DOCSLIB.ORG

ADST Bolivia Reader

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ADST Bolivia Reader BOLIVIA COUNTRY READER TABLE OF CONTENTS Robert F. Woodward 1942-1944 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az Samuel D. Eaton 1947-1949 Consular/Economic Officer, La az Edward C. Ingraham 194,-195. olitical Officer, La az William /. Cobb 0r. 1949-1951 Commercial/ olitical Officer, La az Dere1 S. Singer 1954-1952 Country Director, CARE, /olivia 5ewson Ryan 1954-1952 Cultural Attach6, 7SIS, La az 8erald A. Drew 1954-1957 Son of Ambassador, La az Owen /. Lee 1957-1959 Minerals and etroleum Officer, La az atric1 F. Morris 195,-1921 Deputy Director, 7SOM, La az 5erbert Thompson 195,-1921 Chief, olitical Section, La az William Lender1ing 192.-1921 Assistant Information Officer, 7SIA, La az atric1 E. Nieburg 1921-1923 Information Officer, 7SIS, La az Roger C. /rewin 1921-1924 Economic Officer, La az Dere1 S. Singer 1922-1924 eace Corps Director, /olivia Charles 5. Thomas 1922-1924 Consular/ olitical Officer, La az William D. /roderic1 1923-1925 Economic Officer, La az 1925-192, Deputy Director, Office of /olivian-Chilean Affairs, Washington, DC Douglas 5enderson 1923-192, Ambassador, /olivia David Lazar 1924-1927 Assistant Director for Operations, 7SAID, La az William /. Whitman 1924-1927 Consular Officer, Cochambamba Richard McKee 1925-1922 Rotation Officer, La az Robert L. Chatten 1925-1927 Information Officer, 7SIS, La az 0ac1 R. /inns 1925-1927 0unior Officer, La az atric1 F. Morris 1925-192, Director, Office of /olivian-Chilean Affairs, Washington, DC Aaron /enjamin 1922-1929 roject Officer, 7SAID, /olivia Charles W. 8rover 1922-1929 olitical Officer, La az Anthony 8. Freeman 1927-197. Labor Attach6, La az Ernest V. Siracusa 1929-1973 Ambassador, /olivia William 0effras Dieterich 197.-1972 Director, Cultural Center, 7SIS, Santa Cruz Michael W. Cotter 1971-1973 olitical Officer, La az David 0ic1ling 1971-1972 5ead of ublic Administration and Education, 7SAID, La az Roger C. /rewin 1972-1974 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az 0. hilip McLean 1973-1975 Economic Officer, La az William . Stedman 0r. 1973-1977 Ambassador, /olivia Theodore A. /oyd 1975-1977 7SIS Officer, La az Scott E. Smith 1972-1979 roject Officer, 7SAID, La az David N. 8reenlee 1977-1979 olitical Officer, La az 5oward L. Steele 1977-19,. Coca Crop Substitution rogram, /olivia Alexander F. Watson 1979-19,1 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az William T. ryce 19,1-19,2 Charg6 d@Affaires, Deputy Chief of Mission, La az Charlotte Roe 19,3-19,5 olitical/Labor Officer, La az 0. hilip McLean 19,4-19,7 Director, Office of Andean Affairs, State Department, Washington, DC Edward M. Rowell 19,5-19,, Ambassador, /olivia Thomas R. Carmichael 19,2-19,, Cultural Affairs Officer, 7SIS, La az David N. 8reenlee 19,7-19,9 Deputy Chief of Mission, La az David N. 8reenlee 2..3-2..2 Ambassador, /olivia ROBERT F. WOODWARD Deputy Chief of Mission L P z (1942-1944) Ambassador Robert F. Woodward was born and raised in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He entered the Foreign Service in 193 . Ambassador Woodward's career included Deputy Chief of Mission positions in Bolivia, (uatemala, Cuba, and Sweden. He was ambassador to Costa Rica, )ruguay, Chile, and Spain. Ambassador Woodward was interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy in 198,. A: I wonder if I could then move us...I want to get you to La Pa0, Bolivia. 1ou were there from '2 to '22. If you could e3plain what you were doing, and who was the Ambassador, and what were the main things that you dealt with4 WOODWARD: Since I was the deputy to the Ambassador, I dealt with everything of that nature, other than the protocol area. Our great objective was to 1eep the flow of raw materials coming from /olivia which was tin, tungsten, cinchona, and rubber. We succeeded in that. The Ambassador was a man whose previous experience was largely in relations with European countries Cexcept for preceding jobs as Ambassador to Nicaragua, and Counselor of Embassy in Mexico CityD. 5is name was ierre de Lagarde /oal, and he had been in charge of the European division in the State Department when he was sent to Mexico City, and then on to these other assignments. 5e was a very cultivated man. 5e had a bac1ground which combined both France and Spain, his ancestors had been from both countries. 5e was married to a French women, and they had a house in France not far from 8eneva. 5e had been in the French Air Force the beginning of World War I and had been wounded. 5e had a little limp from his wartime wound. Though a man of considerable erudition, he had, apparently, a few flaws in judgement. The first indication of a flaw in judgement Cwhich I thin1 is a fair name to give itD, appeared shortly after my arrival. The /olivian congress was coming to the end of its session and one of their last acts was to push through a revised labor law. The revised labor law had been promoted by some fairly liberal congressmen in the /olivian Chamber of Deputies, and gave some additional benefits to the mining wor1ers. For example, there were many women who wor1ed in the mines. These were the so-called Cholas who were of mixed Indian and Spanish blood. They were identified by the fact that all the women wore derby hats, a rather peculiar custom in /olivia. There were a lot of women mine wor1ers. I donEt 1now just what they did, I guess they hauled out the carts from the mines. The law provided, for example, something li1e two or three wee1s of maternity leave if they were going to have a baby. There were some other provisions which were a little more generous than anything that had been done before by the big mining companies there. The big mining companies were not American, they were /olivian. There were two big /olivian mining companies, atino and Aramayo, and then there was a /elgium-0ewish gentleman who was a very clever entrepreneur who wor1ed a lot of very poor mines by combining his businesses. 5e arranged it so he provided the materials for getting the mines in shape to really wor1 them. For example, the mine timbers. 5e would be selling timbers to the mines while he was extracting the ore and he combined all of these little functions so that he managed to ma1e some money from mines that otherwise would not have been wor1ed, and would not have been useful in the war effort. So we applauded his efforts, and he was given certain advance loans to help him out, as were the other mining outfits. There was one American company, the 8race Company, that had one or two tungsten mines. The Ambassador became Fuite concerned, I might say almost excited, because of the provisions of this mining law which was passed at the last moment of the session of congress. 5e went over to see the resident, a man named enaranda, 8eneral enaranda, an army man elected resident, as I recall, although theyEd had many, many coups, and many short term dictators in /olivia in their history. /ut this man, I believe, was an elected resident. Ambassador /oal expressed alarm to him about these increased benefits to the miners because it would raise the costs of producing the minerals and this would ma1e it more costly to the 7nited States to buy the minerals for the war effort. The resident was a rather wise old general, and he said, GWell, Mr. Ambassador, you donEt have to really worry about that very much because weEre going to have to come out with regulations to carry out the provisions of this new law, and I thin1 we can arrange the regulations so there wonEt really be a burden upon the buyers of the minerals.G 5e was just sort of calming down the Ambassador. We had a Minerals Attach6 who was a very practical man and he was called in by the Ambassador, and the Ambassador called me in. The Ambassador said, GI want you two fellows to go through this law, and pic1 out all the provisions which will increase expenses for the buyers of minerals if they are applied.G The Ambassador seemed to expect that the law was going to be applied. Actually, the administration in /olivia didnEt pay very much attention to those details, but he was very apprehensive. 5e said, GI want a list of all these things to show the Department of State, and other agencies of the 7.S. government, just what the sinister prospects are from this law.G So we went through the law and I can remember sitting there with the Minerals Attach6 as we were doing this and reading article after article which, if it had been applied, would to some extent increase costs. We got them all listed and while we were sitting there we said to each other, GThis is just li1e Simon Legree to deprive these wor1ers of these benefits. To report these things as an intolerable increase in cost was really enough to ma1e our faces red.G /ut the Ambassador had reFuested us to do it. We thought it was very bad judgement on his part. We thought heEd probably cross out some of these things but he too1 our whole list intact and put it in a telegram and sent it to the Department. Well, this telegram got into the hands of a man who, as I recall, was wor1ing on the staff of the an American 7nion, which hadnEt been yet changed to the Organization of American States. This was the fall of 1942.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bolivia's 2020 Election: Winning Is Only the Beginning for Luis Arce and The
    LSE Latin America and Caribbean Blog: Bolivia’s 2020 election: winning is only the beginning for Luis Arce and the MAS Page 1 of 3 Bolivia’s 2020 election: winning is only the beginning for Luis Arce and the MAS The new MAS government of Luis Arce will be caught between popular expectations of a return to relative prosperity, a growing ecological catastrophe tied to a declining economic model, and a range of social and ideological challenges that pit right-wing religious forces against an increasingly progressive younger generation. But even if the years ahead will show that this victory was in fact the easy part, for now Bolivians have given the world a vital lesson in democracy, writes Bret Gustafson (Washington University in St Louis). Though the official tally is still being finalised, exit polls released around midnight on Sunday 18 October suggest an overwhelming victory for the MAS party in Bolivia, just eleven months after the ouster of Evo Morales. To avoid a run-off, the MAS presidential candidate Luis Arce needed at least 40 per cent of the vote and a ten-point lead over his nearest rival, but this looked like anything but a foregone conclusion in the lead-up to the elections. Luis Arce and his MAS party achieved a sweeping victory just eleven months after Evo Morales was ousted from the presidency (flag removed, Cancillería del Ecuador, CC BY-SA 2.0) Pre-election polling and a divided opposition In the weeks and days before the vote, polling suggested that Carlos Mesa, a right-leaning historian who was briefly president in the early 2000s, stood a good chance of making it to the second round.
    [Show full text]
  • Línea Base De Conocimientos Sobre Los Recursos Hidrológicos E Hidrobiológicos En El Sistema TDPS Con Enfoque En La Cuenca Del Lago Titicaca ©Roberthofstede
    Línea base de conocimientos sobre los recursos hidrológicos e hidrobiológicos en el sistema TDPS con enfoque en la cuenca del Lago Titicaca ©RobertHofstede Oficina Regional para América del Sur La designación de entidades geográficas y la presentación del material en esta publicación no implican la expresión de ninguna opinión por parte de la UICN respecto a la condición jurídica de ningún país, territorio o área, o de sus autoridades, o referente a la delimitación de sus fronteras y límites. Los puntos de vista que se expresan en esta publicación no reflejan necesariamente los de la UICN. Publicado por: UICN, Quito, Ecuador IRD Institut de Recherche pour Le Développement. Derechos reservados: © 2014 Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza y de los Recursos Naturales. Se autoriza la reproducción de esta publicación con fines educativos y otros fines no comerciales sin permiso escrito previo de parte de quien detenta los derechos de autor con tal de que se mencione la fuente. Se prohíbe reproducir esta publicación para venderla o para otros fines comerciales sin permiso escrito previo de quien detenta los derechos de autor. Con el auspicio de: Con la colaboración de: UMSA – Universidad UMSS – Universidad Mayor de San André Mayor de San Simón, La Paz, Bolivia Cochabamba, Bolivia Citación: M. Pouilly; X. Lazzaro; D. Point; M. Aguirre (2014). Línea base de conocimientos sobre los recursos hidrológicos en el sistema TDPS con enfoque en la cuenca del Lago Titicaca. IRD - UICN, Quito, Ecuador. 320 pp. Revisión: Philippe Vauchel (IRD), Bernard Francou (IRD), Jorge Molina (UMSA), François Marie Gibon (IRD). Editores: UICN–Mario Aguirre; IRD–Marc Pouilly, Xavier Lazzaro & DavidPoint Portada: Robert Hosfstede Impresión: Talleres Gráficos PÉREZ , [email protected] Depósito Legal: nº 4‐1-196-14PO, La Paz, Bolivia ISBN: nº978‐99974-41-84-3 Disponible en: www.uicn.org/sur Recursos hidrológicos e hidrobiológicos del sistema TDPS Prólogo Trabajando por el Lago Más… El lago Titicaca es único en el mundo.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Print Version (PDF)
    “Beggar on a Throne of Gold: A Short History of Bolivia” by Robert W. Jones, Jr. 6 Veritas is a land of sharp physical and social contrasts. Although blessed with Benormousolivia mineral wealth Bolivia was (and is) one of the poorest nations of Latin America and has been described as a “Beggar on a Throne of Gold.” 1 This article presents a short description of Bolivia as it appeared in 1967 when Che Guevara prepared to export revolution to the center of South America. In Guevara’s estimation, Bolivia was ripe for revolution with its history of instability and a disenfranchised Indian population. This article covers the geography, history, and politics of Bolivia. Geography and Demographics Bolivia’s terrain and people are extremely diverse. Since geography is a primary factor in the distribution of the population, these two aspects of Bolivia will be discussed together. In the 1960s Bolivian society was predominantly rural and Indian unlike the rest of South America. The Indians, primarily Quechua or Aymara, made up between fifty to seventy percent of the population. The three major Indian dialects are Quechua, Aymara, and Guaraní. The remainder of the population were whites and mixed races (called “mestizos”). It is difficult to get an accurate census because The varied geographic regions of Bolivia make it one of the Indians have always been transitory and there are the most climatically diverse countries in South America. cultural sensitivities. Race determines social status in Map by D. Telles. Bolivian society. A mestizo may claim to be white to gain vegetation grows sparser towards the south, where social status, just as an economically successful Indian the terrain is rocky with dry red clay.
    [Show full text]
  • Web Apr 06.Qxp
    On-Line version TIP OF THE SPEAR Departments Global War On Terrorism Page 4 Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command Page 18 Naval Special Warfare Command Page 21 Air Force Special Operations Command Page 24 U.S. Army Special Operations Command Page 28 Headquarters USSOCOM Page 30 Special Operations Forces History Page 34 Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command historic activation Gen. Doug Brown, commander, U.S. Special Operations Command, passes the MARSOC flag to Brig. Gen. Dennis Hejlik, MARSOC commander, during a ceremony at Camp Lejune, N.C., Feb. 24. Photo by Tech. Sgt. Jim Moser. Tip of the Spear Gen. Doug Brown Capt. Joseph Coslett This is a U.S. Special Operations Command publication. Contents are Commander, USSOCOM Chief, Command Information not necessarily the official views of, or endorsed by, the U.S. Government, Department of Defense or USSOCOM. The content is CSM Thomas Smith Mike Bottoms edited, prepared and provided by the USSOCOM Public Affairs Office, Command Sergeant Major Editor 7701 Tampa Point Blvd., MacDill AFB, Fla., 33621, phone (813) 828- 2875, DSN 299-2875. E-mail the editor via unclassified network at Col. Samuel T. Taylor III Tech. Sgt. Jim Moser [email protected]. The editor of the Tip of the Spear reserves Public Affairs Officer Editor the right to edit all copy presented for publication. Front cover: Marines run out of cover during a short firefight in Ar Ramadi, Iraq. The foot patrol was attacked by a unknown sniper. Courtesy photo by Maurizio Gambarini, Deutsche Press Agentur. Tip of the Spear 2 Highlights Special Forces trained Iraqi counter terrorism unit hostage rescue mission a success, page 7 SF Soldier awarded Silver Star for heroic actions in Afghan battle, page 14 20th Special Operations Squadron celebrates 30th anniversary, page 24 Tip of the Spear 3 GLOBAL WAR ON TERRORISM Interview with Gen.
    [Show full text]
  • Rativo De Las Coaliciones Democráticas En Bolivia (1952 Y 1985) María Teresa Pinto Las Élites Y El Pueblo, Sus Alianzas Y Sus Divi- Siones
    Las élites y el pueblo, sus alianzas y sus divisiones. Estudio comparativo de las coaliciones democráticas en Bolivia (1952 y 1985) María Teresa Pinto Las élites y el pueblo, sus alianzas y sus divi- siones. Estudio compa- rativo de las coaliciones democráticas en Bolivia (1952 y 1985)* **María Teresa Pinto RESUMEN Bolivia es el único país de América del Sur que ha vivido una revolución popular de dimensiones políticas y sociales importantes. Tuvo una de las dictaduras más severas y represivas de la región andina y, en la actualidad, ha encontrado una estabilidad democrática. ¿Qué factores nos explican esta trayectoria? Y, más específicamente, ¿qué factores han contribuido a establecer los períodos democráticos en este país? El presente artículo pretende comparar dichos procesos democráticos a través de puntos de encuentro que permitan responder estas preguntas, además de conocer las condiciones que favorecen las alianzas de gobierno y la estabilidad democrática, y no la estabili- dad autoritaria. La autora utiliza la aproximación metodológica de Yashar, que propone analizar las coaliciones favorables al establecimiento de la democracia en un país determinado. Palabras claves: élites, alianzas, Bolivia. [88] The elites and the people, their alliances and divisions. A comparative study of the democratic coalitions in Bolivia (1952 and 1985) SUMMARY Bolivia is the only country of South America which has gone through a popular revolution of important political and social dimensions. It had to support one of the most severe and repressive dictatorships of the Andean region and at present has encountered democratic stability. Which factors help to explain this trajectory? And, furthermore, what factors have contributed to establish the democratic periods in this country? This article attempts to compare such democratic processes through points of encounter which permit to respond these questions, besides knowing the conditions which favor the government alliances and democratic stability and not authoritarian stability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politician Truth Will Ultimately Prevail Where There Is Pains Taken to Bring It to Light
    The Politician Truth will ultimately prevail where there is pains taken to bring it to light. —George Washington Obvious pressures to smother and ignore The Politician since its official publication are unmatched in the history of the American book world. Now that this explosive volume is available to anyone who will read and judge for himself, the hundreds of periodicals which were quoting and misquoting from it regularly for two years have failed to give it a review or a mention of any nature. There have been many case histories showing the influence exerted on the seven thousand regular bookstores in the United States which has resulted in a virtual boycott of the book—even by those stores that wanted to offer it for sale. In spite of these problems, the sale of forty thousand copies in the first six months after publication and the continuing strong sale have been encouraging. The truth, so fully documented, is not easy to keep buried, even by all of the powerful influences that are so determined to hide it. BELMONT PUBLISHING COMPANY Belmont, Massachusetts 02178 Copyright 1963 by Robert Welch All rights reserved. Except in quotations for review purposes, of not more than five hundred words in any one review, and then with full credit given, no portion of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the author. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 64-8456 Manufactured in the United States of America CONTENTS Please Note vi Prologue vii Again, Please Note xvi Dear Reader 1 Introduction 3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Dictaduras En América Latina Y Su Influencia En Los Movimientos De
    Revista Ratio Juris Vol. 16 N.º 32, 2021, pp. 17-50 © UNAULA EDITORIAL DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA AND THEIR INFLUENCE OF RIGHT AND LEFT MOVEMENTS SINCE THE 20TH CENTURY* LAS DICTADURAS EN AMÉRICA LATINA Y SU INFLUENCIA EN LOS MOVIMIENTOS DE DERECHA E IZQUIERDA DESDE EL SIGLO xx Juan Carlos Beltrán López José Fernando Valencia Grajales** Mayda Soraya Marín Galeano*** Recibido: 30 de noviembre de 2020 - Aceptado: 30 de mayo de 2021 - Publicado: 30 de junio de 2021 DOI: 10.24142/raju.v16n32a1 * El presente artículo es derivado de la línea Constitucionalismo Crítico y Género que hace parte del programa de investigación con código 2019 29-000029 de la línea denominada Dinámicas Urbano-Regionales, Economía Solidaria y Construcción de Paz Territorial en Antioquia, que a su vez tiene como sublíneas de trabajo las siguientes: Construcción del Sujeto Político, Ciudadanía y Transformación Social; Constitucionalismo Crítico y Género; Globalización, Derechos Humanos y Políticas Públicas, y Conflicto Territorio y Paz e Investigación Formativa. ** Docente investigador Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana (UNAULA); Abogado, Universidad de Antioquia; Politólogo, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín; Especialista en Cultu- ra Política: Pedagogía de los Derechos Humanos, Universidad Autónoma Latinoamericana (UNAU- LA); Magíster en Estudios Urbano Regionales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín; estudiante del Doctorado en Conocimiento y Cultura en América Latina, Instituto Pensamiento y Cultura en América Latina, A. C.; editor de la revista Kavilando y Revista Ratio Juris (UNAULA), Medellín, Colombia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8128-4903; Google Scholar: https://scho- lar.google.es/citations?user=mlzFu8sAAAAJ&hl=es. Correo electrónico: [email protected] *** Directora de la Maestría en Derecho y docente investigadora de la Universidad Católica Luis Amigó, investigadora de la revista Kavilando.
    [Show full text]
  • Part Three Greatest Hits: Outstanding Contributions to the Towson University Journal of International Affairs
    TOWSON UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS VOL. L, NO. 1 PART THREE GREATEST HITS: OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE TOWSON UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 49 FALL 2016 MAKE NO DRONES ABOUT IT Make No Drones About It: Evaluating the U.S. Drone Program Based On Domestic Policy Standards Jacob Loewner Abstract: United States policymakers have set strict standards on the parameters of drone use. They have thereby lain out before the public an idealized narrative of the effectiveness of drones, as well as the restraint with which they are used. Beyond this lofty rhetoric, however, the U.S. government has been incredibly reluctant to furnish information on its drone program. To complicate matters further, the rhetoric on the drone program put out by the administration is rarely corroborated by facts on the ground due to frequent civilian deaths, signature strikes, and the targeting of Americans. This piece analyzes the realities of the drone program against the backdrop of the idealized rhetoric laid out by the Obama Administration and finds that the rhetoric is not supported by the facts on the ground. As such, the piece argues for increased transparency and more effective human intelligence to be applied to the drone program. Introduction In January 2015, the United States conducted a drone strike that led to three deaths which had enormous and widespread consequences. A drone strike targeting an Al Qaeda compound on the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan led to the death of Ahmed Farouq, an Al Qaeda leader and American
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Rise of Evo Morales Through an Electoral Lens: an Introduction 1
    NOTES 1 The Rise of Evo Morales through an Electoral Lens: An Introduction 1. Venezuela 1993 (Carlos Andrés Perez), 2002 (Hugo Chávez), Ecuador 1997 (Abdalá Bucaram), 2000 (Jamil Mahuad), 2004 (Lucio Gutiérrez), Bolivia 2003 (Sánchez de Lozada), 2005 (Carlos Mesa). 2. This claim is relevant to the Bolivian case since a group of scholars, following Gamarra (1997a), have pointed to the hybrid nature of its presidential system, contained in Article 90 of the Constitution, as the major determinant of its relative success. 3. Comparativists have consistently affirmed that the primary role of leg- islatures has been either “neglect and acquiescence or obstructionism” (Morgenstern and Nacif 2002: 7). Moreover, according to the latest Latinobarómetro (2007), the general population in Latin America regards legislatures as one of the most ineffective and one of the least trusted institutions. 4. In light of Article 90 of the Political Constitution of the State, which grants authority to Congress to elect the president in case no candidate receives a majority, Gamarra (1997a; 1997b) called the system “hybrid presidentialism.” Shugart and Carey (1992) followed Gamarra’s concep- tualization while Jones (1995) identified it as a “majority congressional system.” Mayorga (1999) called it “presidencialismo parlamentarizado” (parliamentarized presidentialism). Regardless of the variations in the labels assigned to the Bolivian political system, these scholars agree that it exhibits features of both presidential and parliamentary systems. 5. The double quotient formula was calculated in the following manner: the first quotient, the participation quotient, would be obtained by dividing the total valid votes in a department by the number of seats to be distributed.
    [Show full text]
  • N 0'For Publication
    N 0' FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITER'S CONSENT INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS WLM-14 21 April 1989 La Paz, BOLIVIA Peter Bird Martin Executive Director Institute of Current World Affairs Wheelock House 4 West Wheelock Street Hanover, NH 03755 Dear Petei, In the days before the Andean Wars of Independence (1809--1826), when Bolivia was still known as Upper Peru, addressing Ferdinand VII, the King of Spain, was no simple matter. And in Upper Pet"u, %he center of Royalist support was the cap.ital La Plala. LocaTed in the Chuquisaca valley, La Plata was the seat of the Audiencia de Charcas that administered the royal edicts firsl tnder the ju'isdiction of the Viceroyalty of Lima-- and after 1776, under the jurisdict+/-on of the Viceroyalty in Buenos Aires. No long after silver mining began in Poosi in 545, La Plata became a principal crossroads of the Spanish Empire. Miners and landowners flocked to Chuquisaca to inves heir profits [n elegant homes and educate their children at one of the New World's finer institutions, the bniversiT.y de Sai Francisco Xavier (founded 16'74). For bola ininers and large landowners, there was no question of allegiance. The Spanish monarchy, despite feeble atempts to assure the rights of indigenous peoples after the Conquest, generelly tolerated the "mira" and the "pongo." The forner sent thousands of Aymaras and Quechuas to the Potoai mines and hei[ deaths. The allowed landowners, o "hacendados" to exploit Indian "co]ones" who already worked %he patron's lands 3-5 days a week, forcing the "pongo" to give up least one week a year to attend his master's needs in the ci%y of La Plata without pay.
    [Show full text]
  • Asociación Rural Del Paraguay Abc Color
    ASOCIACIÓN RURAL DEL PARAGUAY RESUMEN DOMINICAL 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2012 ABC COLOR Fisco aprueba el formulario para declarar renta personal -- La Subsecretaría de Estado de Tributación del Ministerio de Hacienda emitió la Resolución General Nº 90, por la cual se aprueba el “Formulario Nº 104” para la presentación de las declaraciones juradas del impuesto a la renta personal (IRP). Los datos de la administración fiscal señalan que hasta este mes se tiene registrado a 1.531 contribuyentes, incluyendo personas físicas y jurídicas. En el caso de las personas físicas, las que alcancen un ingreso de 198 millones de guaraníes hasta el 31 de este mes, deben inscribirse en el plazo de 30 días siguientes. Los contribuyentes tendrán plazo hasta marzo de 2013 para presentar la declaración jurada. La resolución 90 también modifica el artículo 3 de la Resolución General Nº 83/2012 referente a la enajenación ocasional de inmuebles. “Para determinar el rango de incidencia, se deberán sumar los ingresos gravados del ejercicio fiscal que sean anteriores y posteriores a la enajenación ocasional del inmueble. Si de dichos ingresos surgiera la obligación de inscribirse, los ingresos brutos obtenidos por la enajenación ocasional del inmueble serán computados a los efectos de la determinación de la tasa aplicable”, indica la nota.# Precios bajos de carnes permiten cenas de fin de año más baratas -- Los cárnicos vacuno, porcino y de ave registraron en este 2012 una reducción de precio en comparación al 2011, lo que permitirá que para la tradicional cena de fin de año, se tengan menús desde G. 41.000 (según la suma de precios de ingredientes).
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.La Dramática Historia De La Guerra Del Pacífico (1879-1883)
    Revista Izquierdas E-ISSN: 0718-5049 [email protected] Universidad de Santiago de Chile Chile Guerra Vilaboy, Sergio La dramática historia de la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883) y de sus consecuencias para Bolivia Revista Izquierdas, núm. 15, abril, 2013, pp. 193-213 Universidad de Santiago de Chile Santiago, Chile Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=360133457009 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Sergio Guerra Vilaboy, La dramática historia de la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883) y sus consecuencias para Bolivia, revista www.izquierdas.cl, N°15, abril 2013, ISSN 0718-5049, pp. 193-213 La dramática historia de la Guerra del Pacífico (1879-1883) y de sus consecuencias para Bolivia Sergio Guerra Vilaboy* Bolivia fue pretexto, con el cual se recogió de paso a Antofagasta; Perú, el objeto real, en el que se iban a saciar, no tanto ansias de poseer las salitreras de Tarapacá, cuanto viejos celosos y tenaces rencores. El odio del fuerte al débil, odio misterioso e implacable1 José Martí La Guerra del Pacífico, que envolvió en un conflicto fratricida entre 1879 y 1883 a Chile, Perú y Bolivia, tiene todavía hoy sus heridas sin cicatrizar, como demuestran los persistentes reclamos bolivianos de una salida al mar. Las verdaderas causas de esta sangrienta contienda
    [Show full text]