World War in the Wasatch Mountains
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The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Volume 94 • 2017 Includes selected and refereed articles from the 2017 Annual Conference held at Utah Valley University April 7, 2017 Editor Kristin L. Kraus Copyright 2018, Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters. Copyright reverts to authors after publication. Printed in the United States of America by Brigham Young University Academic Publishing, Provo, Utah. Neither the editors nor the sponsoring organization assumes responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the contributors. ISBN-13: 978-0-9988268-1-3 All Rights Reserved Board of Editors Arts: Angie Banchero-Kelleher, Utah Valley University Biological Science: Laurie Mauger, Southern Utah University Business: Taowen Le, Weber State University Education: Debora Escalante, Utah Valley University Engineering: Doran Baker, Utah State University Exercise Science and Outdoor Recreation: L Nathan Thomas, Salt Lake Community College Letters—Humanities, Philosophy, Foreign Language: Jason Goltz, Westminster College Letters—Language and Literature: Keith Lawrence, Brigham Young University Physical Sciences: Chris Monson, Southern Utah University Social Science: Daniel Poole, Salt Lake Community College Posters: R. Steven Turley, Brigham Young University 2017-2018 Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters Officers President: H. Laine Berghout, Weber State University President-Elect: Rachel Keller, Snow College Past President: Jonathan Westover, Utah Valley University Secretary: Colleen Boam, Weber State University Treasurer: Karl Israelsen Scholary Communications: Peter Kraus, University of Utah Member at Large: Spencer Blake, Salt Lake Community College Technology Officer: Rachel Ramsey, Dixie State University Institutional Representatives: Erin O’Brien, Dixie State University Cover Photo: Adriana M. Hall, Donald H. Warner, Brent Hunt. “Identification and Characterization of a New Bacillus Species,” p. 101. Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters History: Founded 3 April 1908, the Utah Academy of Sciences was organized "to promote investigations and diffuse knowledge in all areas of science." Beginning in 1923, the Academy started publishing the papers presented in its annual meetings in Proceedings. In June 1933 at the annual meeting, the Academy was enlarged to include arts and letters, and the name was changed to the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Articles of incorporation and non-profit organization status were accepted by the Academy membership at the spring meeting in April 1959. In 1977, the name of the journal of the Academy was changed from Proceedings to Encyclia. It became a refereed journal at this time. In the mid 1980s, the scope of the Academy was expanded further to include (1) business, (2) education, (3) engineering, (4) library information and instruction, and (5) health, physical education, and recreation. Beginning with the 1998 issue, the journal became The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters. Annual Meeting: The Academy's annual meetings are normally held in the spring on one of the Utah campuses of higher education. The plenary session is called the Tanner Lecture, endowed by Mr. O.C. Tanner in 1986. Best Paper Awards: The best paper presented in every division is given a cash award, which is presented at the Academy's "Awards Evening" held the following fall. Distinguished Service Awards: The Academy recognizes outstanding contributions to teaching and scholarship by means of annual Distinguished Service Awards, alternating every other year between disciplines. Membership: When the Academy was founded in 1908, membership was by nomination, ratified by the Council, and elected by a "three- fourths votes of members present." Today, the Academy's membership is available by application. Institutional Members: All Utah institutions of higher education are members of the Utah Academy. The Academy appreciates their patronage. Publication Policy The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters publishes works in all of the fields of study encompassed in the Academy’s mission. Pa- pers published in The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Let- ters are drawn from papers presented by members in good standing at the annual conference of the Utah Academy. To qualify for publication, the papers must be recommended through a refereeing system. Presenters are encouraged to publish their paper in The Journal of the Utah Academy. The Journal’s criteria are that a submission is (1) fresh, mean- ingful scholarly insight on its subject; (2) readable and well written; and (3) of general interest for an academic readership beyond the author’s field. If you wish your paper to be considered for publication in The Journal, please submit a Microsoft Word document to the section editor of the appropri- ate section by the indicated deadline. Contact information for the section edi- tors is available on the Utah Academy’s website (www.utahacademy.org). The Journal of the Utah Academy is a refereed journal. Editorial responses will be forthcoming after the resumption of school the following fall when referees have returned their comments to the division chairs. Papers should be between ten and twenty double-spaced pages. Detailed instructions to authors are available at http://www.utahacademy.org/ Instructions_for_Authors.pdf. Among the bibliographic services listing at Bowker Serials Bibliographies and The Standard Periodical Direction. Indexing and abstracting services that cite articles in the journal include Arts and Humanities Citation Index, Biosciences Information Services, Current Geographical Publicatoin, Chemical Abstracts, Mathematical Reviews, MLA Biography, Sociological Abstracts, Excerpta Botanica, Social Planning, Policy and Development Abstracts, Language and Language Behavior Abstracts, Index to Scientific Technical Proceedings, and Index to Social Sciences, and Humanities Proceedings. The Journal of the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, & Letters—2017 AWARDS Distinguished Service Award 11 Academy Fellow 2018 12 O.C. Tanner Lecture 13 John and Olga Gardner Prize 14 Honorary Member 15 2017 Best Paper Awards 16 ARTICLES ARTS Intellectual Theft or Creative License? Copyright Education and the Visual Arts 19 Courtney R. Davis, Utah Valley University A Case Against the Institutionalization of the Full Art Process 33 Christopher Lynn, Brigham Young University The Arts: A Means to Address the Problems of an Economic Model of Education 51 Kathleen Bunker Sheffield, Brigham Young University and Southern New Hampshire University BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Population Model for the Bat Flea Sternopsylla distincta (Siphonaptera: Ischnopsyllidae) in Temperate Caves of the Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat Tadarida brasiliensis (Mammalia: Chiroptera) 71 Robert L. Bossard, Bossard Consulting Kava: An Ethnobotanical Review of Piper methysticum 79 Trevor J. Chamberlain and Olga R. Kopp, Utah Valley University Identification and Characterization of a New Bacillus Species 101 Adriana M. Hall,1 Donald H. Warner,1 and Brent Hunt2 1Dixie State University; 2Soft Cell Biological Research A Restriction Site (in silico) Reevaluation of a Chloroplast Gene Phylogeny for a Common Fern Group: Comparisons with Nucleotide Data and Ordination Analyses 115 William D. Speer, Salt Lake Community College BUSINESS Utah County Housing Trends from 2000-2016: A Quantitative Research Analysis 137 James C. Brau, Jeremy R. Endicott, Barrett A. Slade, and David N. Wilson, Brigham Young University The Uncertain Future of LIFO 151 Jennifer Harrison, Chelsea Dye, and Dara Hoffa, Westminster College Extracurricular Engagement and Person–Organization Fit through Internalizing Organizational Mission Statements and Values 167 Ryan Stephenson, Colt Rothlisberger, and Jonathan Westover, Utah Valley University Validating Prior-Learning Assessment Utilizing a Competency-Based Model 195 Jerry A. Van Os, Westminster College EDUCATION Pushing Forward: Finding and Using Meaningful Evidence of Beginning Teacher Competency 217 Mary Sowder, Utah Valley University Utilizing Community-Engaged Experiential Learning and Service-Learning Pedagogy to Foster Increased Engaged Educational Experiences at Utah Valley University: A Research Proposal 229 Jonathan H. Westover, Utah Valley University ENGINEERING Application of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques to Photographic Media 247 Ethan Albretsen and Fon Brown, Weber State University Simple Strength of Material Experiment To Evaluate The Deflection Of A Beam 257 Jacob Carter and Ali Siahpush, Southern Utah University Fundamental Look at the Properties of Copper 267 Casey Cooper, Jacob Carter, Justin Christensen, and Ali S. Siahpush, Southern Utah University Effect of Different Potential Combinations on Characteristics of Nanoparticles formed by Dewetting 281 T. McKay Stoker and Nick A. Roberts, Utah State University LETTERS—FOREIGN LANGUAGE, HUMANITIES, AND PHILOSOPHY So Fair a Form: The Role of Gendered Bodies in Medieval Justice Systems 293 Audrey Saxton, Brigham Young University The Epiphany of Tuskegee Airman Charles Sumner Stone, Jr. 303 Thomas Clark Terry, Utah State University PHYSICAL SCIENCES Optimization of Broadband Multilayer Mirror Reflectivity via a Genetic Algorithm 317 Michael Greenburg, David D. Allred, and R. Steven Turley, Brigham Young University Diastereoselectivity of the Nucleophilic Addition Reaction of the (±)-Menthylmagnesium Chloride Grignard Reagent with Phenyl Isocyanate 327 Rebecca L. Maedgen, Myla R. Pereira,