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A Profile of Internal Migration in Timor-Leste

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A Profile of Internal Migration in Timor-Leste OBSERVATORY ON MIGRATION OBSERVATOIRE ACP SUR LES MIGRATIONS OBSERVATÓRIO ACP DAS MIGRAÇÕES A COUNTRY ON THE MOVE: A profile of internal migration in Timor-Leste Aurelio Guterres, UNTL/Timor-Leste (coordinator) Benjamim Corte Real, UNTL/Timor-Leste (researcher and reporter) Teresa Coelho (researcher and reporter) Fernando de Sousa Jr. (researcher and reporter) Rui Marques (researcher) Pedro Gois, CES/Univ. Coimbra & Univ. Porto (researcher and reporter) Research Timor Autauro, 2009 - © Sara Moreira, used under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 with cropped image Report U N T L U U E E N N ' A I An Initiative of the ACP Secretariat, V S O E R R S AP S O S IE ITA NTIA ET VER L ACPOBS/2014/PUB04 I D R Funded by the European Union, A O D M E I T 2000 N L A A Implemented by IOM and with the Financial Support of Switzerland, C I O N IOM, the IOM Development Fund and UNFPA International Organization for Migration (IOM) Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) Organização Internacional para as Migrações (OIM) 2014 ACP Observatory on Migration The ACP Observatory on Migration is an initiative of the Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States, funded by the European Union, implemented by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in a Consortium with 15 partners and with the financial support of Switzerland, IOM, the IOM Development Fund and UNFPA. Established in 2010, the ACP Observatory is an institution designed to produce data on South–South ACP migration for migrants, civil society and policymakers and enhance research capacities in ACP countries for the improvement of the situation of migrants and the strengthening of the migration–development nexus. The Observatory was established to facilitate the creation of a network of research institutions and experts on migration research. Activities are starting in 12 pilot countries and will be progressively extended to other interested ACP countries. The 12 pilot countries are: Angola, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Senegal, Timor‐Leste, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Republic of Tanzania. The Observatory has launched research and capacity‐building activities on South–South migration and development issues. Through these activities, the ACP Observatory aims to address many issues that are becoming increasingly important for the ACP Group as part of the migration‐ development nexus. Documents and other research outputs and capacity‐building manuals can be accessed and downloaded free of charge through the Observatory’s website (www. acpmigration‐obs.org). Other upcoming publications and information on the Observatory’s activities will be posted online. © 2014 International Organization for Migration (IOM) © 2014 ACP Observatory on Migration Document prepared by Aurelio Guterres, UNTL/Timor‐Leste (coordinator), Benjamim Corte Real, UNTL/Timor‐Leste (researcher and reporter), Teresa Coelho (researcher and reporter), Fernando de Sousa Jr. (researcher and reporter), Rui Marques (researcher) e Pedro Gois, CES/ Univ. Coimbra & Univ. Porto (researcher and reporter). This publication has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the Secretariat of the ACP Group of States, the European Union, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and other members of the Consortium of the ACP Observatory on Migration, the Swiss Federation or UNFPA. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Layout by Pablo Escribano Miralles, ACP Observatory on Migration. ACPOBS/2014/PUB04 OBSERVATORY ON MIGRATION OBSERVATOI RE ACP SUR LES M I GRATI ONS OBSERVATÓRIOO ACP DAS MIGRAÇÕES A COUNTRY ON THE MOVE: A profile of internal migration in Timor-Leste Aurelio Guterres, UNTL/Timor-Leste (coordinator) Benjamim Corte Real, UNTL/Timor-Leste (researcher and reporter) Teresa Coelho (researcher and reporter) Fernando de Sousa Jr. (researcher and reporter) Rui Marques (researcher) Pedro Gois, CES/Univ. Coimbra & Univ. Porto (researcher and reporter) Foreword This study aims to contribute to the improvement of the programmatic and policy framework on internal migration in Timor‐Leste, by analysing the impact of internal mobility on human development in the country with a specific focus on urban planning. Highlighting that internal migration dynamics create real opportunities for development, this study considers their economic, social and cultural impacts as well as their vital importance in terms of national policymaking and planning. I would like to thank the ACP Observatory on Migration and the Universidade Nacional de Timor Lorosa’e, which led the research and the coordinators of the study from the School of Economics and Management of the Technical University of Lisbon (Portugal) for the importance given to this matter, based on the needs identified by the National Consultative Committee of ‐Timor Leste. Considering the previous lack of data and studies on internal migration in Timor‐Leste, this study promises to be a necessary contribution to the understanding of the issue and will be of great interest to relevant national stakeholders. Luis da C. Pereira Chair, National Consultative Committee (NCC) Chief of Documents Visa Section Migration Service iii Authors’ note The research project “Impacto da Migração Interna sobre o Desenvolvimento Humano para além das remessas em Timor-Leste” (Impact of Internal Migration on Human Development in Timor‐Leste, over and above remittances) was undertaken by the authors within the terms defined in the contract signed by the OIM and the UNTL (as the leader of the informal consortium put together for this purpose. A team of students and researchers from the UNTL (listed in annexes 1 and 2) provided support and collaboration. The authors would like to thank the students and researchers from the UNTL for their work on the project, along with the UNTL services who handled the logistic and protocol procedures essential for the proposed objectives to be reached. The authors would also like to thank all the others in Timor‐Leste who gave the team fundamental support in the field and made it possible to conclude the project. We would like to pick out in particular the support provided by Rosalina Dias, Ermegina Alves (Gina), Filomeno Dias and Isidoro Viana da Costa. v Table of contents List of acronyms ......................................................................................... ix List of tables and figures ............................................................................. xi Executive summary .................................................................................. xiii Sumário executivo ................................................................................... xvii Résumé executif ...................................................................................... xxi 1. Introduction ...........................................................................................1 2. Methodology ..........................................................................................3 3. Linking internal migration and human development: from theory to Timor-Leste ............................................................................................5 3.1 Migration: drivers and effects ..............................................................5 3.2 Linking migration and human development: from concept to analysis .............................................................................................8 4. Internal migration and human development: Timor-Leste .................... 11 4.1 The Portuguese colonial period (1900–1975) .....................................11 4.2 The Indonesian occupation (1975–1999) ............................................14 4.3 The post‐referendum period (1999–2006)..........................................19 4.4 The 2006 crisis and its effect on internal migration ............................22 5. Internal migration and development: what we know ............................ 25 5.1 The current situation ...........................................................................25 5.2 A statistical analysis of the Census in post‐independence Timor �������29 5.3 Results from a 2013 survey showing likely trends ..............................33 5.4 Analysis of the perception of Sucos in Dili based on the 2013 survey .........................................................................................39 5.5 A typology of internal migration in Timor‐Leste .................................42 6. Conclusions and recommendations ...................................................... 47 7. Bibliography ......................................................................................... 53 8. Annexes ................................................................................................ 61 vii List of acronyms ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States HDI Human Development Index NGO Non‐Governmental Organization UNTL Universidade Nacional Timor Lorosa’e ix List of tables and figures Tables Table 1: Population Distribution (residence), covering two years or more, in 2004 and 2010, using Census information Table 2: In‐migration,
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