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Timor-Leste Country Gender Assessment

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Timor-Leste Country Gender Assessment TIMOR-LESTE COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT Secretaria do Estado para Promoção da Igualdade TIMOR-LESTE COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT Secretaria do Estado para Promoção da Igualdade © 2014 Asian Development Bank All rights reserved. Published in 2014. Printed in the Philippines. ISBN 978-92-9254-649-6 (Print), 978-92-9254-650-2 (e-ISBN) Publication Stock No. RPS146652-2 Cataloging-In-Publication Data Asian Development Bank. Timor-Leste country gender assessment. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2014. 1. Gender.2. Timor-Leste.3. Pacific.I. Asian Development Bank. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. Use of the term “country” does not imply any judgment by the authors or ADB as to the legal or other status of any territorial entity. ADB encourages printing or copying information exclusively for personal and noncommercial use with proper acknowledgment of ADB. Users are restricted from reselling, redistributing, or creating derivative works for commercial purposes without the express, written consent of ADB. Government of Timor-Leste: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Timor-Leste. UN Women: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UN Women, the United Nations or any of its affiliated organizations. Notes: In this publication, “$” refers to US dollars. Cover photos by: UN Women and ADB. 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 632 4444 Fax +63 2 636 2444 www.adb.org For orders, please contact: Public Information Center Fax +63 2 636 2584 [email protected] Printed on recycled paper Contents FIGURES, TABLES, AND BOXES v FOREWORD vii ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION viii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xii 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Social and Political Characteristics 2 1.2 Economic Characteristics 3 1.3 Development Challenges 4 1.4 Gender and Development 6 2 EDUCATION 9 2.1 Overview of the Education System 10 2.2 Analysis of Gender Issues 13 2.3 Taking Action 28 2.4 Recommendations 29 3 HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 31 3.1 Overview of the Health System 32 3.2 Analysis of Gender Issues 32 3.3 Taking Action 48 3.4 Recommendations 50 4 GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE 52 4.1 Overview of the Criminal Justice System 52 4.2 Analysis of Gender Issues 55 4.3 Taking Action 61 4.4 Recommendations 64 5 WORK AND ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT 65 5.1 Categorization of Work and Labor Force Participation 66 5.2 Analysis of Gender Issues 67 5.3 Taking Action 84 5.4 Recommendations 86 iii iv Contents 6 GOVERNANCE, INFLUENCE, AND DECISION MAKING 88 6.1 Overview of the Political System 88 6.2 Key Gender Issues 91 6.3 Taking Action 97 6.4 Recommendations 97 7 GENDER EQUALITY FRAMEWORK 99 7.1 Overview 99 7.2 Timor-Leste’s Commitment to Gender Equality 100 7.3 Mechanisms for Achieving Gender Equality 101 7.4 Recommendations 107 8 CONCLUSION 108 Figures, Tables, and Boxes FIGURES 1.1 Map of Timor-Leste 1 1.2 Industries Contributing to Non-Oil Gross Domestic Product, 2011 4 1.3 Gender Inequality Index: A Comparison of Countries, 2011–2012 7 2.1 Trends in Net Enrollment Rates by Level of Schooling and Sex, 2008–2009 and 2010 12 2.2 Proportion of Students Who Drop Out of School by Sex and Grade, 2010 14 2.3 Causes of Dropout Given by Girls and Boys Who Dropped Out of Grade 4, 5, or 6, 2011 16 2.4 Repetition Rate (Proportion of Students Who Repeat a Grade) by Sex and Grade, 2010 17 2.5 School Attendance of Children Age 10–14 by Sex and Vulnerable Groups, 2009–2010 18 2.6 Literacy Rate by 5-Year Age Groups and Sex, 2010 20 2.7 Number of Teachers by Level of Education and Sex, 2010 28 3.1 Proportion of Women Receiving Care Before, During, and After Delivery, 2003–2010 33 3.2 Number of Health Professionals and Other Workers by Sex, 2010 36 3.3 Trends in Child Mortality 37 3.4 Household Food Consumption over the Last 12 Months, 2007 39 3.5 Adolescent Women (Aged 15–19) Who Have Given Birth by Urban and Rural Areas, 2010 41 3.6 Use of Modern Contraceptive Methods by Currently Married Women (Aged 15–49) by Urban and Rural Areas, 2009–2010 43 3.7 Disabled Population by Severity of Disability and Sex, 2010 48 4.1 Reported Cases of Domestic Violence, 2009–2012 56 4.2 Perception of Triggers for Domestic Violence, 2013 57 5.1 Labor Force Participation Rate in Urban and Rural Areas by Age and Sex, 2010 68 5.2 Proportion of Employed Persons in Vulnerable Employment by Sex, Sector of Economic Activity and Urban/Rural Location, 2010 71 5.3 Share of Wage Employment by Sector and Sex, 2010 73 5.4 Share of Men and Women by Occupation, 2010 75 5.5 Women’s Labor Force Participation Rate by Number of Children, 2010 78 5.6 Estimated Share of Population Aged 15–64 in Receipt of Loans from Microfinance Institutions and BNCTL by District, 2008–2011 80 6.1 Women in National Parliament, 2002–2012 89 6.2 Number of Women Elected as Suco or Aldeia Chiefs, 2004–2009 93 v vi Figures, Tables, and Boxes 6.3 Proportion of Public Service Staff Who are Women by Agency, 2012 94 7.1 Main Actors Working Toward Gender Equality 103 TABLE S 2.1 Number of Schools and Students by Level of Schooling, 2010 11 2.2 Status of Participation in Education by Sex and Age Group, 2010 14 2.3 Comparison of Adult and Youth Literacy Rates by Sex and District, 2010 22 2.4 Number of Students Enrolled in Courses Offered by Accredited Institutions by Sex and Industry Sector, 2012 24 2.5 Number of Graduates by Tertiary Institution and Sex, 2000–2011 25 2.6 Total and Female Share of Graduates from UNDIL, UNPAZ, and UNTL by Faculty, 2003–2010 26 2.7 Overseas Scholarships Allocated to Timorese Citizens through the Ministry of Education, 2009–2013 27 3.1 Extent of Care Before, During, and After Delivery by Urban and Rural Areas, 2009–2010 34 3.2 Prevalence of Child Malnutrition by Sex, 2009–2010 38 3.3 Adolescent Fertility Rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15–19) in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, 2008–2011 42 3.4 Proportion of Households with Access to Improved Water and Sanitation by Urban and Rural Areas, 2010 45 5.1 Number of Women and Men Aged 15 and Above by Labor Force Participation, 2010 68 5.2 Reasons for Economic Inactivity, Urban and Rural Population Aged 10 and Above by Sex, 2010 69 5.3 Distribution of Employed Women and Men by Industry, 2010 74 5.4 Perceived Distribution of Labor Between Women and Men in Crop Farming, 2011 77 5.5 Major Features of Current Social Protection Programs 82 BOXES 1.1 How Has Conflict Shaped Gender Relations? 8 5.1 How Is Employment Measured? 66 5.2 Understanding the Different Types of Employment 70 6.1 Traditional Power Structures 91 Foreword ddressing gender concerns is a priority for Timor-Leste and has been so since our independence. This Ainvolves looking at each sector to identify issues and understand how development impacts differently on women and men, girls and boys. As Secretary of State for the Promotion of Equality (SEPI), it is my goal and mandate to see that gender is always taken into consideration in the development and implementation of policies and programs. This assessment provides important evidence to prioritize and monitor our efforts in this regard. This is the second country gender assessment (CGA) conducted in Timor-Leste. I am particularly proud that this time it was done under the leadership of SEPI and I commend my staff for their contribution. The process of completing the assessment and the content of this report demonstrates how far we have come in building our capacity in gender analysis. It has also alerted us to the challenges we continue to face in effectively monitoring gender concerns. This CGA has been an important learning experience and will be used to inform our ongoing capacity development. This CGA shows the gender gap is narrowing in education, employment, and political influence. In some areas we still have a long way to go, but it is clear we are making progress and we should be proud of that. As we focus on achieving the goals in our national development plan, we must continue to emphasize that gender is not just a social issue but relevant to all sectors. For sustainable development of our country, we need active participation of women and men in our economy, in politics, in managing the environment, and in all areas of our society. We have made significant progress during the last decade toward establishing a framework for achieving gender equality. The recent strengthening of the SEPI budget is recognition of the importance of promoting equality. Our work is ongoing and this assessment makes a number of important recommendations to focus our efforts. It is a timely benchmark of our achievements and challenges.
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