BOLIVIA COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS Robert F. Woodward 1942-1944 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az Samuel D. Eaton 1947-1949 Consular/Economic Officer, La az Edward C. Ingraham 194,-195. olitical Officer, La az William /. Cobb 0r. 1949-1951 Commercial/ olitical Officer, La az Dere1 S. Singer 1954-1952 Country Director, CARE, /olivia 5ewson Ryan 1954-1952 Cultural Attach6, 7SIS, La az 8erald A. Drew 1954-1957 Son of Ambassador, La az Owen /. Lee 1957-1959 Minerals and etroleum Officer, La az atric1 F. Morris 195,-1921 Deputy Director, 7SOM, La az 5erbert Thompson 195,-1921 Chief, olitical Section, La az William Lender1ing 192.-1921 Assistant Information Officer, 7SIA, La az atric1 E. Nieburg 1921-1923 Information Officer, 7SIS, La az Roger C. /rewin 1921-1924 Economic Officer, La az Dere1 S. Singer 1922-1924 eace Corps Director, /olivia Charles 5. Thomas 1922-1924 Consular/ olitical Officer, La az William D. /roderic1 1923-1925 Economic Officer, La az 1925-192, Deputy Director, Office of /olivian-Chilean Affairs, Washington, DC Douglas 5enderson 1923-192, Ambassador, /olivia David Lazar 1924-1927 Assistant Director for Operations, 7SAID, La az William /. Whitman 1924-1927 Consular Officer, Cochambamba Richard McKee 1925-1922 Rotation Officer, La az Robert L. Chatten 1925-1927 Information Officer, 7SIS, La az 0ac1 R. /inns 1925-1927 0unior Officer, La az atric1 F. Morris 1925-192, Director, Office of /olivian-Chilean Affairs, Washington, DC Aaron /enjamin 1922-1929 roject Officer, 7SAID, /olivia Charles W. 8rover 1922-1929 olitical Officer, La az Anthony 8. Freeman 1927-197. Labor Attach6, La az Ernest V. Siracusa 1929-1973 Ambassador, /olivia William 0effras Dieterich 197.-1972 Director, Cultural Center, 7SIS, Santa Cruz Michael W. Cotter 1971-1973 olitical Officer, La az David 0ic1ling 1971-1972 5ead of ublic Administration and Education, 7SAID, La az Roger C. /rewin 1972-1974 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az 0. hilip McLean 1973-1975 Economic Officer, La az William . Stedman 0r. 1973-1977 Ambassador, /olivia Theodore A. /oyd 1975-1977 7SIS Officer, La az Scott E. Smith 1972-1979 roject Officer, 7SAID, La az David N. 8reenlee 1977-1979 olitical Officer, La az 5oward L. Steele 1977-19,. Coca Crop Substitution rogram, /olivia Alexander F. Watson 1979-19,1 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az William T. ryce 19,1-19,2 Charg6 d@Affaires, Deputy Chief of Mission, La az Charlotte Roe 19,3-19,5 olitical/Labor Officer, La az 0. hilip McLean 19,4-19,7 Director, Office of Andean Affairs, State Department, Washington, DC Edward M. Rowell 19,5-19,, Ambassador, /olivia Thomas R. Carmichael 19,2-19,, Cultural Affairs Officer, 7SIS, La az David N. 8reenlee 19,7-19,9 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az David N. 8reenlee 2..3-2..2 Ambassador, /olivia ROBERT F. WOODWARD Deputy Chief of Mission L P z (1942-1944) Ambassador Robert F. Woodward was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He entered the Foreign Service in 193 . Ambassador Woodward's career included Deputy Chief of Mission positions in Bolivia, (uatemala, Cuba, and Sweden. He was ambassador to Costa Rica, )ruguay, Chile, and Spain. Ambassador Woodward was interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy in 198,. A: I wonder if I could then move us...I want to get you to La Pa0, Bolivia. 1ou were there from '2 to '22. If you could e3plain what you were doing, and who was the Ambassador, and what were the main things that you dealt with4 WOODWARD: Since I was the deputy to the Ambassador, I dealt with everything of that nature, other than the protocol area. Our great objective was to 1eep the flow of raw materials coming from /olivia which was tin, tungsten, cinchona, and rubber. We succeeded in that. The Ambassador was a man whose previous experience was largely in relations with European countries Cexcept for preceding jobs as Ambassador to Nicaragua, and Counselor of Embassy in Mexico CityD. 5is name was ierre de Lagarde /oal, and he had been in charge of the European division in the State Department when he was sent to Mexico City, and then on to these other assignments. 5e was a very cultivated man. 5e had a bac1ground which combined both France and Spain, his ancestors had been from both countries. 5e was married to a French women, and they had a house in France not far from 8eneva. 5e had been in the French Air Force the beginning of World War I and had been wounded. 5e had a little limp from his wartime wound. Though a man of considerable erudition, he had, apparently, a few flaws in judgement. The first indication of a flaw in judgement Cwhich I thin1 is a fair name to give itD, appeared shortly after my arrival. The /olivian congress was coming to the end of its session and one of their last acts was to push through a revised labor law. The revised labor law had been promoted by some fairly liberal congressmen in the /olivian Chamber of Deputies, and gave some additional benefits to the mining wor1ers. For example, there were many women who wor1ed in the mines. These were the so-called Cholas who were of mixed Indian and Spanish blood. They were identified by the fact that all the women wore derby hats, a rather peculiar custom in /olivia. There were a lot of women mine wor1ers. I donEt 1now just what they did, I guess they hauled out the carts from the mines. The law provided, for example, something li1e two or three wee1s of maternity leave if they were going to have a baby. There were some other provisions which were a little more generous than anything that had been done before by the big mining companies there. The big mining companies were not American, they were /olivian. There were two big /olivian mining companies, atino and Aramayo, and then there was a /elgium-0ewish gentleman who was a very clever entrepreneur who wor1ed a lot of very poor mines by combining his businesses. 5e arranged it so he provided the materials for getting the mines in shape to really wor1 them. For example, the mine timbers. 5e would be selling timbers to the mines while he was extracting the ore and he combined all of these little functions so that he managed to ma1e some money from mines that otherwise would not have been wor1ed, and would not have been useful in the war effort. So we applauded his efforts, and he was given certain advance loans to help him out, as were the other mining outfits. There was one American company, the 8race Company, that had one or two tungsten mines. The Ambassador became Fuite concerned, I might say almost excited, because of the provisions of this mining law which was passed at the last moment of the session of congress. 5e went over to see the resident, a man named enaranda, 8eneral enaranda, an army man elected resident, as I recall, although theyEd had many, many coups, and many short term dictators in /olivia in their history. /ut this man, I believe, was an elected resident. Ambassador /oal expressed alarm to him about these increased benefits to the miners because it would raise the costs of producing the minerals and this would ma1e it more costly to the 7nited States to buy the minerals for the war effort. The resident was a rather wise old general, and he said, GWell, Mr. Ambassador, you donEt have to really worry about that very much because weEre going to have to come out with regulations to carry out the provisions of this new law, and I thin1 we can arrange the regulations so there wonEt really be a burden upon the buyers of the minerals.G 5e was just sort of calming down the Ambassador. We had a Minerals Attach6 who was a very practical man and he was called in by the Ambassador, and the Ambassador called me in. The Ambassador said, GI want you two fellows to go through this law, and pic1 out all the provisions which will increase expenses for the buyers of minerals if they are applied.G The Ambassador seemed to expect that the law was going to be applied. Actually, the administration in /olivia didnEt pay very much attention to those details, but he was very apprehensive. 5e said, GI want a list of all these things to show the Department of State, and other agencies of the 7.S. government, just what the sinister prospects are from this law.G So we went through the law and I can remember sitting there with the Minerals Attach6 as we were doing this and reading article after article which, if it had been applied, would to some extent increase costs. We got them all listed and while we were sitting there we said to each other, GThis is just li1e Simon Legree to deprive these wor1ers of these benefits. To report these things as an intolerable increase in cost was really enough to ma1e our faces red.G /ut the Ambassador had reFuested us to do it. We thought it was very bad judgement on his part. We thought heEd probably cross out some of these things but he too1 our whole list intact and put it in a telegram and sent it to the Department. Well, this telegram got into the hands of a man who, as I recall, was wor1ing on the staff of the an American 7nion, which hadnEt been yet changed to the Organization of American States. This was the fall of 1942.