closings 122 7.5 Summary 125 CHAPTER 8 – Interviewer’s Questions and the Management of Neutralism 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 The management of neutralism: shifts in ‘footing’ 128 8.3 A joint construction 129 8.4 Formulations: introduction 130 8.4.1 Formulations in accountability news interviews 130 8.4.2 The ‘prompt’ 130 8.4.3 The ‘co-operative recycle’ 131 8.4.4 The ‘Inferentially elaborate probe’ 132 8.4.5 Formulations in advocacy news interviews 133 8.5 Third party citations: credibility and legitimacy 136 8.5.1 Named persons 139 VI 8.5.2 The initiation of topics 141 8.5.3 Tribune of the
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