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Ami Timoroan Il Contesto Timorese Dal 1975 Al 1999

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Ami Timoroan Il Contesto Timorese Dal 1975 Al 1999 Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Antropologia Culturale, Etnologia ed Etnolinguistica Tesi di Laurea Ami Timoroan Il contesto timorese dal 1975 al 1999 Relatrice Ch. Prof.ssa Ilaria Micheli Correlatori Ch. Prof. Alessandro Casellato Ch. Prof. Glauco Sanga Laureanda Carolina Maria Sofia Boldoni matricola 815535 Anno accademico 2012/2013 1 indice introduzione p. 5 oinsa mak ita comesa? p. 6 nota linguistica generale p. 8 la ricerca sul terreno p. 12 i miei interlocutori principali p. 14 breve nota storica preliminare p. 20 breve nota sul titolo p. 31 primo capitolo p. 33 ha'u malai p. 36 ami timoroan: un modo diverso di pensare l'identità p. 41 maubere e mestisu p. 54 secondo capitolo p. 69 la nascita delle istanze indipendentiste p. 74 25 aprile 1974 – 11 agosto 1975 p. 82 golpe e contra-golpe: “luta fratricida” p. 90 terzo capitolo p. 103 i primi anni di occupazione p. 108 Kay Rala Xanana Gusmão, mito indiscusso della resistenza timorese p. 119 ai laran, lo spazio della guerriglia p. 127 il cessate il fuoco del 1983 p. 136 2 quarto capitolo p. 140 l'occidente vede Timor p. 142 Egas da Costa Freitas: una voce critica p. 151 conclusioni p. 159 bibliografia p. 163 appendice p. i diario di campo 24/02/2013 p. iii prima intervista – Avó Regina p. iv diario di campo, 25/02/2013 p. x diario di campo, 26/02/2013 p. xi diario di campo, 03/03/2013 p. xi diario di campo, 05/03/2013 p. xii seconda intervista – Egas da Costa Freitas p. xiii diario di campo, 11/03/2013 p. xviii diario di campo, 14/03/2013 p. xix diario di campo, 20/03/2013 p. xxi terza intervista – Egas da Costa Freitas p. xxii quarta intervista – Professor Manoel p. xxxi quinta intervista – Domingos Santana Guterres (Decidido) p. xxxvii sesta intervista – Casimiro Guterres (Kadal) p. xlvii diario di campo 30/03/2013 p. lv diario di campo, 01/04/2013 p. lvi settima intervista – Eduardo Belo Soares p. lvii ottava intervista – Egas da Costa Freitas p. lxii nona intervista – Padre António Transfiguração p. lxxi decima intervista – Padre João de Deus p. lxxx diario di campo, 01/05/2013 p. lxxxvi diario di campo, 02/05/2013 p. lxxxvii undicesima intervista – Egas da Costa Freitas p. lxxxviii 3 diario di campo, 12/05/2013 p. xc dodicesima intervista – José Belo p. xci Pistocchi, 1976?: Ricerca inedita/ Unpublished raw data p. cvii 4 This page intentionally left prank 5 introduzione 6 oinsa mak ita comesa? Questo lavoro è il frutto di un percorso molto lungo e non sempre facile che è iniziato il giorno in cui ho deciso di imparare il portoghese. Proprio durante la prima lezione di lingua portoghese, infatti, la docente ci aveva mostrato un planisfero bianco con gli Stati in cui il portoghese è la lingua ufficiale o una delle lingue ufficiali. Angola, Brasile, Capo Verde, Guinea Bissau, Mozambico, Portogallo, San Tomé e Principe, Timor Est. Non avevo mai sentito parlare di Timor Est, come probabilmente la maggior parte dei miei compagni di corso a quel tempo e come la maggior parte delle persone che conosco oggi. Per questo sarà mia premura dare tutte le indicazioni del caso, senza dare per scontato che chi legge queste pagine conosca la realtà timorese per filo e per segno. Sulle motivazioni per cui mi sono impuntata su Timor Est piuttosto che su Capo Verde temo di non poter fornire giustificazioni sensate; posso dire però che, col senno di poi, andare a Timor è stata fra le cose più sensate che io abbia fatto fin ora. 7 Le Isole della Sonda.1 Timor Est è la metà di un'isola, Timor, che si trova nella parte finale dell'arcipelago indonesiano, la più orientale del gruppo delle cosiddette Piccole Isole della Sonda.2 L'intera isola di Timor occupa una superficie pari più o meno a quella della Sicilia (30.000 km2 circa), mentre la parte corrispondente all'attuale Repubblica Democratica di Timor Est ne occupa circa la metà. Più precisamente, a livello politico, lo Stato di Timor Est comprende l'enclave di Oecussi, l'isola di Atauro – che si trova di fronte alla baia di Dili, la capitale di Timor Est – e, naturalmente, la parte orientale dell'isola di Timor, compresa la piccola isola di Jaco, all'estrema punta dell'isola. Come mostra la mappa, a livello amministrativo Timor Est è attualmente diviso in 13 distritos, che sono il frutto di divisioni decise più o meno a tavolino prima dal Portogallo e poi dall'Indonesia lungo un arco temporale di circa un secolo. 3 1 Fonte: http://lombokreisen.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/indonesia_map.jpg; ultimo accesso 1/11/2013. 2 Le piccole isole della Sonda sono Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, isole Barat Daya, Isole Tanimbar. 3 Cfr. http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=91&lang=tp. 8 I distritos di Timor Est.4 nota linguistica generale Come spiegavo all'inizio, la motivazione per cui mi sono spinta in questo territorio è un interesse linguistico. A causa del suo passato coloniale, infatti, Timor Est fa parte delle 8 nazioni della CPLP, Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa. Dal 2002 le lingue ufficiali di Timor Est sono il portoghese e il tetun; 5 secondo la Costituzione del Paese, inglese e bahasa indonesia sono considerate lingue di lavoro6 e, infine, vengono riconosciute tutte le lingue indigene locali7. È purtroppo molto difficile stabilire con esattezza quali e quante lingue siano attualmente parlate a Timor Est, per via del fatto che pochi sono gli studi recenti a riguardo. A ogni modo, 4 Fonte: http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=91; ultimo accesso 22/01/2014. 5 Cfr. Capítulo 1, Artigo 13º.1 in Constituição de Timor-Leste. La Costituzione di Timor Est è consultabile all'indirizzo internet del Governo di Timor Est. Il link alla Costituzione in lingua portoghese è http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp- content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_PT.pdf; il link alla Costituzione in lingua tetun, invece, è questo http://timor-leste.gov.tl/wp- content/uploads/2010/03/Constituicao_RDTL_TT.pdf. 6 Cfr. Parte VII – Disposições finais e transitórias, artigo 159º in Constituição de Timor-Leste. 7 Cfr. Capítulo 1, Artigo 13º.2 in Constituição de Timor-Leste. 9 grazie a quello che ho potuto osservare di persona, possiamo affermare con certezza che le lingue indigene sono almeno 168 e il tetun prasa – la lingua ufficiale – è compresa e parlata dalla quasi totalità della popolazione. Inoltre, il bahasa indonesia è conosciuto a livello passivo soprattutto dalle giovani generazioni, tuttavia non tutti sono in grado di parlarlo; portoghese e inglese sono parlati da una piccola minoranza, soprattutto dalla fascia più benestante e, in generale, il portoghese è compreso e parlato dalle generazioni più anziane, mentre quelle giovanissime conoscono meglio l'inglese. A differenza di quanto ci si potrebbe aspettare, dunque, nonostante nella Costituzione venga chiarito che le lingue ufficiali sono tetun e portoghese, non possiamo pensare che queste due lingue siano quelle utilizzate, di fatto, negli scambi quotidiani dalla maggior parte dei timoresi. La situazione è ben più complessa, a differenza di ciò che normalmente accade negli Stati nazionali europei o, più in generale, occidentali. Di fatto, con questa situazione mi sono scontrata più volte, durante il mio soggiorno a Timor, soprattutto all'inizio. Davo per scontato che le persone parlassero portoghese o che, perlomeno, fossero in grado di capirlo: è stato chiaro fin dall'inizio, invece, che con i giovani era preferibile rivolgersi in inglese, attraverso frasi semplici o singole parole, se non si conosce il tetun. All'interno della comunità dove ho vissuto, addirittura, i ragazzi e le suore conoscevano alcune parole italiane, per via della presenza di alcune suore italiane. Nella maggior parte dei miei scambi comunicativi quotidiani, in ogni caso, usavo il tetun – lingua che ho avuto la possibilità di imparare direttamente sul terreno, attraverso strumenti più o meno formali. 8 Cfr. http://www.ethnologue.com/country/TL/languages. 10 Le lingue indigene parlare a Timor Est e le famiglie linguistiche di riferimento.9 Questa mappa mostra le lingue indigene presenti a Timor Est; si nota che le famiglie linguistiche sono due (austronesiana e papuana)10, dunque la maggior parte di queste lingue non sono direttamente comprensibili le une con le altre, anche quelle appartenenti allo stesso ceppo linguistico. Non credo sia questa la sede adatta per dilungarmi in analisi linguistiche formali più approfondite, dal momento che queste da sole potrebbero portare alla stesura di una tesi a sé stante, tuttavia ho pensato potesse essere interessante mostrare la ricchezza e la diversità linguistica di questo 9 Fonte: www.ethnologue.com/map/TL; ultimo accesso 20/12/2013. 10 In altri testi che ho avuto la possibilità di consultare alcune lingue vengono inserite in un ulteriore sottogruppo linguistico definito Waima'a: fanno parte di questo insieme il Waimu'a, Kairui-Midiki e la lingua Habu o Habun. Si tratta essenzialmente di lingue che, pur avendo caratteristiche proprie delle lingue papuane (come, ad esempio il Makasae), possiedono una struttura che le avvicina a quelle austronesiane. Perfino Ethnologue si riserva la possibilità di non classificarle in modo univoco, dal momento che sarebbe opportuno investigare maggiormente su di esse. Cfr. http://www.ethnologue.com/country/TL/languages; Hull 1999; Durand 2009. 11 Paese. Tale patrimonio, infatti, è stata la causa principale che mi ha portata a interessarmi a questo territorio e, inizialmente, doveva essere l'argomento della mia tesi. Arrivata a Timor, tuttavia, mi sono immediatamente resa conto della sfida che questo lavoro avrebbe rappresentato per me: quattro mesi di permanenza non sarebbero mai stati sufficienti per comprendere, anche solo parzialmente, i contatti fra queste lingue e il loro utilizzo.
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