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IB 335 Biodiversity webpage. Integrative Biology 335: The course evaluation will also be on Monday. Systematics of Plants The final lecture exam is on Friday, May 7th, from Web Resources: Biodiversity 1:30 to 4:30 PM in this room. This exam will be comprehensive, but again with emphasis on the last Some of the information presented below parallels that used in IB third of the course. It will be worth 20% of your 100/101. This information was prepared by Prof. Downie many Announcements: final grade. There is a sample final exam in the years ago when he was teaching in that course. Today's lecture on biodiversity will be given by Dr. back of your Class Notes (pp. 269-284) and the Scientific Definitions of Biodiversity, California Ken Robertson of the Illinois Natural History exam will be similar in style to what you saw in Biodiversity Council Survey. Lecture Exam 2. For the final, be sure to review all Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, assessing readings, quizzes and assignments. You should also the consequences of ecosystem change for Lecture Assignment 5 will be due, in lecture, on review your past two lecture exams (by coming by human well-being Monday, May 3rd. Late assignments (after class on Prof. Downie's office and looking at your graded World Conservation Monitoring Centre, an due date) will incur a 50% penalty; assignments exams). overview of biodiversity more than 24 hours late will not be accepted. World Resources Institute, the diversity of life If there is interest, there will be a final lecture Biodiversity and Conservation, a hypertext exam review (most likely on Reading Day; time The final lab exam is on Tuesday, May 4th book and place TBA). Currently, there will NOT be a (stations in lab) and Wednesday, May 5th (slides in Biodiversity and Conservation: The Web of lecture review, as only two students have indicated lecture). The exam will be comprehensive, but with Life, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago an interest. emphasis on the last half of the course. This exam Illinois Natural History Survey, Institute of is worth 15% of your final grade. Clark will offer a Natural Resource Sustainability lab review (this Sunday, May 2nd, 4-7 PM), and I Lastly, since this is our last formal lecture, any will review families/subfamilies in lecture on further announcements I need to make will be presented on the General Course Announcements Monday, May 3rd. Objectives: "How Systematics Works" specimens, which were sent back to herbaria; After studying this material you should be able to: sometimes seeds were also collected and set back to Field botanists explore the world's ecosystems botanical gardens. Botanical explorers were, and 1. Define the term biodiversity and explain how and collect herbarium specimens are, interested in collecting: the three levels of biodiversity (genetic, species, These specimens are examined and identified to and ecosystem) are related and dependent on known species (if indeed possible) native plants growing wild one another. New species are formally described, named, and new agricultural crops 2. Define what a species is and discuss why this published new horticultural plants definition is important in knowing how many These names are eventually incorporated into medicinal plants species there are. identification manuals (or floras) 3. Have an idea how many species of flowering Herbarium specimens that have been identified The scientific discipline of "taxonomy" or plant species have been described, how many are then placed in herbaria "systematics" grew out of the need to formally may actually exist, and where in the world Scientists study herbarium material and, when describe, name, and classify all the newly species richness is the greatest. possible, living plants to understand how discovered species. The original goal of taxonomy 4. Know approximately how many species of species, genera, and families are circumscribed was to catalog life on earth. flowering plants occur natively in Illinois today, and related to each other as well as how many species are endemic to Molecular studies often use herbarium Taxonomy progresses with the gain of accumulated Illinois. specimens by extracting DNA from them; knowledge and advances in technology. 5. Explain how biodiversity is lost, how rapidly it phylogenies derived from molecular data can be Consequently, in the past 250 years, the science of is currently being lost, and some of the reasons used to answer all sorts of systematic and taxonomy and systematics has grown and why we might be concerned about this loss. evolutionary questions. diversified. Today, it can be said, perhaps a bit 6. Explain the role of systematics in studying simplistically, that there are two major branches in biodiversity. For several hundred years now, botanists have systematics: explored the far regions of the world, as different parts became accessible, and collected herbarium cataloging, that is the basic process of exploring, collecting herbarium specimens, and describing Genetic diversity and naming new species and other taxa. Species diversity studies that concentrate on inferring Ecosystem diversity evolutionary histories within and among taxa across all hierarchical levels. Simply put, biodiversity increases when new genetic variation is produced, a new species arises, While also simplistic, most current research in the or a novel ecosystem (or habitat) is formed. cataloging takes place at major botanical gardens, . arboreta, and natural history museums, while most Biodiversity decreases when genetic variation evolutionary work is concentrated at universities. within a species decreases, a species becomes extinct, or an ecosystem (or habitat) is lost. In this lecture, the emphasis is on the cataloging aspect of taxonomy Biodiversity is a dynamic process, and what we see and on the more general topic of today is the product of hundreds of millions of BIODIVERSITY. years of evolutionary history. Left: Of all the genes in humans, 10,000 are outwardly (visibly) expressed and vary from person to person. Right: Carrot diversity, by Philip W. Simon. BIODIVERSITY = Biological Genetic Diversity: Diversity The variety of genetic information contained in all of the individual plants, animals, and The world's living species and populations of microorganisms in the world. organisms along with their associated habitats and ecological systems. It occurs within and between populations of the same species, as well as between species. Biodiversity is defined at three levels: Individuals belonging to the same species are Morphological species concept: Plants that Flowering plants 250,000 300,000–500,000 Vertebrates 45,000 50,000 usually not identical genetically. look alike are treated as the same species Roundworms 15,000 500,00–1 million Biological species concept: Plants that are Mollusks 70,000 200,000 Differences in the amount and distribution of reproductively isolated from each other are Crustaceans 40,000 150,000 genetic variation within a single species can be treated as different species Spiders and mites 75,000 750,000–10 million attributed to the enormous variety and Genetic species concept: Species are defined Insects 950,000 8–100 million complexity of habitats, and the different ways by the amount of genetic distance between organisms have adapted to these habitats. them "Scientists have a better Phylogenetic species concept: A group of understanding of how many Genetic diversity can be measured using a common ancestry that is diagnosably distinct stars there are in the galaxy variety of DNA and protein-based techniques to from other such groups. (This means that than how many species there determine genotypic differences. It can also in geographic forms of the same species should are on Earth." part be catalogued based on differences in be treated as distinct species--they have expressed, phenotypic traits. evolved separately, have unique evolutionary An estimated 1.4 million species have been histories, and are diagnosably distinct. As described to date, and estimates for the total such, the PSC can inflate species numbers.) Species Diversity: number of species vary from 2 to 100 million. Some examples from: Systematics Agenda 2000: The variety of living species. For additional information: Charting the Biosphere How many species of flowering plants are there? from the World Resources The question "What is a species?" is very Group Number Described Estimated Total Species important, for it has implications on how many Viruses 5,000 about 500,000 Institute. species there actually are. Many different Bacteria 4,000 400,000–3 million Relative numbers of described species in definitions of species have been proposed: Fungi 70,000 1–1.5 million major taxa also from the WRI. Protozoans 40,000 100,000 –200,000 Algae 40,000 200,000–10 million How many species of flowering Zaire and Indonesia. For comparisons, 18,000 Group Taxa T & E Extirpated Extinct Bryophytes 506 2 plants are there? species are found in the US (includes Hawaii Club mosses 12 3 1 and Puerto Rico) and 2,000 occur in Illinois. Horsetails 12 3 1 Species of Flowering Ferns 75 13 2 Geographical Region Plants Conifers 14 7 World 280,000 – 400,000 Species diversity is not evenly Flowering Plants 1,955 329 53 1 Brazil + Zaire + Indonesia 125,000 distributed across the globe. In Total 2,574 355 59 1 United States (3,500,000 miles2)* 18,000 general, species richness is Panama (34,000 miles2) 7,123 Approximately 2,000 species of flowering plants Illinois (56,400 miles2) 2,000 concentrated in equatorial regions * Includes Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico (i.e., tropical rainforests) and occur natively in Illinois today. decreases as one moves to the poles There are over 280,000 species of angiosperms (or increases in altitude). Forty to Only two species of flowering plants are endemic described from throughout the world, with the fifty percent of all species are found to Illinois; one of these is now extinct.
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